1997年考研英语阅读理解

原文+翻译：Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as “steering the economy to a soft landing” or “a touch on the brakes,” makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth.很多用来描述货币政策的词，如“引导经济软着陆”，“触动经济刹车”，使货币政策听起来像是一门精确的科学。事实远非如此。The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain.利率和通货膨胀之间的关系难以确定。And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy.在政策改变对经济产生影响之前，会有一段较长时间且变化不定的后滞期。Hence the analogy that likens the conct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rear-view mirror and a faulty steering wheel.因此，才会有人将货币政策的制定比作是驾驶一辆汽车，这辆车挡风玻璃被涂黑了、后视镜裂了，方向盘也失灵了。Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late.尽管有这么多不利因素，中央银行家们似乎对近来之形势有了不少值得夸耀的东西。Average inflation in the big seven instrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s.西方七大工业国去年的平均通货膨胀降至仅2.3%，接近三十年来的最低水平。今年7月略微升高到2.5%。这远远低于许多国家在70年代和80年代早期经历的两位数的膨胀率。It is also less than most forecasters had predicted.这也低于许多预测者预测的数字。In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America’s inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole.1994年底，每月接受《经济学家》意见调查的一组经济学家指出，美国在1995年的平均通货膨胀率将达到3.5%。实际上，8月份就降到了2.6%，而且有望全年仅为3%。In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year.去年年底，英国和日本的通货膨胀率实际上比预测的要低半个百分点。This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.这不是昙花一现；在过去几年里，英国和美国的通货膨胀率始终低于预测水平。Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America’s, have little proctive slack.经济学家对英美两国有利的通胀率特别感到诧异，因为传统的计量方法表明两国经济，特别是美国经济几乎没有出现生产萧条。America’s capacity utilization, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate (5.6% in August) has fallen below most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment -- the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past.比如，美国的生产力利用率在今年早些时候达到了历史最高水平，失业率（八月份为5.6%）已降到低于很多人对自然失业率的估测——过去，当比率低于自然失业率时，通货膨胀率早已迅速上升。Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective.为何通货膨胀如此和缓？可惜的是，即使是最令人兴奋的解释也会有小的缺陷。Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.一些经济学家认为，世界经济结构强有力的变化已经推翻了以往那种以经济增长和通货膨胀率的历史关联为基础的旧有的经济模式。试题：51. From the passage we learn that.[A] there is a definite relationship between inflation and interest rates[B] economy will always follow certain models[C] the economic situation is better than expected[D] economists had foreseen the present economic situation52. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?[A] Making monetary policies is comparable to driving a car[B] An extremely low jobless rate will lead to inflation[C] A high unemployment rate will result from inflation[D] Interest rates have an immediate effect on the economy53.The sentence “This is no flash in the pan” (Line 5, Paragraph 3) means that.[A] the low inflation rate will last for some time[B] the inflation rate will soon rise[C] the inflation will disappear quickly[D] there is no inflation at present54.The passage shows that the author is_____the present situation. [A] critical of[B] puzzled by[C] disappointed at[D] amazed at答案：CBAD

原文+翻译：Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug.从专业角度说，除食品外，任何能改变我们生理和心理机能的物质都是药物。Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts.很多人错误地认为“药物”一词仅仅指某些药品或是吸毒者服用的违禁化学品。They don’t realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs.他们没有意识到诸如酒精、烟草这些我们熟悉的物质也是药物。This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists.这就是为什么现在许多内科医生和心理学家使用“物质”这个更加中性的词。The phrase “substance abuse” is often used instead of “drug abuse” to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.他们常用“物质滥用”而不用“药物滥用”来清楚表示滥用酒精、烟草这样的物质可能如同滥用海洛因和可卡因一样有害。We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.我们生活在一个物质（药物）在医疗和社交方面使用广泛的社会里：用来缓解头痛的阿斯匹林，用来应酬的酒，早晨用来提神的咖啡，还有定神用的香烟。When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses?使用这些物质得到了社会认可，且显然具有积极的作用，但什么时候就变成滥用了呢？First of all, most substances taken in excess will proce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions.首先，大多数物质的过量使用都会产生负面影响，如中毒或严重的知觉错乱。Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence.反复使用一种物质可以导致成瘾或对该物质的依赖。Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance,依赖的最初表现是不断增长的耐药量，with more and more of the substance required to proce the desired effect,要产生预期的效果需要的药剂量越来越大，and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.然后是一旦中断使用就会出现难受的停药症状。Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances.影响中枢神经系统，改变知觉、情绪和行为的药物（物质）被称为精神活性物质Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens.它们通常按照功能被分为兴奋剂、镇静剂和幻觉剂。Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system,兴奋剂主要起到加速或激活中枢神经系统的作用，whereas depressants slow it down.而镇静剂则减缓它的活动。Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including procing hallucinations.幻觉剂主要影响人的知觉，通过多种方式扭曲或改变知觉，其中包括产生幻觉。These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning “mind-manifesting”) because they seemed to radically alter one’s state of consciousness.这些物质常被认为能“引起幻觉”（psychedelic一词源于希腊语，意为“心灵显现”），因为它们似乎能彻底改变人的意识状态。试题：51. “Substance abuse” (Line 5, Paragraph 1) is preferable to “drug abuse” in that.[A] substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used [B] “drug abuse” is only related to a limited number of drug takers[C] alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine[D] many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous52. The word “pervasive” (Line 1, Paragraph 2) might mean.[A] widespread[B] overwhelming[C] piercing[D] fashionable53. Physical dependence on certain substances results from.[A] uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time[B] exclusive use of them for social purposes[C] quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases[D] careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms54. From the last paragraph we can infer that.[A] stimulants function positively on the mind[B] hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health[C] depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances[D] the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groups答案：DAAB

原文：A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise ll existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn’t take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation.Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. “I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner -- amazing.” Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to “translate” cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word “friend,” the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and indivial interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.试题：51. In the eyes of visitors from the outside world,.[A] rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US[B] small-minded officials deserve a serious comment[C] Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors[D] most Americans are ready to offer help52. It could be inferred from the last paragraph that. [A] culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship[B] courteous convention and indivial interest are interrelated[C] various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends[D] social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions53. Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers.[A] to improve their hard life[B] in view of their long-distance travel[C] to add some flavor to their own daily life[D] out of a charitable impulse54. The tradition of hospitality to strangers.[A] tends to be superficial and artificial[B] is generally well kept up in the United States[C] is always understood properly[D] has something to do with the busy tourist trails全文翻译去过美国的人回来总是说大多数美国人对他们是多么友善、好客、乐于助人。公正地说，人们对加拿人也经常作出有这样的评论，因而，这应当被认为是北美的普遍现象。当然也有例外。在美国，心胸狭隘的官员，举止粗鲁的招待和毫无礼貌的出租车司机也并非罕见。尽管有不如人意的地方，但因为热情好客是人们常常作出的评论，所以值得讨论一番。过去很长一段时间，在美国很多地方，旅行者的到来总是颇受观迎，因为他们打破了当地居民沉闷单调的生活。无聊、孤独是一般相互之间距离很远的家庭普遍存在的问题。陌生人和旅行者不仅转折了人们的注意力，他们还带来了外面世界的消息。拓荒地区的严酷生活现实也促成了这一好客的传统的形成。单独旅行时，如果挨饿、受伤或生病，通常只能向最近的小屋或村落求助。对旅行者来说，这不是一个选择的问题；而对当地居民来说也，这也并非是行善的一时冲动。它反映了日常生活的严酷现实：如果你不收留陌生人，那他便无处求助了。请记住，有一天你也可能处于相同的境遇。如今，有了很多的慈善组织专门帮助疲惫的旅行者。不过，热情接待陌生人的传统在美国仍然很盛行，尤其是在远离旅游热线的小城镇。“我只是路过，和这个美国人聊了聊。很快，他就请我到他家吃饭——这真令人惊奇。”去过美国的旅客的这种谈论很普遍，但并非都能被正确理解。很多美国人不经意表现的友好不应被看作是表面或虚假的应酬，而应该看成是文化传统的历史发展结果。同任何发达国家一样，一系列复杂的文化符号、设想和习俗构成了美国所有社会关系的基础。当然，会讲一种语言并不意味着就理解其社会和其文化模式。不能正确“诠释”文化含义的旅行者往往得出错误的结论。例如，美国人所说的“朋友”一词，其文化含义可能与旅行者语言和文化中的“朋友”大相径庭。要想正确区分礼貌是出于文化习俗还是个人兴趣，单凭一次公共汽车上的邂逅是远远不够的。不过，友好是很多美国人推崇的美德，也是希望从邻居和陌生人那得到的。答案： D A C B你做对了吗？

原文：Manpower Inc., with 560 000 workers, is the world’s largest temporary employment agency. Every morning, its people 1 into the offices and factories of, seeking a day’s work for a day’s pay.One day at a time. 2 instrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive 3 recing the number of employees, Manpower, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is booming.4 its economy continues to recover, theis increasingly becoming a nation of part- timers and temporary workers. This “ 5 ” work force is the most important 6 in American business today, and it is 7 changing the relationship between people and their jobs. The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive 8 avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens 9 by employment rules, health care costs and pension plans. For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of 10 that came from being a loyal employee.1.［A］ swarm ［B］ stride ［C］ separate ［D］ slip2.［A］ For ［B］ Because ［C］ As ［D］ Since3.［A］ from ［B］ in ［C］ on ［D］ by4.［A］ Even though ［B］ Now that ［C］ If only ［D］ Provided that5.［A］ rable ［B］ disposable［C］ available［D］ transferable6.［A］ approach ［B］ flow ［C］ fashion ［D］ trend7.［A］ instantly ［B］ reversely ［C］fundamentally［D］ sufficiently8.［A］ but ［B］ while ［C］ and ［D］ whereas9.［A］ imposed ［B］ restricted ［C］ illustrated［D］ confined10.［A］ excitement ［B］ conviction［C］ enthusiasm［D］ importance全文翻译拥有56万雇员的劳务公司是全球最大的临时就业中介机构。每天清晨，公司中大量的人员涌入美国的办公室和工厂中，为获得一天的收入来寻找一份工作，干一天算一天。当通用汽车公司和IBM等工业巨头靠减员而勉强支撑时，坐落于威斯康星州麦尔乌柯市的劳务公司却在蓬勃地发展。虽然美国的经济还在继续复苏，美国却日益成为一个兼职者和临时工的国家。这种“即用即抛型”劳动力已成为美国企业用人最为重要的趋势。它也正在从根本上改变人们和他们所从事的工作之间的关系。这一现象给公司提供了一种方式，使得它们能够在全球范围内具有竞争性，同时又可以避免市场的周期性和由就业法规、医疗保险和退休金方案所带来的逐渐加重的负担。对工人来说，这意味着作为一名忠实雇员所享有的安全感、福利以及从属带来的重要感都一去不复返了。答案：1 A 2 C 3 D 4 A 5 B 6 D 7 C 8 B 9 A 10D

原题：Directions:Study the following set of pictures carefully and write an essay in no less than 120 words.Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)Your essay should cover all the information provided and meet the requirements below:Interpret the following pictures.Predict the tendency of tobacco consumption and give your reasons.审题谋篇1997年的作文看起来非常简单，是我们非常熟悉的吸烟问题，似乎每个人都能就此发表自己的观点。实则不然，这篇文章有几个暗含的难点。首先，与往年不同，本年度的图表比较复杂，包含四幅图画。第一幅图是1994年与1995年世界烟草总产量的一个比较图；第二幅图是一个扇形图，说明烟民占世界人口的比例（在此，我们可以看到这个比例是非常高的，言外之意，对吸烟的控制将不是一件轻而易举的事情）；第三幅图和第四幅图分别显示吸烟带来的经济损失和人员损失之大，进一步说明控制吸烟势在必行。考生看了四幅图后，首先应该做的一件事情就是寻找四幅图之间的逻辑联系和内在线索，而不是简单地依次描述四幅图。其次，本作文另外一个难点就是文章的重点或落脚点比较隐蔽，也就是在文章提纲的第二点要求上：预测烟草消费的趋势并给出原因。基于以上的分析，这篇文章最好分为两段或者三段。第一段段首可以着重利用后两幅图，论述吸烟的危害性，段末部分使用第一幅图点出文章的中心：烟草消费量可能下降的趋势。文章第二段可着重论述这种消费下降趋势的原因。考生也可以在第二段段首点明烟草消费下降的趋势，进而阐述原因。范文使用第二种方法。考生可以根据实际情况，增加一个第三段，客观地分析烟草消费量下降不是一件容易的事，在此可以利用第三幅图，说明烟民占世界总人口的比例较大，控制吸烟不是一件容易的事情。二、参考范文It goes without saying that tobacco consumption and tobacco instry have always been a hot-debated issue in our society. With the increasing scope of the tobacco instry, more and more people become addicted to smoking. The tremendous tobacco consumption not only causes vast economic losses but also threatens people’s health. The annual economic loss e to tobacco consumption amounts to 200 billion US dollars, and meanwhile 3 million people worldwide lose their lives because of smoking-related diseases.To our great relief, there is a tendency of declining in tobacco consumption—the year between 1994 and 1995, as indicated by chart 1, witnessed a drop in total tobacco proction in the world, declining from 14.364 million pounds in 1994 to 14.2 million pounds in 1995. The reason that more and more people begin to quit smoking is mainly people’s increasing awareness of the harmful effects of tobacco. If this trend can be maintained, the number of people dying of smoking-related diseases can be significantly reced. Therefore, great efforts should be made by people in all walks of the society to stop smoking.Needless to say, no easy solution can be found to solve the smoking problem. To begin with, the percentage of smokers is too large: according to a survey, there are 1.2 billion tobacco consumers in the world, accounting for approximately 20 percent of the world population. It wouldn’t be an easy task to persuade such a large amount of people to give up their smoking habits, especially the heavy smokers. In addition, tobacco instry still plays a very important role in the development of the economy. As a consequence, only with concerted efforts of all people, can this problem be properly dealt with.三、范文点评文章结构：从结构上看，该范文对提纲做出适当调整，分为三段而不是两段。第一段采用了先总后分的写作方法，段首先对图画做出总体评价，进而指出烟草业和吸烟对人类社会的危害。第二段段首和上段形成对比，段首指出这种现象有所改变：烟草消费数量有所下降，进而结合图表，指出这种下降的原因何在。第三段采用总—分—总的写作方法，段首为主题句，指出吸烟问题解决起来并没有那么容易，段落中使用To begin with和In addition从两个方面进行论证，段尾对本段进行了总结。语言亮点：1. hot-debated issue：“讨论的热点”，还可以说widely-discussed issue。2. become addicted to：或be addicted to上瘾。例如：More and more young people become addicted to on-line chatting.（越来越多的年轻人着迷于网上聊天）。3. annual：每年的，近义词为yearly。Every year为副词，相当于annually。4. e to：“因为”，如：Most accidents are e to driving at high speed.（大部分事故是由于高速驾驶造成的）。类似的表达有：because of, on account of, as result of, in consequence of, caused by等。5. amount to：“达到（某数量），到…之多”。这是一个图表题中经常使用的结构，例如：Expenses on food amount to 30% of every Chinese family’s income.（用于食物的开支占每个中国家庭收入的30%）。类似的表达有：add up to, come to, total, sum up等。6. meanwhile：与此同时。词性为副词，相当于at the same time。7. smoking-related diseases：与吸烟有关的疾病。8. （much）to one’s great relief：使某人大为放心，使某人深感宽慰。9. witness：“时间+experience /see /witness +变化+在哪方面”可用来表达某段时间发生的变化。10. The reason that... is... ：用reason接从句表原因有两种方式：一种是范文中的用法the reason （that）（定语从句）... is（that）...，另一种是the reason why（接同位语从句）... is that...，如：The reason why we cook food much faster today is that the changes in food preparation methods（今天我们烹饪食物的速度提高了很多的原因是在准备食物的方法上有了变化）。11. maintain：保持。例如：If the present rate of economic increase can be maintained, the majority of Chinese will live a well-off life in the middle of the 21st century.（如果中国经济增长能保持目前的速度，21世纪中叶，大部分中国人就能过上小康生活）。12. in all walks of the society：“社会的各个方面”，又如：men in all walks of life（各行各业的人）。13. To begin with：首先，相当于first of all或first(ly)。14. account for：（在数量、比例方面）占。例如：Farmers account for about 80% of the total population of China.（农民占中国总人口的约80%。）15. In addition：而且，再者。相当于What’s more。16. concerted：“商定的，共同计划或完成的”，如：We made a concerted effort to solve the problem.（我们一起努力解决了这个问题）四、写作误区篇章结构误区：生硬的图表罗列是本题写作的第一个误区。任何形式的图表作文，考试的目的都不是单纯的描写，而是要抓住图表之间的内在联系。如果只是罗列现象、描写图表，就会犯言之无物的错误，难以展开有力有效的分析。本题写作的第二个误区是跑题，因为很多考生一看到题目，就理所当然地认为这是非常熟悉的“吸烟有害健康”主题的文章，便开始大谈吸烟的危害、主动吸烟、被动吸烟，及至如何降低吸烟对社会及个人造成的危害，等等。考生犯这样的错误说明没有审清楚题，题目的要求有两点：解释图片；预测烟草消费的趋势并给出原因。换句话说，这样的考生没有意识到或者根本没有看清楚第二个要求。语言表达错误：①用词不当：The other reason is that smoking is forbidden in the popular areas in more and more countries.（The other reason is that smoking is forbidden in public areas in more and more countries.）Thus I think the tendency of world tobacco consumption is descend.（Thus I think the tendency of world tobacco consumption is to decrease.）②动词误用：Even the strongest method can’t decline the number of smokers.（Even the toughest method can’t make the number of smokers decline.）③连词误用：Because of the tendency of tobacco consumption, I think the number of cigarette smokers is rising in some developing countries.（As far as the tendency of tobacco consumption is concerned, I think the number of cigarette smokers is rising in some developing countries.）④冠词错误：For above-mentioned reasons, I believe the consumption of tobacco will decrease and all problems it causes will be solved.（For all the above-mentioned reasons, I believe the consumption of tobacco will decrease and all the problems it causes will be solved.）⑤主谓搭配错误：More and more people believe smoking do harm to health, waste money.（More and more people believe smoking does harm to health, and is a waste of money.）⑥中式英语：From the pictures, we first know that there are a lot of smoking people in the world.（From the pictures, we first know that there are a lot of smokers in the world.）⑦句意笼统：You can see the number from the chart, which make you think deeply of the harm of smoking. （It can be seen from the chart that there are 200 billion dollars’ loss and 3 million deaths resulting from smoking.）

Do animals have rights?动物有权利吗？This is how the question is usually put.人们通常这样提问。It sounds like a useful, ground-clearing way to start.这像是一个实用且具创新的提问方式。71) Actually, it isn’t, because it assumes that there is an agreedaccount of human rights, which is something the world does not have.事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有一种共识为基础的，而这种共识并不存在。On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none.诚然，根据对权利的一种看法，必然认为动物没有权利。72) Somephilosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange ofties and entitlements.有些哲学家论证说，权利只存在于社会契约中，是责任与权益交换的一部分。Therefore, animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd, for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights.因此动物不可能有权利。惩罚吃人的老虎的想法是荒谬的。同样，认为老虎有权利也是荒谬的。However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one.然而，这只是一种认识，而且是一种有争议的认识。It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people -- for instance, to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations.这种认识不仅剥夺了动物的权利，而且也剥夺了某些人的权利，例如婴儿，这些还不会用大脑来思考问题的下一代。In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it: how do you reply to somebody who says “I don’t like this contract”?此外，谁也不清楚，对于从来就不同意契约的人来说，这项契约又具有多大约束力，如果有人说“我不喜欢这项契约”，那你又如何回答呢？The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless.问题的症结在于，如果对人的权利没有一致的看法，争论动物的权利是徒劳无益的。73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites youto think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to otherhumans, or with no consideration at all.这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应该这样对待动物：要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅动物，要么完全冷漠无情。This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental, question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?这是一种不真实的选择。这是一种错误的选择。最好以另一种更为根本性的提问开始：我们对待动物的方法是一个道德问题吗？Many deny it.许多人否认这种提法。74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in everyrelevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.这类人持极端看法，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，对待动物无须考虑道德问题。Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake -- a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans.任何关心动物疾苦的想法都是错误的，因为它把应该用来关心其他人的同情心错误地用到动物身上。This view, which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely “logical.”这种观点认为，折磨猴子从道义上讲无异于劈柴，这种看法似乎是大胆的“逻辑推理”。In fact it is simply shallow: the confused center is right to reject it.实际上，这种看法非常肤浅，因为其中心混乱到应该被摒弃的程度。The most elementary form of moral reasoning -- the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl-- is to weigh others’ interests against one’s own.道德推理的最初级形式，和学习爬行的理论一样，是把自身利益和他人利益加以权衡考虑。This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without which there is no capacity for moral thought.那么，这就需要同情心和想象力。没有这两点，就无法用道德观念来进行思考。To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy.看到动物受苦足以使大多数人产生同情感。75) When that happens, it is not a mistake: it ismankind’s instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged ratherthan laughed at.这种反应并不是错误，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用。这种本能应该得到鼓励，而不应该遭到嘲笑。

考研英语真题的重要性所有的同学都知道，真题需要反复看，那么到底要看到什么程度呢？建议研友们以下面几点为真题训练的目标。一、词汇都认识基础一般的同学，最低要求需要搞定最新十年真题阅读理解A节共40篇文章中每一个词汇;基础较好的同学可以搞定1997年至今历年真题中每一个词汇。考研词汇需要掌握的核心意思即真题中考过的意思。如果一个词汇多年未曾考过，只能证明这个词汇不太重要。大纲词汇只考过3300左右，2200个大纲词汇几乎从来不考。超纲词大约200左右，一般无需记忆，可能会有文字注释。但过去19年考研英语曾经考察过2000多个大纲中没有的词汇，其实并不超纲，只是大纲词汇的不同词性，或大纲词汇加上大纲附录中62个前缀和54个后缀之后形成的新的词汇。盲目记忆词汇书并不能一网打尽考研词汇。结合历年真题搞定考研词汇，才是词汇记忆的最佳方法。不喜欢背诵词汇书的同学，可以直接从真题入手，每篇文章查出所有不认识的词汇、结合精准译文标明真题中考察的意思，然后有针对性地进行背诵，这才是记忆考研词汇的最好方法，也是适合自己最好的词汇书。二、选项都清楚基础一般的同学搞定最新十年真题阅读A节和B节中的每个选项，基础较好的同学搞定1997年之后至今历年真题含完形填空中的每个选项。考研英语复习关键在精不在多、在质不在量!搞懂每个正确选项为何正确?每个错误选项为何错误?甚至每个选项在文中是否有出处，来自于文章第几段、第几句?做错的题目用红笔进行标记，考前一个月无需盲目做题，而应再次总结一年来做错的所有真题，研究自己的弱点，考场针对性地进行避免。三、句子结构都理解基础一般的同学搞定最新十一年真题阅读A节中的每个句子，基础较好的同学搞定1997年之后至今历年真题中的每个句子。最新大纲解析明确提出：考研英语难在句子结构，即长难句。只要彻底搞定考研英语历年真题中的长难句，上了考场无非就是这些句子结构重新的排列组合而已，看懂做对自然轻而易举。四、英译汉:阅读经典文章题最笨的方法往往是最好的方法，英译汉是提高阅读和翻译最好的方法之一。很多同学感觉文章似乎均可读懂，但题目一做就错，原因是没有真正读懂。将文章落在笔上，包括题干和每个选项逐字逐句翻译成汉语，这才是真正读懂。译完之后，对照书中的精准译文，深究阅读弱点。译错的地方即为弱点，一般出现在两个方面：一词多义即词汇弱点，句子结构即语法弱点。逐一解决之后，阅读实力自然提高，高分手到擒来。英译汉虽然比较花费时间，但真正提高英语实力。基础薄弱的同学刚开始可能无法进行英译汉，水平逐渐提高之后，后期可以操作。五、背诵经典文章长短句背诵是提高英语实力和考研分数最好的方法之一。即使花费八个小时背下一篇阅读文章，你就掌握了400个词汇、上百个词组、几十个句型，英语实力提高了，语感培养起来了，自然斩获高分。解决了词汇、语法、句子结构、篇章结构的问题，可谓一举多得。可以每年背诵一篇自己觉得最难的文章或错误最多的文章，或经济、新闻、英美文学、自然科学等每类考研常考文章中背诵一篇自己觉得最难的，对于提高英语实力堪称见效神速。背诵文章确实困难的同学，可尝试每篇文章背诵一个最长最难的句子，假设半小时背下一个长难句，掌握了30个词汇、5个词组、3个句型，而且有上下文，记忆相当深刻。六、推荐参考教材1、《2018考研英语真题超精读（全3册）》2、陈正康2018考研英语真题超精读(提高篇) 2005-2012年考研英语真题解析3、《2018考研英语真题词汇分频速记宝典》大家都喜欢刷真题，这样能够更方便掌握熟悉题型和方向，以上是小编整理的如何正确刷真题的技巧，不知道大家都get到了吗？还有其他指点或意见欢迎在下方留言讨论哦

研究生入学考试英语分为两类，英语一和英语二。一般来说，学术型硕士考英语一，专业型硕士考英语二，当然也有一些学校对英语要求较高，尽管是专业型硕士也会要求考英语一。从难度来说，英语一的难度稍高于英语二，到随着考研人数的增加和竞争越来越激烈，其实它们的难度相差也是越来越小。一、初级阶段（3～6月）用书推荐：1、《新东方考研英语单词》绿皮书2、考研英语真题《1997～2005》黄皮书3、何凯文《长难句》视频推荐：1、唐迟：阅读理解2、何凯文：长难句App推荐：1、扇贝单词2、扇贝听力3、每日英语听力公众号推荐：1、何凯文的公众号（虽然挺多人黑他，但是个人认为他的每日一句更新的很不错，而且每天都在坚持更）2、中国日报双语新闻3、唐迟的公众号这个时候主要是培养对英语的语感，不要太在意真题之类的，英语是个积累的过程，听说读写都不能落下。单词，长年累月的积累，每天一个list 不断重复一直到考前的一天。空闲时间可以利用扇贝英语单词，可以听英语听力。阅读，从97年的阅读理解开始精读，每篇阅读理解尝试着去翻译去写出来，然后对照一下答案给出的解析，遇到不会的单词马上用笔记本记录下来，第二天专门背这些不会的。作文，暂时还不需要开始准备，先培养对英语的感觉，后面写作自然就顺利了。二、强化阶段（6～9月）用书推荐：1、单词书继续2、《考研英语真题（2005～2015）》3、王江涛《考研英语作文》视频推荐：1、唐迟的阅读理解这个时候单词还是继续背，然后阅读理解如果前期工作做到位，差不多做到05年了，继续按照之前的方法，精读每一篇阅读理解，遇到不会的就查，然后用笔记本记录下来。阅读的话，唐迟的阅读理解讲的真的是很到位，阅读的逻辑值得推荐，确实做题非常的快。作文差不多可以开始启动了，不需要过多的在意，每周或者两周背一篇范文就好了。三、强化阶段用书推荐：1、考研英语真题最近5年的2、单词书继续背3、之前做过的笔记这个阶段，主要是查漏补缺，近5年的真题用来模拟考试，看看自己水平到底如何。然后做完以后再一篇一篇进行分析精读。作文，背范文，各大机构老师预测的范文，但其实王江涛那本书已经涵盖了所有的话题，背不在于多，而在于背了多少，会不会写。英语的学习没有捷径，只有下苦工夫，最后才能取得不错的成绩。基本上各个学校的分数线在45～50分，985高校的自划线有的在60分，甚至有65分。英语考高分很难，但是过线很简单。只要功夫深，铁杵磨成。基本认真复习，过线没有问题！

下课了，杨继关上电脑，窗外已经从凌晨时分的深夜变成了早上的朝阳。上直播课的同学们并不知道，屏幕上的杨继老师其实远在大洋彼岸的美国。为了配合学生们的备考安排，杨继有时会从凌晨开始上课，直至第二天清晨。“这种感觉挺奇妙的，也很美好。”杨继说，“在疫情期间，我在海外和大家相隔万里，但在线教育让我们上课不受时间、地理上限制。”这是教龄超过20年的杨继第二次走上教师岗位。1997年，杨继加入新东方，在学生口中最著名的称号是“GRE三剑客”。他不仅帮助了大批学生出国留学，也用自己的奋斗激励了无数新东方老师追求教育理想。2020年，杨继受邀再次出山，从熟悉的线下讲台走上了新东方在线的直播课堂。为什么又回到了教师的岗位上？杨继在采访中说：“过去近三十年，新东方一直是中国外语培训的领军者，如今新东方在线抓住了互联网教育的潮流，继续开拓新的局面，我能做出自己的贡献，感到非常荣幸。”从线下到线上，这是新东方的新发展，也是杨继教师生涯的又一个新起点。知其所以然，才能“解其惑也”来到新东方在线后，杨继决定帮助考研党们解决一大难点：阅读。过线，几乎是每个考研党的最大诉求。由于考研英语是必考科目，每个考生都必须跨过这道坎。然而，英语阅读不仅篇幅长、耗时多，提高分数的难度也偏高，因此考研党往往耗费了大量备考时间，却还是猜不对阅读理解的答案。杨继总结，阅读已经成为考研英语备考必须提高的一项能力。除了考研英语（一）（二）中阅读理解所占分值最高，考试中的完形填空、翻译等部分也需要考生提高阅读能力。提到“提高能力”，不少同学总是担心耗时长、效率低。总有学生向杨继提问：“老师，到底怎么提高阅读能力？现在去看《纽约时报》《经济学家》也来不及了呀！”“咱们可以把精力放在精读考研阅读的真题上。”杨继向同学们解释，其实集中精力研究考研英语的真题，不仅可以看到外刊的精华文章，还可以潜移默化地理解命题老师的思路，何乐不为？为了让学生们做真题的时候做到“知其所以然”，杨继分析了历年真题，总结了每套真题背后的命题思路。“例如考研阅读与GRE不同，GRE往往是社科人文题材与自然科学题材的占比平分，相比之下，考研阅读更重视社科人文。所以在阅读的知识背景学习、阅读广度上需要尤其注意。”新媒体时代的营销策略、欧美明星的热门新闻、大公司的董事会制度……这些跨度极大的文章题材，并不是读懂单词就能完全理解。为了帮助学生真正读懂文章，杨继认为，需要帮助学生们看透文章背后的世界文化。“无论上任何班型、不管课时数量多少，我都会在讲解文章时补充相应的背景知识。”身处国外的杨继，常常会引用第一手见闻来答疑解惑。“为什么美国的科技水平十分发达，但疫情发生后却有很多人抵制戴口罩？”杨继抛出了一个问题，随后解释说：“这其实是美国社会的一大特征：多样性。你会发现这片土地上，科学主义与反智主义、自由和保守同时存在。”一旦理解了这些文化背景，学生们就不难理解更多复杂的社会现象。知识点变顺口溜的宝藏老师除了读懂文章，怎样提高阅读速度、快速得分也是考研党的一大难题。杨继在采访中给出了备考的关键词：规律。“考研阅读是有规律的，只要你掌握了规律，就可以省掉一些时间和精力。”杨继解释，考研阅读中，平均每80多个单词就会产生一道问题，同学们需要有针对性地省略，用速读搜集来的信息，迅速串联整篇文章的思路，get到清晰的文章结构。许多同学害怕的长难句，也并非必须耗费大量时间才能搞定。通过学习考研阅读的规律，就可以抓住长难句在文中的目的、写作用意，省略许多不重要的细枝末节，从而在考场上快速得分。解题技巧记不住？不用担心，满肚子知识点的杨继，还有一个绝招：满嘴顺口溜。热爱押韵、出口成章的杨继，在考研课堂上有一套独家总结的“考研阅读通关六点”，用六句朗朗上口的口诀帮助学生们巧记解题。“恶毒贬损我不会，阿谀谄媚也不对。”这其实是杨继总结的一句迅速得分小秘诀：如果选项里出现一些过于激烈的词语表明作者态度，那么大概率就不是正确答案。这些口诀成了杨继课堂的独家特色，“打油诗人”“一开口就是单押”也成了学生们调侃的小玩笑。谈及为何总结这些有趣的小口诀，杨继笑着说：“这个算是我的一个教学习惯吧，口诀只是一种形式，它是为内容服务。老师总结出知识点之后，也要想着怎么样能让学生记住，所以需要自己多下功夫，想办法让知识体系和朗朗上口的口诀相融合。”时代在变，教师的本质从未改变亲切、见识广博、条理清晰，这是学生们最爱点评杨继的几个关键词。而学生们看不到的，是老师在课堂下大量的教研工作。接手考研课程之后，杨继就开始系统性地研究、总结考研英语学习要点，并将自己的观点、知识以及独家学习技巧提炼浓缩到书籍中，让更多学生学以致用。在这本书的前言中，杨继为考研学子写下了一段话：“考研复习过程中对未来前途的规划，对自己的激励、督促、自制等各方面能力的提升，也将为你今后人生中处变不惊、迎接挑战打下坚实的基础。考研很可能是你作为成年人为自己的前途事业做出的第一个重大决定，是一场成人礼。”“咱们新东方的学生，都是热爱生活、积极上进、对未来充满渴望的同学，这么多年，同学们追求梦想的执着都是一样的。”杨继在采访中说，这次回归教师岗位发现，无论是20年前500人的线下大班，还是屏幕上新东方在线的直播课上，学生们对梦想的执着、老师在课堂上的激情，都让他感到久违的熟悉和欣慰。成为师者的道路上，杨继从未停止脚步。在教育这个古老的行业，技术、模式在不断革新，而不断地提升、激发、启迪、拓展认知，这是一名老师不变的目标和价值。新媒体编辑：徐铮【来源：中国网财经】声明：转载此文是出于传递更多信息之目的。若有来源标注错误或侵犯了您的合法权益，请作者持权属证明与本网联系，我们将及时更正、删除，谢谢。 邮箱地址：newmedia@xxcb.cn