研究生综合英语题答案

关注我！复习笔记【本章要点】1. The functions of language 语言的功能2. The defining features of language 语言的区别性特征3. The origin of language 语言的起源4. The acquisition of language 语言的习得【本章考点】语言的功能，语言的起源，语言的区别性特征及语言习得等。【本章内容索引】Ⅰ. The languages of the worldⅡ. The functions of language1. Phatic2. Directive3. Informative4. Interrogative5. Expressive/Emotive6. Evocative7. Performative8. Recreational9. MetalinguisticⅢ. The defining features of language1. Arbitrariness2. Duality3. Creativity4. Displacement5. Cultural TransmissionⅣ. The origin of language1. The bow-wow theory2. The pooh-pooh theory3. The ding-dong theory4. The yo-he-ho theory5. The ta-ta theory6. The ta-ra-ra-boom-de-ay theoryⅤ. The acquisition of language1. Features of language acquisition2. Stages of language acquisitionⅥ. Linguistics: The science of language1. Definition2. Branch3. CharacterⅠ. The languages of the world（世界上的语言）There are some 6, 800 known languages spoken in 200 countries of the world.世界上共有6800多种语言，被200多个国家的人们所使用。There are over 100 language families in the world.世界上共有一百多个语系。Ⅱ. The functions of language（语言的功能）1. Phatic: Hello.寒暄功能。例：你好。2. Directive: Get out of my way.指令功能。例：滚开！3. Informative: The earth revolves around the sun.信息功能。例：地球围着太阳转。4. Interrogative: Do you know his hobby?询问功能。例：你知道他的爱好吗？5. Expressive/Emotive: I hate her.表达功能。例：我讨厌她。6. Evocative: How do you like Jack?感情功能。例：你觉得杰克怎么样？7. Performative: I hereby declare the meeting open.施为功能。例：我特此宣布会议开始。8. Recreational: Funny jokes make people laugh.娱乐功能。例：有趣的笑话使人发笑。9. Metalinguistic：Use language to explain language itself.元语言功能。例：用语言谈论语言本身。Ⅲ. The defining features of language（语言的区别性特征）1. Arbitrariness（任意性）As a symbolic unit, a word has both form and meaning. As a rule, the relation between the form and the meaning, however, is arbitrary. In other words, there is no inherent connection between the form and the meaning.作为象征性符号，单词拥有形式和意义。然而，通常形式和意义之间的关系是任意的，换言之，二者之间没有内在联系。2. Duality（二重性）Language operates at two levels: at the lower level, language consists of a bunch of meaningless elements; at the higher level, the meaningless elements combine to form meaningful units like words.杰弗里·乔叟1.1复习笔记Geoffrey Chaucer (杰弗里·乔叟)(1343-1400)1. Life (生平)Geoffrey Chaucer, born in 1343 in London, is the founder of English poetry. He was the son of a wine merchant who had connections with the Court. He later became a courtier and comptroller.Chaucer’s learning was wide in scope. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. He had broad and intimate acquaintance with persons high and low in all walks of life, and knew well the whole life of his time, which left great impressions upon his works and particularly upon his variegated depiction of the English society of his time.He died in 1400 and was buried in Westminster Abbey, thus founding the Poets’ Corner.杰弗里·乔叟于1343年出生于伦敦，他是英语诗歌之父。他是一个与宫廷有联系的酒商的儿子。他后来担任过侍臣和审计官。乔叟知识渊博。他精通拉丁语、法语和意大利语。他结交广泛且易与人深交，无论是贵族还是贫民，因此他深谙所处世事。这尤其有益于他在作品中对英国社会的刻画。他逝于1400年，被葬在威斯敏斯特教堂，由此“诗人角”开始出现。2. Major Works (主要作品)The Book of the Duchess (1368) 《公爵夫人之书》The Parliament of Fowls (1380) 《百鸟大会》The House of Fame (1374-1384) 《声誉之堂》Troilus and Criseyde (1380-1385) 《特罗勒斯与克丽西德》The Canterbury Tales (1386-1400) 《坎特伯雷故事集》3. Chaucer’s Literary Career (文学生平)Chaucer’s literary career can be divided into three periods, which is closely related to his life experiences. The first period consists of works translated from French literature; the second consists of works adapted from Italian literature, especially influenced by Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio, such as Troilus and Criseyde. The third period includes The Canterbury Tales, which is purely English.乔叟的文学生平可划分为三个阶段，均与其个人生活经历有关。第一阶段乔叟的作品主要是翻译法国文学，第二阶段则改编于意大利文学，深受但丁、彼特拉克和薄伽丘的影响，如《特罗勒斯与克丽西德》。第三阶段包括《坎特伯雷故事集》，这是纯英语创作阶段。4. Selected Work (作品选读)The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》(1) Plot (情节)The Canterbury Tales is a collection of stories written in Middle English. The tales (mostly in verse) are told as part of a story-telling contest by twenty-nine pilgrims, together with the narrator, who travel together on a journey from Southwark to the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathedral. When they met at the Tabard Inn, they agreed that each tell two tales on the way to Canterbury and two more on the way back. The best storyteller will get a meal at the inn when they return, courtesy of the other pilgrims. But instead of 120 tales, the text ends after 24 tales, covering all the major types of medieval literature. The stories are well suited to their different characters, ranging from the knight, the monk and the pardoner etc.《坎特伯雷故事集》是一部用中古英语写成的诗体短篇小说集。29名朝圣者和叙述者前往坎特伯雷去朝拜托马斯·贝克特朝圣。当他们在旅馆相遇，决定途中进行讲故事比赛，每个人去时和返回时各讲两个，讲得最好的人，回到旅馆后其他朝圣者请他吃饭。最终共有24个故事被写进故事集，故事涵盖了中世纪文学的各个方面。每个故事都与讲述者的身份相符，讲述者包括各种阶层的人，有骑士、僧侣、赦罪僧等。(2) Theme (主题)It shows a true-to-life picture of Chaucer’s time. His tales expose and satirize the evils of his time, attack the degeneration of the noble and the corruption of the Church. Standing for the rising bourgeoisie, Chaucer opposes the dogma of asceticism preached by the Church, and believes man’s right to earthly happiness. He praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life.故事集展示了乔叟时代的真实生活画面。揭露并批判了他所处时代的罪恶，批判了贵族的堕落和教会的腐败。乔叟站在新兴小资产阶级的立场，反对教会宣扬的禁欲主义，并且相信人们追求世俗幸福的权利。他赞扬了人的力量、智慧和对生活的热爱。(3) Language (语言)Chaucer is the first poet to write in English vernacular, now called Middle English, which bear a close visual resemblance to the English written and spoken today. His language is vivid, exact and fluent. He introced from France and Italy the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the heroic couplet to English poetry.乔叟是第一位用中古英语写作的诗人，其看起来和今天使用的英语很相似。他的语言生动、准确、流畅。他采用了法国和意大利的诗歌形式，尤其是“英雄双韵体”的使用。1.2课后习题详解1. How is the setting of the tales described? With such a setting, could you predict the general tone of the tales that are to follow?Key: (1) Chaucer sets the tales in the spring, describing both the natural world and people—the natural world shows a kind of renewal and rebirth, and people begin to stir after the long sleep of winter. Chaucer’s description of the landscape is lively (欢快的)and fresh(清新的), since he speaks of budding flowers, growing crops and singing birds.(2) According to such a setting, we can predict that the general tone of the tales will be light, sprightly(活泼、愉快的)and humorous.2. In your own words, summarize the character of the Knight from the brief introction in this excerpt.Key: According to the excerpt, we can see that the Knight has followed chivalry—truth, honor, freedom and courtesy. He had fought many battles for the faith of people. He is a brave, wise, modest and “truly perfect gentle knight”.3. Without comparison with the translated version, are there words still recognizable to you in the original Middle English version?Key: Yes, there are many words that can be recognized. Because many words only contain few different letters compared with the modern words. What’s more, sometimes, we can recognize the words by guessing or by the sense-group.麻烦大家关注+点赞，谢谢!!本文由【才聪学习网】原创，关注我了解更多考试资料！#考研#

2020考研英语二真题及答案【作文】！真题：一个饼图：60%用来学习知识，21%用来消磨时间，4%是其它，17%是获取信息。高校学生手机阅读目的调查【参考范文-网络版】As is vividly depicted in the chart, it provides the information concerning the reading purpose of college students by mobile phones in a certain university.To be specific, the percentage of learning is 58%, which is biggest among the four categories. Meanwhile, acquiring information, entertaining and others account for 28%, 12% and 2% respectively.Without a doubt, the real purpose of the chart is to tell us that a majority of college students read their phones for study rather than have fun. On one hand, with the rapid development of science and technology, our smart phones become increasingly convenient for students to study. Instead of taking numerous books in their bags, they prefer to put significant learning materials into their phone and then they can read them at any place they want. On the other hand, the present college students are under huge competitive stress. As a result, they are aware of the significance of learning in college,where they should enhance their knowledge and skills to cope with the challenges and obstacles in the years to come.Taking above reasons into consideration, we could firmly believe that the tendency will continue in the forthcoming years.小作文：真题Directions:Suppose you are panning a tour of historical site for a group of international students1) Say something about the site2) give some tips for the tourYou should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name at the end of the email. Use“Li Ming" instead.Do not write the address (10 points)[参考范文--网络版]Dear international students,Welcome to China! Knowing that you have a keen interest in Chinese historical sites, I am writing to recommend you to visit the Forbidden City, one of the prestigioushistoric relics in China.Here are the brief introctions . Firstly, The Forbidden city is the imperial palace of the two dynasties in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Secondly, located in the capital of China, the Forbidden City showcases many collections of ancient arts and antiques, which offer a glimpse of China's extensive and sophisticated culture.Finally, what needs to pay special attention to is that you had better book tickets online ahead of time though any digital devices. Before visiting, to take a panorama of the palace would be a sensible to guild your trip and save much time.I hope my suggestions would be of benefit for you. Please feel free to contact me. I am looking forward to your reply.Enjoy your tour!关于作文的真题和参考答案就到这里啦，今年参加考研的小伙伴可以好好休息一下啦。2020考研已经结束，话说2021考研还会远吗？备考2021考研的宝宝们，不用害怕，考研一般在大三第二学期2月份开始，考研的话，大半年时间够用了，现在你可以搜集了解目标院校的招生简章、专业目录、参考书目、报录比这些信息，尽量找一些已考上的学姐学长，了解参考书目、真题等信息。有机会的话去目标院校多转转，没准儿会有意想不到的收获。现阶段，你应该学好英语和专业课，打好基础，为你的正式备考打好基础。说到资料，数学的话，一般来说汤神讲的细、基础，适合基础不好的，李大帝综合性强。英语的话，真题安利英语一的《考研真相》/英语二的《考研圣经》，逐词逐句精解，一句一句解析每一篇真题，完形填空和阅读理解都是一句话一句话给你分析讲解的，补基础很不错。

20考研复试，综合面试的时候，老师都会问些什么问题呢？下面对中英文综合面试时的题目进行了一个汇总，童鞋们可以看看哦！然后做一些相应的准备，提前想想如果是你被问到此问题，你会怎么回答？一、中文综合面试题目：二、英文综合面试题目：今天已经8号啦，童鞋们抓紧时间哟！冲冲冲……最后，还是要日常啰嗦一下，复试复习，一定不要忽略了专业课知识的内容，即使是网络复试，也是要问的，只是形式改变了而已，而且其实口试比笔试还要难！所以，大家一定不要掉以轻心！

中国科大研究生综合英语单词Unite 1propaganda n.宣传dialect n.a.方言▲initially adv.最初，首先，开始twist n.v.使弯曲captured v.夺得，俘虏inevitable a.必然的，不可避免的▲inevitable as 尽管▲denounce v.谴责；告发；公然抨击march on 向前进▲scramble v.n.攀登，抢夺▲augment v.n.增加，增大infuse v.充满infuse with 充满▲plug n.v.插入，堵塞tuppence n.两便士▲a plugged tuppence（two pence）微不足道的stretch v.n. 伸缩，弹性nay a.不但如此，n. 否定▲transoceanic a. 跨洋的▲leap 跳跃retreat from 撤退▲vault n.v. 拱顶，跳跃▲ethnic a. 种族的▲enclave n. 飞地，被围领土▲aviation n. 航空，飞行术maritime a.海运的，海事的，航海▲prestige n. a. 威望，令人尊敬的manual n. 手册，说明书▲slot n.v. 位置，职位▲enroll in 登记qualify sb. for 证明…….合格，认证in-service a. 在职的boast n.v. 夸口说，自夸boost n.v. 促进，支援=encouragescoff at 嘲笑=laugh atsecondary school 中等学校top of the pops 流行前线，流行之巅personnel a.n. 人事部门▲satellite n. 卫星▲prospective a. 未来的，可预期的diplomats n. 外交家routinely a. 例行公事的，日常的▲assignment n. 任务，分配▲mangle v.n. 破坏▲stumble over 给…….绊倒▲outskirt n. 郊区salon n. 沙发，客厅croon n. 低声吟唱，低吟goof v. 犯愚蠢的错误 n. 傻瓜▲gaffe n. 过失，失恋▲echelon n.v. 阶级envoy n. 使者▲blunder n.v. 犯大错=flub n.v. 搞糟，过失officialdom n.官场，官员▲irk v. 使烦恼▲commission n.v. 委员会，委任prod v. 刺 n. 拥，戳▲prob into 戳进sue v. 控告▲deputies n. 副手，代表usage n. 使用，用法，惯例▲proposed v.n. 建议，提建议▲rendered v. 提出▲concise a.简明的，简洁的rear-guard action后卫部队， 无望取胜的行动gadget n.小孩玩意，小配件.flashback 倒叙，闪回▲clamp n.v.夹紧▲balk v.n. 突然止步,戛然而上cream puff. 儒夫，娘娘腔男人，▲flunk v.n. 失败，不及格.▲reinstate n.v.恢复▲erode v. 腐蚀.quasi a.adv.准的，类似的appeal to. =attract 吸引,呼吁▲dipped a. 发音清楚的▲snob n、势利小人▲inroad n.侵整，减少袭击lingua franca通用语primordial a. 原始的，本初的ooze v.渗出n.软泥▲contend v. 竞争n. 主张=claim▲dean n.院长▲ineluctable a.不可避免的，▲inexorable a.不可阻挡的▲inevitable a.不可避免的为然的词组：A is to B what C is to Dat the onset of =at the beginning ofalert to 警告make a point of doing sth 决心做某事，强调often as not =more often than not =often 经常lag (far) behind =far behind 落后▲bump into 无意中遇到，碰到invasion of A by B 用B入侵AUnite 2leave-headed a.冷静的，清醒的appraisal n.评估，估计flaw n.v. 瑕疵，缺点spot v. 发现，认出n.斑点gumption n. 进取心despise a. 受轻视的v.轻视repose n.v. 休息，寄托于=restdisgust n. 厌恶v.使厌恶bump n.肿块v.撞击a bump on a log 呆头呆脑的人triumphantly a.成功的defect n.v. 缺点allocate a.v.n. 分配，指派be content with 满足于self-pity n. 自怜，自哀make sth. of v.取得成功利用.size up 估计,打量pauper n.a.穷人,贫民的，interrogation n.讯问，审问discard v.a. 丢弃的.sprang v.n. 跳跃,弹起distress n.v.使悲痛，苦恼.budding a.n. 萌芽,发芽delay. v.n延迟,延期bust in 闯入，parlor n.a.客厅long for. 渴望,be blessed with.具有.赋有，有幸得到grit n.v. 勇气，决心crucial. a.重要的religious a,n.虔城的，严谨的pillar v.柱子台柱▲bestow v.使用,授予knighthood n.骑士.spunk n.v. 勇气combed v.梳头n.精梳combed.comb. n精梳v梳头damp a.n.v. 潮湿sling n.v.抛掷set forth. 陈述,动身，启程，出发，陈列canvs n.v. 帆布canvass 游说citizenry n.市民，公民▲reverencen n.v. 崇敬，敬畏chasube n.十字褡drape v.n.悬挂，披pouch n.v.小袋▲swiftly adv.很快的，即刻▲extract n.v. 提取，取出mp v.n. 倾倒tilt v.n.倾斜hip n. 臀部▲embark v.从事,上船▲embark oncommuter n.通勤者，远距离fringe n.a.v. 边缘bleak a.暗淡的，无希望的，阴冷的spat n.v. 鞋套，鞋罩detachable a.可拆卸的，陈旧的，俗套的threadbare a.磨破的，俗套的intervene v. 干涉，插嘴，介入aptitude n.才能，天资▲whack v.n. 重击▲bowed a. 有弓的，屈服的plain a.n.简单的，朴素的callus n.老茧overall a.adv.全部的 n.工装fancier n. 爱好者，空想▲wean n.v.使放弃，使断奶pail n.桶，提桶sunup n.日出▲grime n.尘垢pore n.v. 毛孔，气孔leagacy n.遗产，遗赠stick n.v.棍，戳▲a few sticks of =a pieces of 少jackpot n.a.头奖，十分成功▲hit the jackpot 中大奖，中头彩，获得成功rumble v.n. 隆隆作响sack n.v. 麻布袋，洗劫snal n.v. 呲牙，狂吠timid a.胆小的，羞怯的relieve v.解除，使放心engage v.吸引，从事，预定▲canvass n.v.游说dread n.v. 担心，恐惧▲batch n.v.一批e a.到期的，n.应付款adv.正curb n.抑制，路边v.控制motorist n.汽车驾驶员seal n.密封，封条 v.盖章，猎海豹soak v. n.吸收，浸湿，湿透▲beckon n.手势 v.召唤，示意brim with 充满 brim with zest 满怀热情brim n.边v.溢出，满溢bang n.重击startle n.v. 惊愕，吓一跳midget n.侏儒a.极小的assault n.v.攻击，袭击thrust n.v.插入，推力piped a.滚边的v.吹奏管乐salesmanship n.推销术irresistible a.极度诱惑的，不可抵挡的disposed v.转向，倾向▲humiliated v.丢脸 a.自惭的spoil n.v. 破坏，掠夺appetite n.食欲chutifully adv.忠实地，尽责地scold n.v.责骂maxim n.格言，准则，座右铭refusal n.拒绝▲whimper n.v.呜咽，啜泣despise v.轻视，鄙视▲moan n.v.抱怨，呻吟quit n.v.离开，辞职insistence n.坚持composition n. 作文，作品，作曲top-drawer 高档prose n.v. 散文compliment n.v. 恭维▲clasp n.扣子，握手v.扣紧，紧抱▲trudge v.n.跋涉，长途跋涉peddle n.v.叫卖，沿街叫卖▲surly a.脾气坏的make out 理解，辨认enchant v.使着迷secretly adv. 秘密的，背地里词组：make sth. of oneself 成功做某事(like) a bump on a log 一个傻瓜throw in 打赏▲size up 估计▲be blessed with 具有，有幸得到▲embark on 从事put sb. down as 把某人当作▲break down 克服sales pitch 推销，宣传▲brim with 充满hit the jackpot 中大奖Unite 3▲utter a.v. 说出，表达a.完全的，彻底的▲appropriate a.v. 挪用，占用lesser a.adv.n. 较少，次要columnist n. 专栏作家deceptively adv.看似，欺骗的，迷惑的premise n.v.前提muddle n.v.弄乱，糊涂▲gallant a.英勇的，勇敢的haul n.v.拖，拉inning n. 一局 inning after inning 一局又一局scatter n.v.分散，差别combat n.v.战斗vast a.n.巨大的reservoir n.水库，储蓄，蓄水池implacable a. 不能安抚的，难缓和的summon v.召唤，振作enrance n.忍耐力confrontation n.对抗，对峙▲marginal a. 微不足道的，边缘的，次要的n.边缘席位▲mystify v.使迷惑，使困惑treacherously adv.背叛的，危险的grance n.v. 优雅的 disgrance n.v. 丢人，耻辱eminently adv.非常，特别，出众的gigantic a. 巨大的，庞大的▲whimper v.n. 呜咽，牢骚，低声抱怨▲shirk n.v.逃避，推却▲lust for 渴望，贪求solitary a.n.孤独的，隐士triumph 胜利dignity n.尊严▲bullies n.地痞 bully n.土霸▲brawl n.v.喧闹，斗殴，打斗bum n.v.流浪汉，懒人cowardly a.adv.胆小的，怯懦的disgrace n.v.丢脸，耻辱primitive a.n.原始人，原始的devise n.v.设计，想出▲adhere to 坚持serence a.v.n.平静的ideologies 意识形态，思想者▲secular a.n.世俗的，不朽的，现世的▲instinct a.n. 本能，直觉utopia n.乌托邦▲patriotism n.爱国心，爱国主义cosmic a.宇宙的，广大无边的▲grandiose a.宏伟的，宏大的giant a.n.巨人，巨大的boulder n.大圆石，卵石minefield n.布雷区▲despair n.v. 绝望craft n.v. 工艺，手艺diploma n.证书，公文，毕业证书statement n.报表，声明，清单plunge into 投入plunge n.v. 陷入，跳进，骤降capitalism n.资本主义permanently adv.永久地，长久的，长期地▲infantile a.初期的coincide v.一致trap in 陷入esteem n.v.尊敬，敬重▲chronicler n.记录者▲sentiment n.观点，感情▲sneer n.v. 嘲笑，冷笑▲swagger n.v. 吹牛，吓唬，虚张声势，神气十足macho a.v. 大男子气概blowhard a.n.吹牛大家，吹牛的landscape n.v.风景▲underscore n.v.强调，下划线obsession n. 痴迷squalid a.卑鄙的▲disastrous a. 灾难性的playwright n.剧作家▲masterpiece n.杰作，拿手好戏puncher n.穿孔者，打孔机▲brim with 充满▲flaw n.v.瑕疵，缺点violent a. 暴力的，猛烈的precisely adv.精确的，恰恰Inseparable a.n.不能分开词组：do （sth）the hard way 艰难地call (up) on 号召strike out 打击lust for （after） 渴望down the line 沿街have (take or get ) sb’s number 了解某人情况give way to 屈服于，让步于tune in 收听，调谐pack it in 结束，终止Unite 5▲endow v.赋予，天生具有proxemic a. 空间关系学的pattern n.v. 模式status n.地位，身份crush a.v. 压碎地，压碎command v.n.控制，要求，命令▲attenuate a.v. 减弱，纤细instrusion n.闯入，侵入v. intrude▲at stake 紧要关头，被讨论intrude on 打扮，介入，干涉subtle a.微妙的screen n.v. 屏幕，屏风threshold n. 入口，门槛，开始poke n.v. 刺，戳poke into 探听，干涉poke in 闯入doorjamb n.大门柱，门边框，门侧柱on base 在垒上as it were 好像，似乎，可以说是spatial a.空间的，存在于空间的doorstep n.门阶convert n.v.使转变peculiar a.特别，罕见的n.特权▲tenant n.房客v. 租借occupant n.居住者，占有者easement n.地役权presence n.存在，出席▲presumptuous a.专横的，放肆的，冒昧的assume v.假定，假设detach v.分离，派遣intervene n.干涉▲bully a.n.v.欺负，恐吓，土霸humiliate v.丢脸，羞辱intimate a.n.v. 亲密的，宣布，至交，通知extension n.延长，延期，伸展lever n.杠杆，控制杆▲partition n.v.划分，隔墙stockade n.v.栅栏，围起的地方accommodate v.容纳，使适应dwell n.居所，住处foxhole n.隐蔽处scarce a.adv.缺乏的，不足的balconies (balcony) 阳台scared a.神的，庄严的nightmarish a.可怕的，不愉快的inadvertent a.疏忽的，不注意的blunder n.v.愚蠢，犯大错acute a.严重的▲intact a.完整的▲rescind v.废除，解除soundproof a.v.隔音的▲flimsy a.n.薄，脆弱的，易损坏的sloppy a.草率的，粗心的▲integrity n.完整▲warm up to 对……有好感，适应▲epitomize v.概括，成为……缩影solid a.n.结实，可靠indistinct a.模糊的，不清楚的rattle n.v.格格声，喋喋不休▲clash n.v.冲突subsidiary a.n.子公司▲friction n.摩擦，摩擦力conspiratorial a.阴谋的left out 被遗忘，漏掉，被忽略hierarchical adv.勤奋地，费力地crash n.v. 碰撞queue n.v. 长队，排队traceable a.可追踪的，起源于violation n.违反，侵犯engender v.使产生，造成，引起regimentation n.纪律，系统化，组织化stir up 煽动，唤起rigid a.严格的，僵硬的hitch n.v. 猛拉，系住deterrent a.n.障碍，威慑，制止的rebel a.n.v.反叛，造反的anathema n.诅咒，令人厌恶的flimsy a.n.脆弱的，易坏的private sphere 私域bolted to the floor 固定在地板上bolt 固定词组：▲be at stake 紧要关头intrude on 打扰，干涉▲bring sth. into focus 聚焦▲go to any lengths 竭尽全力，尽一切可能warm up (to sth) 有好感，有兴趣▲leave out 遗漏，省略，不考虑and the like = and so on 等等Unite 9narrative n.v. 故事，讲述periodization n.周期化，时代划分▲intrigue n.v.激起▲unencumbered a.没有阻碍的，不受妨碍的improvisational a.即兴的radically adv.根本上，彻底的coherence n.一致，连贯性utterly adv.完全地，绝对地arbitrary a.任意的，武断的context n.环境，上下文reference n.v.参考，引用，参照indiviation n.个性化，个体化obscure a.n.v.晦涩的，模糊的▲exacerbate v.使加剧，使恶化resolve n.v.分解，解决derive n.v. 源自，起源，获得 derived a. 衍生的，派生的anomalous a.异常的，不恰当的perceive v.觉察，理解morally adv.道德上，确实地amnesia n.遗忘，失忆，健忘症considerable a. 相当大的，重要的▲inherit v.继承，遗传generalize to sth. 推广到remote a.n.遥远的，疏远的dread n.v.恐惧ancestor n.祖先descendant n.后代nostalgia n.乡愁，怀旧之情▲poignant a.尖锐的，辛酸的▲contour n.v.轮廓，概要▲realm n.领域，范围par excellence 卓越的，出类拔萃的utilitarian a.实用的，实用主义，功利的，功利主义occupational a.职业的，占领的gratify v.使满足，使满意▲intrinsic a.本质的，固有的pilgrimage n.v.朝圣之行doctrinaire a.n.教条主义，空谈理论oppressive a.压迫的，残酷的▲radical a.n.激进的，彻底的▲constrict v.压缩，束紧jettison n.v.扔，投弃，放弃reassure v.使安心nihilism n.虚无主义hegemonic a.霸权主义，支配的，有影响力的inadequate a.不充分的，不适当的impoverish v.使贫穷，使枯竭▲vacuous a.空的，空虚，无意义的theology n.神学selves n.自己，自我（self）interpret n.v.说明，解释，口译dignity n.尊严，高贵afloat a.adv.漂浮的tragedy n.悲剧，灾难habitually adv.习惯地，日常地Void a.n.v.空的，空白，无人的词组：in a sence 在某种意义上make sence 有道理，讲得通give birth to 产生，造成get to the bottom of sth. 弄清真相on one’s own adv.独立地，自主地（be）trapped in 被困于，陷入，用……捕捉Unite Xinserted a.插入的，附着的needle n.v. 针，针状物drain 排水drain into 排入orystallization n.结晶化，具体化tube n.v.管状，管▲desperate a.不顾一切，令人绝望的，极度渴望的precision a.n.精度，精确inject v.注射crept over 逼进outstretch v.伸展，伸出push oneself up 艰难的起来stiff a.adv.呆板的，僵硬地 n.v. 死尸，诈骗，失信exile n.v.放逐，流犯banish v.放逐，驱逐gild v.镀金prejudice n.v.偏见，侵害swell n.v.a.adv. 肿胀，突出imperceptibly adv.极微地，微细地drowse n.v.发呆，瞌睡rattlesnake n.响尾蛇deadly a.adv.致命的，非常irrevocable a.不可改变的，不能挽回的fatigue v.疲劳，疲乏elbow n.肘部，扶手at one’s elbow 接近serum n.血清fatal a.致命的，重大的antidote n.解药，解毒剂detachment n.分离，拆开ingrain n.v.根深蒂固的，固有品质jot n.v.略记，匆匆记下jerky a.n.急促而不流畅的，不平稳的scrawl n.v.潦草的笔记jerky scrawl 不平稳的涂鸦，草稿frown n.v. 皱眉frown over 皱眉头loan n.v. 贷款，借贷restlessly adv.不安地，慌张地masonry n.石工，石造建筑resurgent a.n.复苏，复活地ne n.沙丘slid v.滑落palm n.v.手掌，掌状物，将……藏于掌中▲poignant a.n. 尖锐的辛酸的，深刻的，悲惨的rubber n.橡胶a.v.橡胶造的trembled 震颤throb n.v.抽搐，阵痛scarcely adv.几乎不perceptible a.可察觉的，看得见的fan out 展开，成扇形散开conceal v.隐藏▲corridor n.走廊▲sece v.引诱，诱惑endearing a.可爱的，讨人喜欢的scene n.场面，情景，景象hail n.v.招呼，致敬cab n.v.出租车，出租马车threshold n.门槛，开始wreath n.v.花冠，环绕，圈状物bond n.v.纽带，约定，结合bound n.v.跳跃flung v.投，猛推 flung up 向上猛抛silken a.柔软的，丝制的glint n.v.闪烁nursemaid n.保姆rattle n.v.喋喋不休的，格格声exult v.狂喜，欢欣鼓舞elixir n.灵丹妙药rowboat n.小船lagoon n.泻湖（美国-五大湖之一）lollipop n.棒棒糖▲hung off 放开starch n.v. 刻板，僵硬的petticoat a.衬裙，裙子，女性的swollen a.v.肿胀的，浮肿的oar n.v.桨，橹，划行merry-go-round 旋转木马drew v.牵引，起草thread n.v.穿过▲consciousness n.意识，觉察，知觉▲smother n.v.使窒息，抑制▲formeless a.无定形的▲blur n.v.模糊不清的事物，木户的记忆▲startlingly adv.惊人地，惊奇地▲brink n.边缘endeavor n.v.努力，尽力swing back 转移，回转，回摆wan a.v. 苍白的，乏力的，微弱的提示：单词前带“▲”符号的为高频重点词汇，其余词汇熟悉识记即可。鉴于笔者英文水平有限，有些单词意思据综英课本原文进行选择，如有不当之处，还望广大读者不吝指正。

[全套]2021年三峡大学外国语学院791综合英语考研全套资料考研真题及详解Unit 1一、词汇短语Text I1. confront [kEn5frQnt] v. a） force to deal with or accept the truth of; bring face to face with使对峙，使当面对证：When the police confronted her with the evidence, she confessed she was guilty.当警察用证据与她当面对证时，她坦言自己犯罪了；b） to meet, to be faced with（尤其在战斗，竞争，辩论等情况下）与…迎面相遇，和…对抗，对峙：When I am confronted with a microphone, my mind goes complete blank. 当我面对麦克风时，头脑一片空白。2. anguish [5AN^wiF] n. very pain and suffering, especially of the mind（极度）痛苦，苦恼，烦恼：The unspeakable anguish wrung her heart. 难言的痛苦折磨着他的心。3. gracefully [5^reisfuli] adv. a） in an attractively and effortlessly fine and smooth manner优美地，优雅得体地：Already in her fifties, she danced gracefully on the stage last night, attracting a large audience. 她已经五十多岁了，但她昨晚在舞台上优美的舞姿吸引了很多观众；b） in a way that shows willingness to behave fairly and honorably大大方方地：When I am no longer needed, I shall retire gracefully. 当不再需要我时，我将体面地退休。4. haven [5heivn] n. a place of calm and safety安息所，避难所，安全地方：The library is a haven of peace and quiet. 图书馆是个平和而安静的去处。5. touch [tQtF] v. a） make sb. feel/ sb’s feeling sympathetic or bad感动某人，触动某人的感情，使怜悯或悲哀：The TV report about the children’s work for charity touched thousands of people’s heart. 电视报道中关于这些儿童为慈善事业所做的工作打动了千千万万的人；b） be associated or connected with与某事有联系或有关系：Your objections do not touch the point of the issue. 你提的反对意见与问题的实质无关。 n. a） an act or the fact of touching触摸，接触：I found the right coin in the dark by touch.在黑暗中，我摸索着找到了那枚硬币；b） relation or contact联系，接触：We are in close touch with our office in Spain. 我们同我方在西班牙的办事处保持着密切的联系；c） slight quantity, trace少许，微量：There was a touch of irony in her voice. 她话语之间略带讽刺。touched adj. 被感动的6. shudder [5FQdE] vi. shake uncontrollably（因害怕、恐惧、寒冷等）发抖，打颤，战栗：She shuddered at the sight of dead body. 见到死尸时，她直发抖。shudder to think一想到…就颤抖（用于表示不愿想某种不愉快的事情）7. well up 涌上，流出，溢出（of liquid） flow or start to flow：She was so moved that tears welled up in her eyes. 她感动得热泪涌出眼眶。8. rest on: a） lean on, to be supported by搁在，支撑在…上面：The bridge rested on stone arches.这座桥由石拱支撑；b） be based on, be grounded on, depend on依赖于，寄托于，基于：His argument does not rest on reasoning or on experiment, but on authority. 他的论点不是基于推理或实验，而是基于权威。9. stare off into: stop watching sth and look at sth else steadily把目光移开，转而凝视…：She was looking at her late husband’s photo when I walked in. Seeing me, however, she stared off into the ceiling. 我进去的时候，她正在看她死去的丈夫的照片，但是，看到我进来，她便将目光从照片上移去，转而凝视天花板。10. have sth in common: share the same quality or interest有共同之处：The boy and the girl have much in common in personality. 这个男孩和女孩在性格上有很多相似之处。11. final [5fainEl] adj. a） （of a decision） conclusive, decisive, that cannot be changed不可改变的，决定性的，最终的：“It is not my affair,” said he, with a final shrug of the shoulders. 他坚决地耸了耸肩，说“这不关我的事”。b） of the end, coming last最后的：Is that your final offer?那是你最后的报价吗？ n. a） last of a series of contests or competitions决赛：Last year, we got through to the final. 去年，我们一路打到决赛。b） last set of university examination期末考试（通常用复数形式）: When do you take your finals? 你什么时候参加期末考试？12. look into: try to find out about; examine, investigate the meaning or cause of调查，研究，深入地检查：We are looking into the possibility of merging the two departments. 我们正在调查这两个部门合并的可能性。13. whisper [5(h)wispE] vt. & vi. a） speak softly, using the breath but without vibrating the vocal cords低语，小声说话，私语：The two girls are whispering in the library. 两个女孩在图书馆里低声说话。b） talk sth in private; spread私下说，传播开来：His adventures have been whispered everywhere. 他的冒险经历都被私下里传开了。 n. a） whispering sound, speech or remark耳语，低语：She said it in a whisper.他低声说了这件事。b） rumor or gossip流言，传闻：I have heard a whisper that they are heading for divorce. 我听到传言说他们要离婚。14. gently [5dVentli] adv. a） softly, carefully轻轻地，小心地：He lifted the baby gently our of its crib.他轻轻地将孩子从婴儿床上抱起来。b） friendly and mildly和善地，温柔地，文雅地：She smiled gently at me.她朝我莞尔一笑。c） graally逐渐地：The road sloped graally to the sea.这条路逐渐向海边倾斜下去。15. hand in hand：holding each other’s hand; closely associated, linked together手拉手，密切关联的，连在一起的：Power and money go hand in hand. 权和钱密不可分。16. conspicuously [kEn5spikjuEsli] adv. easily seen or noticed; in an attractive manner显著地，超群地：The posters on the walls around are conspicuously eye-catching. 墙上的海报特别地引人注目。17. hoarse [hC:s] adj. sounding rough and hard（声音）嘶哑的，沙哑的：You will make yourself hoarse if you keep shouting like that. 如果你一直那样喊下去，嗓子会被喊哑的。scream yourself hoarse大声尖叫，直到声嘶力竭18. evil [5i:vl] n. great wickedness邪恶，恶行：Love of money is root of all evils.爱钱是邪恶的根源。 adj. a） immoral, wicked邪恶的，危害他人的：It is clear that he has evil intentions to his friend.很明显，他对他的朋友心怀叵测。b） very unpleasant or harmful非常讨厌的，令人极不舒服的：There is an evil smell coming from the drains.排水沟发出难闻的气味。19. tiny [5taini] adj. very small, little极小的，微小的：The opium farmers receive only a tiny fraction of this sum.种植鸦片的农民只得到了这笔钱中极小的一部分。20. give in: a） accept the fact that you will be defeated, surrender, allow oneself to be beaten屈服，投降：You will never guess the answer—do you give in? 你永远都猜不到答案——要认输吗？b） submit, hand in递交，呈送：All papers should be given in before 12 O’clock. 所有论文必须在十二点之前交齐。21. lock sth away: keep sth secret把…密藏起来：This is too valuable to be left lying about—lock it away somewhere.这东西很贵重，不能随便乱放，把它锁在什么地方吧。lock in禁闭，锁在里头；lock…out关在外面，停工；lock…up关押，上锁。22. part [pB:t] v. be no longer together, separate使分开，分散开：The crowd parted to let the soldiers through.人群分开好让士兵们通过。I am afraid we parted on rather bad terms.我想我们是因为感情不和而分手的。 n. a） component部件，零件：He works for a company that makes aircraft parts.他在一家飞机零件制造厂工作。b） role角色：She has the main part in the play.他在剧中担任重要角色。c） responsibility, ty职责，义务：We each do our part to keep the house clean. 我们各司其职以保持房间的清洁。考生首选官网，请百度“才聪学习网”，可获取更多考试资料！

关注，分享更多法考、考研资料一、原文赏析Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the proctivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, proctivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average ring the previous decade. And since 1991, proctivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-1987 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is e to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a "disjunction" between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in proctivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace — all that re-engineering and downsizing — are only one contribution to the overall proctivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in ecation and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing proctivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much "re-engineering" has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the rections in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO's Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish — "the worst sort of ambulance-chasing".二、译文赏析人们说，不劳就无获。但是，如果有劳却无获又会怎样呢？在美国，无论你走到哪里都会听到企业复苏的故事。商人们自认为的他们所领导的生产力革命是否确有其事，这一点更加难以确定。官方的统计数字却有点不让人乐观。这些数据表明，如果把制造业和服务业合起来算，1987年以来生产力平均增长1.2％。这比前10年的平均增长速度略快。自1991年来，生产力每年约增长2％。这比1978年—1987年的平均增长速度高两倍以上。问题在于，近年发生的生产力快速增长部分是由于商业周期通常到了这时候就会出现的反弹造成的，因而它不是经济复苏已经是潜在趋势的结论性证据。正如财政部长罗伯特鲁宾所说的，生产力发生飞跃的商业传奇与统计数字所反映的情况之间存在着一种“脱节”。这其中的一些原因很容易解释。企业重组的新方法——所有那些重新设计和缩小规模的做法——只是对一个经济的整体生产力做出了一方面的贡献，而这种经济的发展还收到许多其他因素的驱动，如设备、机械上的联合投资，新技术，以及教育和培训上的投资。另外，公司的大部分改革是为了赢利，而达到赢利的目的不一定非要提高生产力：转入新的市场或改善产品质量也会有同样的功效。其他两种解释带有很大的猜测性。一种解释是近年来所进行的公司重组也许并未奏效。另一种则说，即使有所成效，效果也不像人们所设想的那样广泛。哈佛学者，快速增长的面包连锁店Au Bon Pain的前任总裁莱昂纳多施莱辛格说，许多“重组”是粗糙的。他认为很多情况下，企业收益的损失超出了成本的降低。他的同事迈克比尔说，太多的公司已用机械的方式进行重组，在没有充分考虑到长期赢利能力的情况下降低了成本。BBDO的艾尔罗森夏恩更加直率。他把许多重组咨询专家所做的工作视为垃圾——“典型的劳而无获”。三、题目赏析1. According to the author, the American economic situation is ________.[A] not as good as it seems[B] at its turning point[C] much better than it seems[D] near to complete recovery正确答案为： [A] 意为：并不像表面看上去那样好。第一段第三、四句指出，美国到处都在谈论所谓公司的振兴(tales of corporate revival)，但是，商界自认为正在进行的所谓生产率革命究竟是否名符其实(for real)，这一点却很难确定。该句实际上是全文的主旨，从反面提出了下文旨在回答的问题，所谓生产率革命根本不存在，官方的统计数字也并不怎么乐观；该段第四句指出，问题是；最近显示出的增长部分是由商业领域里此时出现的正常的反弹(rebound)造成的，因此，不能将它看作是更深层的（当指生产率）振兴的证据。由题目能够定位到第一段的这一句：What is harder to establish is whether the proctivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.其意思是：商人们自认为的他们所领导的生产力革命是否确有其事，这一点更加难以确定。因此可以看出作者觉得美国经济形式并不像商人们说的那样好，因此联系到了A选项。最后一段引用了几个专家的评价，对目前进行的促进生产率发展的措施进行了否定，特别是罗森伯格的评价，在他看来，目前负责调整经济的顾问们所做的工作，多数都是垃圾（没有成效），是典型的“于事无补”(ambulance-chasing)。B意为：处于转折阶段。文章中只是说经济发展并不乐观，但是还没有达到转折的地步，因此该选项属于夸张类干扰项。C意为：比现状要好得多。这个和原文意思恰恰相反，同作者的中心思想相违背。换句话说，这个是作者要批驳的观点。D意为；几乎要实现全面复苏了。此选项同C选项，都是与作者思想相违背的，更何况，复苏这个词根本无从谈起。2. The official statistics on proctivity growth ________.[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle[B] fall short of businessmen's anticipation[C] meet the expectation of business people[D] fail to reflect the true state of economy正确答案为：[B] 意为：与商人的预想不符。或：不像商人预想的那样好。第二段指出，官方的统计数字也并不怎么乐观，如果将制造业和服务业算在一起(lump... together)，1989年以来生产率平均增长了1.2％，比前十年的平均指数略有增长；1991年后，生产率每年增长约2％，是1978年至1987年这十年平均指数的一倍多。然而问题是：最近显示出的增长部分是由商业领域里此时出现的正常的反弹造成的，因此，不能将它看作是更深层的（当指生产率）振兴的证据。正如财政部长鲁宾所说的那样，一方面，大量的商业神话似乎表明生产率的激增(leap)，另一方面，（官方的）统计数字又是另一番景象，二者之间存在着一个“差距”(disjunction)。定位到第二段的这几句：There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a "disjunction" between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in proctivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.其意思是：正如财政部长罗伯特鲁宾所说的，生产力发生飞跃的商业传奇与统计数字所反映的情况之间存在着一种“脱节”。商业传奇即是说大量的商业神话似乎表明生产率的激增(leap)。因此，可以得出结论，经济发展的实际情况和商人们所塑造的神话有脱节，即联系到了B选项。A意为：排除了商业领域里出现的正常的反弹。此选项定位到了原文第二段中的The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is e to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle，意思是：近年发生的生产力快速增长部分是由于商业周期通常到了这时候就会出现的反弹造成的。但是官方统计时并未排除此反弹，在原文中没有根据。原文只是说这个反弹是个trouble，但是并未说找个trouble被排除了。C意为：与商人预想的一致。这个与B选项正好矛盾，参考B选项的解释。D意为：没有准确地反映经济的状况。该选项的说法太笼统了，虽然由原文得出了“脱节”的结论，但是请注意，是生产力发生飞跃的商业传奇与统计数字所反映的情况之间存在着一种“脱节”，而不是该官方统计与经济情况存在脱节。至少，原文并未说该统计不准确，而只是说该统计与商人们预料的不符。3. The author raises the question "what about pain without gain?" because ________.[A] he questions the truth of "no gain without pain"[B] he does not think the proctivity revolution works[C] he wonders if the official statistics are misleading[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses正确答案为：[B] 意为：他认为所谓的生产率革命并未奏效。第一段指出，人们常说：不劳则无所获，但是，要是劳而无获呢？美国到处都在谈论所谓公司的振兴，但是，商界自认为正在进行的所谓生产率革命究竟是否名符其实，这一点却很难确定。作者的观点在此其实已表达得很清楚。另外，从第三段来看，所谓的生产率革命包括了改组企业(business restructuring, reengineering)等一系列措施，正如第四段所指出的，近年所进行的一些重组措施也许并未奏效，而且，即使有所成效，效果也没有人们想像的那样广泛。在最后一段，作者引用了几个专家的评价，这几位专家对目前进行的促进生产率发展的措施更是持否定态度。作者的引用当然带有很大的倾向性，用以支持自己的观点。第一段指出，人们常说：不劳则无所获，但是，要是劳而无获呢？美国到处都在谈论所谓公司的振兴，但是，商界自认为正在进行的所谓生产率革命究竟是否名符其实，这一点却很难确定。作者的观点在此其实已表达得很清楚，就是说所谓的生产率革命并没起多大作用。而且由其他段也可看出，现实的数据与商人们所想的存在脱节，因此他们所鼓吹的革命并不奏效。因此联系到了B选项另请参考第55、56题题解。A意为：他对“不劳则无所获”的真实性提出质疑。该选择项过于局限于字面意思。该选择项过于局限于字面意思，而与作者的真正用意无关。这是一个用字面意思来迷惑考生的干扰项。C意为：他认为官方的统计数宁可能有错。正好相反，他们认为所谓的商业振兴仅仅是假象。联系上一道题，作者并未说官方的统计数据不符合实际。如果上道题明白的话，就会第一个排除此选项的。D意为：他获得了商业振兴的确凿证据。这个选项有两个大错误。首先作者压根没说商业振兴，反而在说经济情况不如想象中的好。第二个错误是所谓的确凿证据无从说起。文章中所有的例证都是在说明“脱节”这个问题，而不是在说什么商业振兴。4. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?[A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of proctivity.[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase proctivity.[C] The rection of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.[D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.正确答案为：[A] 意为：激进的改革对生产率的提高极其重要。首先要看清楚题目，是说文章未提到的，大家一定不要犯这种低级错误，选了文章提到过的选项。，作者只指出促进生产率革命的措施并未奏效，未达到人们想象的效果，而并末提到应该如何才对。这属于过度引申的干扰项。B意为：用新方法改变工作场所可以提高生产率。第三段第二句指出，重新改变工作场所仅是加快一个国家的国民经济综合生产率水平(overall proctivity of an economy)的一种措施，促进生产率发展的因素还有许多，如：设备和机器投资、新技术、教育和培训投资等都会带来生产率的提高。C意为：降低成本并不能保证带来长期利润。根据第五段第三句，在比尔看来，许多公司机械地(in a mechanistic fashion)应用改革措施，降低了成本，但对长期盈利却考虑不够。可见，降低成本和长期盈利并非总是成正比。D意为：顾问们是一伙饭桶。不要以为这种骂人句肯定不会出现在原文中，那你就犯了主观主义错误了。文章最后一段指出，在罗森伯格看来，目前负责经济调整的顾问们所做的工作，多数都是垃圾（没有成效），是典型的“于事无补”。欢迎在下方评论区留言分享。

考研真题精选一、选择题1. Derivational morpheme contrasts sharply with inflectional morpheme in that the former changes the _____ while the latter does not.（北二外2017研）A. meaningB. word classC. formD. speech sound【答案】B查看答案【解析】morpheme语素，分为自由语素和黏着语素，其中黏着语素包括词根和词缀两种类型，词缀分为派生词缀（derivational affixes）和屈折词缀（inflectional affixes）。派生词缀黏附在词根语素上构成新词，也即增加了新的词汇义内容或改变了词的类别归属。屈折词缀只能改变一个词的形式，不能构成新词。也即屈折词缀增加的是表示句法范畴的意义，并且总是不改变词的类别归属。即两者重要区别在于是否改变了词的类别，故B为正确答案。2. Which of the following are homographs?（对外经贸2015）A. lead, leadB. rest, wrestC. lie, lieD. beat, bit【答案】C查看答案【解析】homographs同形异义词，指在语法形式上拼写和发音完全相同，而意义不同的词。lie“躺着”，还有“说谎”的意思，所以C选项中两个词是同形异义词。3. _____ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world experience.（西安交大2008研）A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense【答案】A查看答案【解析】指称指拥有某些属性的具体实体，它处理的是语言元素与非语言世界的关系。4. There are generally three kinds of sense relations recognized, sameness relation, oppositeness relation and inclusiveness relation. They are represented by ______ respectively.（大连外国语学院2008研）A. synonymy, antonymy, and hyponymyB. synonymy, hyponymy, and antonymyC. antonymy, synonymy, and hyponymy【答案】A查看答案【解析】有三种涵义关系，分别为同义关系，反义关系和上下义关系。5. Which of the following best states the behaviorist view, of child language acquisition?（北二外2015研）A. Language acquisition is a process of habit formation.B. Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings.C. Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language.D. Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use.【答案】A查看答案【解析】本题考查儿童语言习得的行为主义观点。行为主义观点认为语言习得是通过刺激-强化所形成习惯的过程。选项C是天赋假说的观点。Unit 1一、词汇短语Text 1Vocabularyvain [vein] adj.无益的，徒劳的；自负的；爱虚荣的n.徒劳，白费【例句】Trying to persuade him is a vain attempt. 试图说服他是徒劳的。【词组】in vain/vain efforts徒劳【助记】男：“我爱你”。女：“无效的”。approach [E5prEutF] n.方法，步骤，途径；探讨vt.接近，靠近；动手处理；找…商量vi.靠近【例句】This approach has many problems. 这条思路有许多问题。【词组】make an approach to 对…进行探讨approach with 以…方式处理；向…提出建议【助记】源自pro: 支持，正面，优点，肯定；音：阿婆肉吃，阿婆有肉吃，大家都接近靠近阿婆等着吃。【派生】approachable adj.亲切的；可接近的rehearse [ri5hE:s] v.排练，排演；讲述(某事物)，(尤指)自述，背诵；(通过排演)指导或训练(某人)【例句】He rehearsed his speech last night. 他昨晚练习了他的讲演。【助记】排演热(re)门戏，听(hear)着瑟(se)声起。【派生】rehearsal n.排演；预演；练习；训练；叙述autograph [5C:tE^rB:f] n.亲笔，手稿；亲笔签vt.亲笔签名于…；亲笔书写【例句】①Tina got Jake Dean’s autograph. 蒂娜得到了詹克蒂恩的亲笔签名。②I autographed a copy of one of my books. 我在我的一本书上签了名。【词组】ask for a person’s autograph请某人签名【派生】autographic adj.亲笔的，亲笔写成的award [E5wC:d] n.奖，奖品；仲裁vt.授予，奖给；判定【例句】He was awarded a gold cup in acknowledgment of his creative achievements for the development of the company.公司奖给他一个金杯，以感谢他为公司发展所做出的创造性成就。boring [5bC:riN] n.钻孔adj.令人厌烦的，乏味的，无聊的【例句】John Wilkinson invented a new kind of boring machine in 1775. 约翰·威尔金森在1775年发明了新型钻孔机。attendance [E5tendEns] n.照顾；出席，出席次(人)数；护理，照料【例句】She is in attendance on the sick man. 她在照顾病人。【词组】attendance at 出席in attendance 出席；值班；负责attendance rate 出勤率【助记】attend(出席)+ance(名词后缀)geography [dVi5C^rEfi] n.地理学，地理；地形【例句】In our geography class, we are learning about rivers. 我们正在地理课上学习有关河流的知识。oppose [E5pEuz] v.反对，(使)反抗，抗争【例句】He got angry when I opposed his plan. 当我反对他的计划时，他很生气。【词组】be opposed to sth./ doing sth. 反对做某事【助记】op(相反)+pose(放)→处于相反的【派生】opposite adj.相反的；对面的；对立的opposite n.对立面；反义词opposition n.反对；反对派；在野党；敌对totally [5tRt(E)lI] adv.统统；完全【例句】The rampart was destroyed totally. 壁垒被彻底摧毁了。【词组】totally different 完全不同【派生】totality n.全体；总数humble [5hQmbl] adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的v.使谦卑；贬低，降低【例句】He rose from humble origins to prime minister. 他出身卑微，后来成了首相。【词组】to humble oneself 自卑，低声下气to humble one’s heart 谦恭，温顺【助记】hum(human)+ble(联想：able)→人能做的是谦虚。field [fi:ld] n.田野；运动场；领域，范围；(电或磁)场vi.担任场外队员adj.扫描场；田赛的；野生的vt.把暴晒于场上；使上场【例句】Our field of vision is limited by that tall building. 我们的视野受到了那座高层建筑物的限制。settle [5setl] v.安定，安顿；停息；定居；解决，调停【例句】Having settled things, he began to think over the next subject. 把事情安顿好之后，他开始考虑下一个课题。【词组】settle down定居；平静下来麻烦大家关注+点赞，谢谢!!本文由【才聪学习网】原创，关注我了解更多考试资料！

(44)____this is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that system be changed: Horizon 2020,a new program to be enacted in 2014,would not have such a category ,This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science ; rather ,the complete opposite.(45)____That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of socialscientists: one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highlyspecialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishingelsewhere, such as policy briefs.[B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010,about 1,600 of the100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of theseKeywords.[C] the idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] the solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior. All require behavioral change and social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors , many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems . And in Europe , some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development .[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher ecation, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the indivials who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that , for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,” to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the former becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49) most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials, an institution of colors, small pool of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50)It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see basophilic- a yearning for contact with nonhuman life-assuming uncanny representational forms.46. yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges beyond that of decoration and creative expression.47. A sacred place of peace, however, crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter which is a distinctly animal need.48. The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless garden introce from in to an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such49 . Most of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions until one day we find ourselves in a garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic50. It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of the word garden, though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college, inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail. Use “Li Ming “instead.Do not write the address.(10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing .In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly.2) interpret its intended meaning ,and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20points)Section I Use of English1．【答案】A grants【解析】第一句提到“总体而言，当人们自己做决定时，并不擅长考虑背景信息。”第二句顺接上文，“乍一看这是一种优势”，that引起定语从句，这种优势使人们具有一种能力，即能够做出不受外界因素影响的不带偏见的决定。B选项submit “服从，提交”，不能与ability连用，C选项transmit “传输，发射”，也不能与ability 搭配，D选项deliver “传递”，同样不能与ability搭配。A, C, D无论从搭配上还是意思上都不合适。A选项grant本身具有赋予，授予的意思。故答案选A。2．【答案】D external【解析】external外部因素和上文的background information同义复现，不考虑背景信息，不受外界因素影响。A选项minor 次要的，B选项objective 客观的，C选项crucial 残酷的，D选项external 外部的，故答案选D。3．【答案】C picture【解析】第三题本句but引起句意转折。“但是XX推测不考虑大局会导致决策者被日常接触的信息影响而带有偏见。”首先注意到空前面有定冠词the，指代上文信息，即不考虑背景信息、不考虑大环境。而大局，大环境的表达，此处选择picture是最贴切的。A选项 issue 问题，B选项vision 想象力，美景都不合适，故答案选C。4．【答案】A For example【解析】通读后面的句子，提到了法官与被告，这明显是生活当中的一个具体的实例，故答案选A。而B选项 on average “平均，通常”，出现的话，周围往往应该要出现数字。C选项in principle“大体上，原则上”，后面需要出现的是总结性的话语，D选项above all“首先”是用来列举条目，将BCD排除。5．【答案】B fearful【解析】从句意上来看“例如，他们提出理论，认为法官不敢在罪行面前表现得太软弱，如果当天已经宣判五六名被告执行缓刑，那么他很有可能将下一个人送入监狱。A选项fond of 喜欢，B选项 fear of 惧怕，C选项capable of 有能力，D选项thoughtless of 考虑不周，故答案选B。6．【答案】B on【解析】根据句内的逻辑关系，在对待犯罪行为方面害怕表现出太软弱，在。。。方面，关于。。。的表达应该用介词on，故答案为B。7．【答案】A if【解析】A if 表条件。B选项 until 表时间，往往跟not连用，直接排除。C选项though表让步，D选项unless 相当于 if...not 。通读空格所在的前后句子，得出这两句之间的逻辑关系是表示条件的。8．【答案】D test【解析】首先注意到idea前面有定冠词this，很明显指代上文提出的观点。而且跟上文以法官为例一样，下文“他们把注意力转向大学录取过程”也是上文观点的例证，目的是对上文的观点进行检验，而不是A选项“促进”，B选项“强调”或C选项“分享”，故答案选D。9．【答案】D success【解析】A选项decision“决定”，B 选项quality“质量，品质”，C选项status“地位”，D选项success“成功”。申请者的____不应该取决于同一天随机选到的其他几名申请者。接着下文讲到面试官面试MBA申请者的结果results，因此第9题应该也有结果的意思，与下文结合是达到正面的结果，因此答案是即“申请者的成功”。其它选项带入原文重叠答案，与原义不符合10．【答案】A chosen【解析】空格后面有一个副词为randomly，随机地，既然是随机，那么选项B选项studied“研究过的”，C选项found “找到的” D选项identified“经鉴定的”就与randomly是相矛盾的，全部排除。11．【答案】D otherwise【解析】本题解题关键在于but，通过suspect可以看出Dr. Simonton与前文意思相反，因此otherwise正好符合题意。12．【答案】C concted【解析】此外明显缺一个过去分词作interviews的定语，再看by后面的officers，只有concted（执行），符合语境，故为正确答案。13．【答案】B rated【解析】本题末尾one to five（从一到五），前面又有一个on a scale（…的范围）, A分配，D排列语义上说不通，再综合后面的factor（因素），对比一下，只有B（划分等级），整合起来，即划分成一到五个等级，合情合理C match看似与to搭配，但也不符合文意，故正确答案为B.14．【答案】D took【解析】本题需联系整句话，take…into consideration（考虑，涉及），从形式上来说没有问题，再从意义上来看，说“这个等级考虑了几种因素…”，是对上文评级的进一步解释，也没有问题。15．【答案】B then【解析】还是承接上文讲到的评级得分，后半句讲到的是（平时学校等级）考试得分，再结合中间conjunction一词（联接），可以推断为then（具有承接之意），因此为正确答案，而A和D为同一意义和用法（代替），与conjunction相冲突，C说不通，故也为错误选项。16．【答案】C marked【解析】本题出在一个非限定性定语从句上，先行词为a standardized exam, 后半句是800分，考试和分数之间首选marked，选项B通过具有一定的干扰性，但注意主语是考试，所以正确选项为C。A为无关选项。17．【答案】A before【解析】本句属于比较级，对比的是几个面试者的分数，C、D是空间上的上下，而这里缺的时间上的先后，故排除C和D，B是“之后”，不符合语言先后逻辑，故正确答案为A.18．【答案】C drop【解析】解本题需往下看，to…the effects of such a decrease, 由此可以判断接下来那个应聘者的分数是出现了下降，故正确选项C.19．【答案】B undo【解析】该句为不定式作主语，“（面试考官可能给）更低的分数”所带来的影响，可以推断，是消除或是抵消这种不利结果，应聘者需要在GMAT中多拿30分，A “达到”，C “保持”D“漠视”明显不符，故B为正确答案。20．【答案】C necessary【解析】该题难度较大，需把句意弄懂，也就是“这30分是比…所多的”建议把四个选项分别代入空格处，A有前途的，B可能的，C必须的，D有帮助的，对比之后，只有C最合逻辑 Section II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 121．【答案】（insensitivity to fashion）【解析】事实细节题。根据题干，首先定位到首段。由文章第一句后半句“…scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her.”意思是：“……批评她没有魅力的助理，因为助理认为高级时尚对她的生活影响不大”。可知criticize是对scolds的同义替换，B项中的“insensitivity to fashion”是“imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her.”的同义替换。所以B项为正确答案。A项在文中并未提及，属于无中生有。C项和D项是对文章第一句的曲解。22．【答案】（shop for their garments more frequently）【解析】事实细节题。根据题干，首先定位到第二段。由倒数第二句“these labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable, ……, and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks.”意思是“这些商标（畅销商标）促使有时尚意识的消费者将服装看成是用完就可以丢弃的，……，并且每周更新他们的衣橱。”D选项“shop for their garments more frequently”的意思是“更加频繁地购买服装”，正好是“renew their wardrobe every few weeks”的同义替换。A，B，C项均属于无中生有项。23．【答案】（accusation）【解析】词义题。题干中需要猜测词义的单词出现在第二段的第一句“……the feverish world described inOverdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of ‘fast fashion’”。再结合选项可知，“indictment”是Elizabeth Cline对“快时尚”的一种态度。因此，解答此题的关键在于联系上下文语境，找到Elizabeth Cline对“快时尚”的态度。由第二段最后一句“By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an instry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.”，意思是“Cline说，通过以特别低的价格销售潮流物品，这些品牌破坏了潮流周期，动摇了这个长久以来习惯于季节周期的产业”。由“hijack”和“shaking”可知，Cline对“快时尚”应该是持否定态度的，所以选项A“accusation （谴责）”是正确选项。24．【答案】（pricing is vital to environmental-friendly purchasing）【解析】推理判断题。根据题干，可定位到最后一段。解题关键在于“Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to”，意思是“每个人都很虚荣，这很常见。但消费者付不起太多东西的时候，他们才会以更加可持续的方式去购物。”这句的关键词是“afford”和“shop more sustainably”，对应于D项中的“pricing”和“environmental-friendly purchasing”。A项对于本段的曲解。B项说的是“忽视环境的可持续发展”，与文中“several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment…”（一些时尚服饰公司已经做出努力减少对劳动力和环境）意思相悖。C项文中未提及。25．【答案】（criticism of the fast-fashion instry）【解析】主旨大意题。此题考查对全文主旨大意的准确归纳。从整个文章脉络来看，文章的第一段用事例引入，第二段讲到文章的主题“快时尚”，并指出它破坏了时尚周期，动摇了时尚产业。第三四段指出“快时尚”这种变革的弊端，比如：给自然资源造成压力、使用大量有害的化学物质、浪费现象。最后两段提到针对“快时尚”的不良影响，可以采取的解决办法。由此可知，C项统领全文，为正确答案。A, B,D项都不是文章所论述的中心主题。Text 226．【答案】（lower their operational costs）【解析】事实细节题。根据题干，首先定位到首段。这段的大意是广告经费的一半都浪费掉了，但是通过“behavioral ads”可以追踪购买者的搜索习惯和评价，使得广告更有针对性，从而降低预算成本，也就是“this fraction can be much reced”。 A、B和C选项文中并未提及，属于无中生有。27．【答案】（internet browser developers）【解析】词义句意题。the instry在语篇中是指代前面的出现内容，而前面出现的Microsoft Internet Explorer，Apple’s Safair 和Google’s Chrome都是D选项中中的“Internet browser developers”。 B和C选项文中并未提及，属于无中生有。A选项并非本段中谈论的核心。28．【答案】（will not benefit consumers）【解析】推理判断题。解题关键在于“… consumers will be worse off if the instry cannot collect information about their preferences”，也就是说，当浏览器开发者不能收集消费者网上购物倾向时，消费并不能从中受益。B、C和D选项文中并未提及，属于无中生有。29．【答案】（DNT may not serve its intended purpose）【解析】推理判断题。根据题干，可以定位到第六段。解题关键在于理解本段的行文逻辑，即“unable to tell whether…or whether, some may ignore…”。也就是说“由于不能辨别有些主体是真正反对行为广告，也不能辨别它们支持微软的做法，有些人甚至忽视DNT，继续先前的做法。”可此可见，B项符合题意。A、C和D选项内容在本段中均没有提及。30．【答案】（skepticism）【解析】观点态度题。根据题干，可以定位到文章最后一段倒数第二句，Brendon Lynch的博客中评论道：“我们认为消费者应该有更大的自主权（或掌控权）”。解题关键在于最后一句“Could it be really that simple?”，从中可明显看出作者的怀疑态度。A项是“理解”，B项是“赞成”，D选项是“纵容”的意思。Text 331.【答案】 our faith in science and technology 【解析】事实细节题。根据出题的顺序性原则,可回文定位到文章第一段。该段落共计两句话。第一句总体交代了过去人们对未来的畅想总体是积极，正面的（were largely positive）。本题的正确答案就隐含在第二句话中。第二个句子实际上紧接着第一句话，交代了积极畅想的原因在于“科学和技术能治愈人类的一切疾病”，由此可确定本题的正确答案为B。选项A、D都错在因果倒置，“ lives of fulfillment”以及“opportunity for all”都是科学、技术带来的结果，并非原因。选项C属于无中生有，本段并没有提及任何与“ potential risks”相关内容，故排除。32. 【答案】a sustained species 【解析】题干问的是“濒危物种名单（Red List）”意味着人类怎么样了？我们根据“IUCN”和“Red List”很容易定位到第三段。首段说的是几十年前至今人们对未来所持的态度，第二段出现转折，表明目前人们对于未来的危机意识加重。第三段再次转折，表示第二段中人们所持态度是错误的，即“人类未来不会有太大的生存危机”，并且在此段首句表明观点后，用各种信息去论证和支持这一观点。“Red List”很显然也是用来说明这个观点的，并且指出人类这个物种是widely distributed，adaptable，currently increasing，说的都是人类进化积极的一面。A选项说：濒危物种名单意味着人类是可以持久生存的物种，显然是正确选项。33. 【答案】Our Immediate future is hard to conceive. 【解析】段落推断题。由本题的题干可以锁定本题的答案在文章的第五段。该段首句为段落中心句，“与思考眼前的未来相比，对如此之长的时间跨度进行思考似乎更为容易”，反过来思考也就是说，眼前的未来更难思考，符合D选项含义“我们眼前的未来很难去设想”。A选项“Arc 帮助缩小了未来学研究的范围”，该选项在文中出现在该段的最后一句话“这就是为什么我们可以发行Arc这样一个致力于研究近期未来的全新出版物”，和题目含义有很大出入，故排除。B选项“技术为社会问题提供了解决方法”，段中并未提到。C选项“对科幻小说的兴趣与日俱增”，该段中虽在第二句提到科幻小说家，但并未提及对科幻小说的兴趣，故排除。正确答案为D项“Our immediate future is hard to conceive”。34．【答案】 draw on our experience from the past【解析】段落细节题。由本题的题干可以锁定本题的答案在倒数第二自然段第二句，“As so often , the past holds the key to the future . ”此题就是考查对这句话的理解，“未来是掌握过去的关键。”由此确定正确答案为B。选项A 、C、D 与题干无关，在原文中无直接体现，也不能归纳得出，故排除。35.【答案】The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind【解析】全文的主旨题。考查考生对全文主题的把握。通观全文，我们可发现作者对未来是十分看好的，尤其在文章最后一段最后一句“But we are now knowledgeable enough to rece many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come. ”作者直接借助这句话重申主题。由此，本题正确答案应既包含“未来”，也应能体现出作者对未来的态度。确定选项C为正确答案。选项A错在无中生有，全文当中对于未来，并无体现出对于其的不确定；本文讲的是人类对于未来的看法，而不是讲人类的进化史，因此B错误；D选项过于笼统，并未体现出作者的乐观态度，因此不对。Text 436．【答案】 overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.【解析】事实细节题。principles that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial are noncontroversial.说明联邦法律高于州的法律是无可争辩的。答案选项they“overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.”---他们（亚利桑那州的法案）逾越了联邦法案。就是对文中这句话的反义改写。Overstep 为同义替换原文中的intrude, authority 同义替换了privileged powers.属于同义置换。37．【答案】States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.州政府在移民法案实施中的合法地位。【解析】第四段主要说明了，州警察依然可以核实移民的法律地位。国会设想joint federal-state immigration enforcement联合实施移民法案。同时，encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.国会鼓励州警察与联邦同事分享信息以及相互合作。其他选项的withhold，independence，intervention文中也没有提到。属于过度推断。38．【答案】（Stood in favor of the states）【解析】第五段最后一句：唯一的最主要的反对来自法官Antonino Scalia, 这个法官“defense”是支持州的权利的，“going back to”可追溯到Alien and Sedition Acts，证明这个法案是支持州的权利的。39．【答案】（outweighs that held by the states.）联邦政府的权利大过州的实施权利【解析】第六段The White House 认为亚利桑那州的法律跟白宫的法律实施权利冲突。In effect后面表达的是重点：如果这些州的法律跟它有冲突的话，白宫声明它有权利宣布其它州的法律无效。40．【答案】（The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.）(政府在移民问题上占据着主导地位)【解析】本段第一句话，联邦政府确实有一些exclusively（专门地）权利，比如控制居民以及边界。这就暗示了移民问题上，政府当局是具有主导权利的。Part B41．【答案】G (These issues all have root causes in human behavior...)【解析】此题可以通过上下文的衔接和代词指代来确定答案。空格前一句谈到“这种巨大的能源不是当今全球问题的主要影响因素，这些问题包括气候变化、安全、可持续发展和健康问题”，空后谈到“人类有必要的农业技术工具来消除饥饿”，空格处应该填入的选项可以连接前后句的内容，既包括谈及到全球问题，又谈及到解决问题的选项只有G项。该项首句提到的these issues即指代空前所提及的全球问题，以及该项第二句的climate change举例说明即是空前所列出的问题之一，并且该项提及解决气候变化的问题，很好的启示了下文。42．【答案】C (Despite these factors...)【解析】本题可以通过连贯性原则和代词指代来确定答案。上段末句提到“问题也带有社会因素：对食物的组织和分配，财产和财富”，空格后谈到“这是一种耻辱，社会应该抓住机会提升它在真实世界中的影响”，并且应用了社会科学家的话语来表明应该采取行动，即：上段末句提到的问题，空前谈到存在问题，那么接下来应该解决问题，但是空后谈到这是一种耻辱，然后纠正应该解决问题，所以空格处应该承上启下，表达没有解决问题这个含义，因此C项“尽管存在这些因素，很多社会科学家不愿意解决此问题”即为正确选项，该项中these factors指代上段末句提到的社会因素，而“很多科学家不愿意解决此问题”就是下文提及的this。43．【答案】B (However, the numbers are still small...)【解析】本题可以通过原词复现和逻辑关系来确定答案。空前一句讲到“ the number of papers including.....have increased rapidly ...”，紧接着在选项B中也出现了“the number”，属于原词复现。从逻辑关系的角度来看，选项B有一个明显的转折词“however”，这说明其表达的含义与空前信息相反，该选项提到“the numbers are still small”（数量非常小），空前信息是“the number ... increased rapidly”（数量增长非常迅速），两者在语意上构成了明显的转折关系。所以正确答案为B。44．【答案】D (During the late 1990s...)【解析】本题设在段落中间，可以通过段落一致性代词指代来确定答案。该段第一句提到：“The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding”,其表达的含义是：事情的问题不是可用资金的数目。那接下来要讲的内容一定和资金有关系。空后出现了代词“this is an adequate amount”其含义是：这个资金数目是足够的。那么this指代的内容一定和adequate amount相关，而选项D的题干是“national spending varied from 4% to 25%”，其表述的内容正是资金的总量。因此选项D为正确答案。45．【答案】E (The idea is to force social to integrate...)【解析】本题设空在段落中间，应瞻前顾后地依据连贯性原则确定答案。空前的信息是指欧盟提议取消了之前设定的专门投资支持社会科学家的专栏项目，其目的不是为了忽略社会科学家，而是完全相反，即文章中的“complete opposite”，根据语意衔接，接下来会说明欧盟这一做法的真正目的，并且这一目的对于社会科学家一定是积极的。选项E中的the idea指代空前出现的“it was proposed that...”，即欧盟的提案。除此之外，空后提到了collaborative endeavors，与选项E中的短语integrate with构成了同义替换。空后信息中的global problems与选项E中的health and demographic change, food security, ... and secure societies构成上下义的关系，这也是解题的一道线索，因此，正确答案为选项E。Section III Translation46. yet, when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.【参考译文】然而，看着无家可归者绘制出的花园图片时，人们会突然想到，尽管这些花园风格多样，它们都显示了人类除了装饰和创造性表达之外的其他各种基本诉求47. A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need.【参考译文】无论地方多么简陋不堪，寻求一片静谧圣土是人类特有的需求，而动物需要的仅是仅是避难栖息之地。48. The gardens of the homeless, which are in effect homeless gardens, introce form into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such.【参考译文】无家可归者的乐园,实际上是一个毫无家庭气息的地方,给城市环境带来了一种新的形式。。无家可归者描绘的花园实质上是无所依附的,这些花园把一种形式引入城市环境中，而这样的城市环境中，形式要么根本不存在, 要么就完全不是以这种明显的方式存在。49. Most of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in a garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic.【参考译文】我们大多数人会深陷于精神萎靡的状态，并常常将此归咎为一些心理原因，直到某天我们发现自己置身花园中，感到如魔法般烦闷尽消50. It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of the word garden, though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions.【参考译文】正是对自然的这种或隐晦含蓄或清晰直白的提及，充分证实了用“花园”一词来描述这些虚拟建筑是合乎情理的，即使是从毫无拘泥的意义来讲的。Section IV Writing51．【参考范文】Dear Mr. Wilson,I am writing on behalf of the Student’ Union to invite you to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest. It will be held in ROOM304, the North Building next Friday.This contest aims at improving our abilities in practical English. We know that you are admired by all the students. We would be grateful if you could be the judge for this contest. The participants are mainly the seniors and the theme is concerning the importance of environmental protection.It’s our greatest pleasure that you can present yourself in this great event. We are looking forward to a favorable reply at your earliest convenience.Yours sincerely,Li Ming52．【参考范文】Emerging from the cartoon is an eye-catching scene that college graates are at a turning point on the way to choose their future destination. When stepping out of the campus, a variety of choices, such as finding a job, going further ecation or abroad, and doing pioneering work, lie in front of these young people.The implication echoed by this drawing remind us the great importance of a philosophic topic in our daily life：a successful life is directly related to the choice made by oneself. Nevertheless, we cherish a belief that we cannot tell whether the selection is good or not, and as long as we adhere to our decision success will be realized step by step. Making choice is essential to help determine the direction of our way, and persistence functions as an indispensable driving force to keep up our spirit and to assist us to fulfill our study and work. Only those who are hard-working and brave enough to encounter obstacles of all sorts are most likely to reach the summit of success.Positive mental guidance should be popularized among the young people to help them make wise decision in their life. Besides, the youngster should be ecated to realize the reality. Only in this way, can they make the right choice and shoulder the real success.

[全套]2021年四川大学外国语学院918英语专业综合知识考研全套资料考研真题及详解第一部分章节题库（含名校考研真题）第1章殖民地时期的美国I. Fill in the blanks.1．Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety, these were the _____ values that dominated much of the early American writing.【答案】Puritan查看答案【解析】清教主义，起源于英国，在北美殖民地得以实践与发展。清教徒强调艰苦奋斗、勤俭节约、虔诚和淡泊。这些价值观也影响了早期的美国文学。2．The most enring shaping influence in American thought and American literature was _____.【答案】American Puritanism【解析】美国文化源于清教文化，由清教徒移民时传入北美。美国主流价值观都可以追溯到殖民地时期一统天下的清教主义，并且清教思想对美国文学有着根深蒂固的影响。3．The term “Puritan” was applied to those settlers who originally were devout members of the Church of _____.【答案】England【解析】清教徒（Puritan），是指要求清除英国国教Church of England中天主教残余的改革派。其字词于16世纪60年代开始使用，源于拉丁文的Purus，意为“清洁”。4．Many Puritans wrote verse, but the works of two writers, Anne Bradstreet and _____, rose to the level of real poetry.【答案】Edward Taylor【解析】美国殖民时期最著名的诗人是安·布莱德斯特律和爱德华·泰勒。5．The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America is a collection of poems composed by _____.【答案】Anne Bradstreet【解析】安·布莱德斯特律是美国殖民时期著名的诗人。其代表作是诗集《最近在北美出现的第十位缪斯》（The Tenth Muse Late Sprung up in America）。6．On January 10, 1776, Thomas Paine’s famous pamphlet _____ appeared.【答案】Common Sense【解析】1776年美国独立的风潮开始，托马斯·潘恩支持美国独立，反对英国的殖民专政，撰写了他的成名小册子《常识》，为美国从英国殖民中独立出来辩论，批评英国国王残暴无能，认为独立后的美国应该建立共和国。7．Except Common Sense, Paine’s the other two famous works were _____ and _____.【答案】The Rights of Man，The Age of Reason【解析】潘恩著名的作品包括，《常识》、《人的权利》、《理性的时代》。8．Thomas Paine’s second most important work _____ was an impassioned plea against hereditary monarchy.【答案】The Rights of Man【解析】1791年3月，托马斯·潘恩在伦敦出版《人权论》，激烈抨击埃德蒙·伯克（Edmund Burke，1729-1797）的《法国革命感言录》（Reflections on the Revolution in France）（1790）。《人权论》的可贵之处还在于，它冲破了当时笼罩于整个西方思想界对英国君主立宪政体的迷信，深入骨髓地批判了这一政体，给当时还处于摸索状态的法国革命指明了共和主义的崭新方向。9．Thomas Paine, with his natural gift for pamphleteering and rebellion, was appropriately born into an age of_____.【答案】Revolution【解析】潘恩是美国独立革命时期著名的作家之一。10．Philip Freneau was noteworthy first because of the nature of his poems. They were truly American and very patriotic. In this respect, he reflected the spirit of his age. Therefore, he has been called the “_____ of American Poetry”.【答案】Father【解析】菲利普·弗瑞诺是开启美国民主主义的突出代表之一，他被称为“美国诗歌之父。”11．From 1621 until his death, _____ probably possessed more power than any other colonial governor.【答案】William Bradford12．William Bradford’s work _____ consists of two books. The first book deals with the persecutions of the Separatists in Scrooby, England, and the second book describes the signing of the “Compact”.【答案】Mayflower13．_____’s best verse is to be found in a series called “Preparatory Meditations”.14．In the book _____ John Smith wrote that “here nature and liberty afford us that freely which in England we want, or it costs us dearly.”【答案】A Description of New EnglandII. Multiple Choice1．Early in _____, the English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts started the main stream of the American national history.（北二外2007研）A. 14th centuryB. 15th centuryC. 17th centuryD. 16th century【答案】C【解析】17世纪初，英国人在弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞定居，这也是美国历史的开端。本文选自”才聪学习网“考研推荐！