2003年考研英语阅读解析

这一篇小文，小编就给大家解析一下2000年~2004年考研英语的五篇作文，帮助大家更好地把握考研英语的写作思路和选题走向。#考研英语#2000年真题作文部分2000年这一年考察的是图画作文。自图画作文登场，考研英语作文从形式上看的几大类型文章基本都出现了。这一年的作文给出了两张图片，图片下面有一句话，指明了方向。作文的字数要求是不少于150词。除此以外，题目中还给出了文章的内容提纲。文章的话题是：“过度捕捞”；标题自拟；主题词是“over-fishing”。文章结构大体可以分为三段：其一是“描述图画”，阐明两幅图的不同即变化，其二是“总结图画所反映的现象”，其三是“给出合理的解决建议”。作文分值15分。So it is high time we took effective measures to solve this problem.所以，我们是时候采取一些有效的措施去解决这一问题了。2001年真题作文部分2001年这一年考察的也是图画作文。有的老师也称之为“漫画作文”，其实都是可以的。这篇文章从题干来看，和之前的漫画作文有了很大的变化，这些变化体现为：其一，作文的分值从15分变成了20分；其二，在题干的开头给出了一段描述，显然是在提示文章的主题；其三，字数要求由原来的的150词变成了200词。当然，文章给出了写作的思路：第一段是对漫画的描述，解释考生对漫画后文章象征意义的了解；第二段是给出一个具体的例子，来论证观点；第三段是给出相关的献爱心的建议。文章的话题是“爱心”；主题词是“love”。There is probably no other feeling that is nobler than love. Everybody not only needs love ，but also should give others love.大概没有一种感觉比爱更高贵了。每个人都不仅需要爱，更应该把爱传递给别人。2002年真题作文部分2002年这一年考察的是图画作文。但是和以前不同，不是漫画，而是一张穿着中国传统服装的美国女孩的照片。从题干来看，和去年漫画作文的要求是一致的。首先是给出了一段描述，但是这里的描述意义不大；其次是交代考生文章的内容要求；接下来是作文的字数要求和分值：作文的分值为20分，字数要求为200词。这篇文章可以分成三部分来写：第一段是对照片的描述，这题相对简单，因为题干和照片下方已经给出了相应的语料；第二段是解释图片背后的含义，要注意，服装只是表现，其“里”指的应该是“文化”的内容；第三段是给出考生自己的观点、评论或者是建议，当然指的应该是文化输出的建议，因为这毕竟是一个美国女孩。文章的话题是“文化交流”；主题词是“cultural exchange”；分值是20分。All in all，cultural exchange is an effective way to achieve efficient cross-cultural communication and promote world peace and prosperity.总之，文化交流是一种有效的实现跨文化交流和促进世界和平和繁荣的方式。2003年真题作文部分2003年这一年考察的是漫画作文。题干可以说是越来越精简，可以说题干中有效的信息就是思路和词数、分值的说明。字数要求是200词左右；分值是20分；文章的话题可以理解为“儿童教育”，也可以理解为“挫折的重要性”；主题词是“hardship/difficulties”。行文的结构应该是三段：第一段是对图表的内容进行简单描述，重点揭示前后的变化；第二段是揭示漫画在现实中的含义，也可以写一写“温室”对于“花朵”究竟会有怎样的危害；第三段是给出看法和建议，或者是呼吁也可。Thus，it is high time that parents，ecatiors and the government made joint efforts put an end to this situation.因此，家长、教育者、政府是时候共同努力来结束这样的情况了。2004年真题作文部分2004年这一年考察的是漫画作文。题干中的有效信息是思路，其余和去年没有任何变化。字数要求是200词左右；分值是20分；文章的话题是“终点和起点”；主题词是“final spur and starting point”。文章的写作思路是：第一段对漫画的内容进行描述，第二段指出这图画含义的社会现状，第三段提出支撑自己观点的例子，比如大学生毕业，既是一个阶段的结束，有时一个新阶段的开始。Only when we are well-prepared for it can we meet the challenge in the future.我们只有做好准备才能迎接未来的挑战。考研英语是很难的好了，这就是2000年~2004年考研英语作文的全部解析，很是很走心的喽，如果帮助到了你，感谢点赞关注哈~（真题图书推荐陈正康老师的《真题超精读》，很详细，也很走心~不过要注意自己考得究竟是一还是二，千万不要买错了喽）政治：“对国家出路的早期探索”专题易错考点考研英语：1994~1999年真题作文全解析

想必很多同学都听过考研英语阅读的文章大都是摘自外国的学术期刊或者报纸那，具体是哪些外刊?应该选择哪些中奖概率比较高呢?来，我们先从20年英语一的文章来源开说↓(20考研英语二的题源我在网上还没搜到，哭唧唧)阅读理解首篇选自：《卫报》2018年12月31日文章《The Guardian view on Yvette Cooper’s ‘town of culture’proposai：a fine idea》第二篇选自：《卫报》2019年3月5日文章《The Guardian view on academic publishing：disastrous capitalism》第三篇选自：《波士顿环球报》2019年8月5日文章《Corporate gender quotas reinforce privilege》第四篇选自：《纽约日报》2019年7月15日文章《Beware.Other Nations Will Follow France With Their Own Digital Tax》由上可见，卫报的出场率很高，但仅从20年的数据我们不能就此下定论下面再来看一份2015-2019年真题文章的来源统计英语一英语二在上面这份英语一、二年15-20考研阅读真题阅读文章来源总结中不难看出《卫报》《经济学人》《基督教箴言》出场率极高像《时代周刊》《自然杂志》、《新闻周刊》、《科学美国人》也有不少分布。其他则包括有：《新科学家》、《社评杂志》、《福布斯》、《哈佛经济评价》、《麦肯锡季刊》、《科学探索》、《科学》、《观察家报》、《哈佛杂志》、《美国学校董事会杂志》、《星报在线》、《Big Think》、《华盛顿邮报》近两年《基督教科学箴言报》上镜率有提高，可以多关注下。我们再就以上数据做个总结1、 经济类文章主要来源：The Economist (经济学人)，Business Week (商业周刊)，Wall Street Journal(华尔街杂志);2、 科学技术类文章主要来源：Nature (自然)，Discovery (探索)，Science (科学)，National Geographic (国家地理)，Scientific American (科学美国人)，New Scientists (新科学家);3、 社会生活以及文化类文章主要来源：Newsweek (新闻周刊)，Times (时代周刊)，U.S News and World Report (美国新闻与世界报道)，The Washington Post (华盛顿邮报)，USA Today (今日美国)，The Times (泰晤士报)，The Guardian (卫报);4、 其它来源：Independent (独立日报)， International New York Times(国际纽约时报)， Telegraph (英国电信日报)。

考研英语非常重要的一部分就是阅读，大家在掌握英语阅读技巧的情况下， 还要从历年来的考点来看看其规律性，下面带着大家盘点下近六年的考题。2018年考研阅读如下内容：第一篇：人工智能　　第二篇：媒体技能　　第三篇：数据利用　　第四篇：美国邮政2017考研阅读如下内容：第一篇：安检措施　　第二篇：选址之争　　第三篇：GDP缺陷　　第四篇：美国法律2016年阅读：第一篇：时尚立法　　第二篇：英国乡村　　第三篇：社会责任　　第四篇：媒体变革2015年阅读：第一篇：欧洲王室　　第二篇：美国法律　　第三篇：科学期刊　　第四篇：媒体道德2014年阅读：第一篇：英国福利　　第二篇：美国律师　　第三篇：科学奖励　　第四篇：自由教育2013年阅读：第一篇：快时尚业　　第二篇：数据保护　　第三篇：人类未来　　第四篇：美国法律从近六年出的内容来看， 话题考查重复率很高，相似度也很高。建议各位小伙伴把这几年的真题反复研读，大部分考点可能会重复的。

原文+翻译：It’s a rough world out there.外面是一个危险的世界。Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat.迈出家门时，你可能会滑倒在门垫上，而摔伤一条腿。Light up the stove and you could burn down the house.点燃炉灶时，你可能会把房子烧掉。Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles.不过还算幸运的是，如果门垫或炉灶上没有警示语提醒你可能发生的危险，那么一场成功的诉讼或许可以补偿你所受的伤害。Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers’ misfortunes.这种想法大约自20世纪80年代初开始传播，那时陪审团开始认为更多的公司应对其客户所遭受的不幸负责。Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident.由于感到了威胁，公司方面做出了反应：写出越来越长的警示语，力图预先标明种种可能发生的事故。Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might -- surprise! -- fall off. The label on a child’s Batman cape cautions that the toy “does not enable user to fly.”如今，活梯上贴着几英寸长的警告标签，除了其他警告事项外，还警告你可能会摔下来，简直是莫名其妙！贴在儿童的蝙蝠侠披风上的标签也告诫说，本玩具“无法让用户飞行”。While warnings are often appropriate and necessary -- the dangers of drug interactions, for example -- and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn’t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court.虽然警示语常常是合理而必要的（如警告药物有相互作用的危险），并且很多是州或联邦法规所要求的，但是当消费者受伤时，这些警示语能否真正保护制造商和销售商使之免于承担责任，却还很难说,被受伤的消费者告上法庭的公司中，大约一半会败诉。Now the tide appears to be turning.现在这种趋势似乎正在转变。As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn’t have changed anything.尽管个人伤害索赔案件如以往一样不断发生，但有些法庭已开始站到被告一方，特别是在处理那些有警告标签也可能无法避免伤害的案件时。In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet.五月份,伊利诺斯州的Schutt体育公司总裁朱利·尼蒙斯就成功地打赢了这样一场官司。一名橄榄球队员戴着该公司的头盔在一场比赛中受伤瘫痪，遂将该公司告上法庭。“We’re really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren’t designed to prevent those kinds of injuries,” says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete’s injury.尼蒙斯说：“他成了瘫痪，我们非常难过，但我们设计头盔不是为了预防这类伤害的。”陪审团也认为造成该运动员受伤的是这项运动本身的危险性，而不是头盔。At the same time, the American Law Institute -- a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight -- issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.与此同时，美国法学会——一群说话举足轻重的法官、律师、学者——发布了新的侵权法指导原则，宣布公司不必警示顾客那些显而易见的危险，或者给顾客列出一份冗长的可能遇到的危险的清单。“Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities,” says a law professor at Cornell law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on procts might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.康奈尔大学法学院一位参与起草新指导原则的教授说，“重要的信息会淹没在细枝末节的汪洋之中”。如果该法律团体的这一适中的目标能够实现，产品上提供的警示信息就不再是为回避法律责任而设，而是为保护消费者利益而提供了。试题：51. What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?[A] Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.[B] Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.[C] Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.[D] Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised.52. Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to.[A] satisfy customers by writing long warnings on procts[B] become honest in describing the inadequacies of their procts[C] make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability[D] feel obliged to view customers’ safety as their first concern53. The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that.[A] some injury claims were no longer supported by law[B] helmets were not designed to prevent injuries[C] proct labels would eventually be discarded[D] some sports games might lose popularity with athletes54. The author’s attitude towards the issue seems to be.[A] biased[B] indifferent[C] puzzling[D] objective答案：B C A D

原文+译文：An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical ecational reform.有人以学生的就业前景为理由主张将计算机引入课堂，有人则因彻底的教育改革这样更宽泛的原因主张将计算机引入课堂。Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction-- indeed, contradiction -- which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.在这两类人中存在着一条无形的界限。很少有人就这一差别—实际上是矛盾—撰文进行探讨，但它却是将计算机引入课堂这一活动的关键所在。An ecation that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical ecation, justified for reasons radically different from why ecation is universally required by law.旨在使学生胜任某种工作的教育是职业教育，它存在的理由与法律所规定的普及教育之间有很大差别。It is not simply to raise everyone’s job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens.根据法律要求，所有儿童都必须上学至十几岁，其目的并非单纯地为了扩大其就业前景。Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself.而是，我们对美国公民有这样一种概念：如果他不能准确地判断自身的生活及幸福如何受外界影响，他就是一个不完善的公民。But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of ecation.但是情况并不总是如此；在法律要求所有儿童必须上学至一定年龄之前，人们普遍认为有些儿童天生就不适合接受这种教育。With optimism characteristic of all instrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be ecated.工业化国家特有的乐观精神使我们开始接受这样一种观念：人人都适合受教育。Computer-ecation advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook.倡导计算机教育的人抛弃了这一乐观理念，代之的是与他们乐观外表相悖的悲观论调。Banking on the confusion between ecational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computered advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graates over their ecational achievement.基于将计算机引入学校的“教育理由”和“谋职理由”的混淆，计算机教育倡导者常常只强调毕业生的就业前景，而忽略了他们的教育成就。There are some good arguments for a technical ecation given the right kind of student.对适当的学生实施职业教育也是合理的。Many European schools introce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join.欧洲的许多学校很早就引进职业培训的概念，以确保儿童具备欲从事的职业所需的技能。It is, however, presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants.然而，去臆断会有这么多的工作给予这么多的科学家、商人、会计是武断的。Besides, this is unlikely to proce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.此外，在我们这么大的一个国家里，经济拓展到这么多的州，涉及到这么多的国际公司，这种做法（欧洲式的职业教育）不大可能按照数量培养出所需要的各类专业人员。But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not.但是对少数学生而言，职业培训也许是可取之路，因为在其他因素相同的情况下，熟练的技能是能否得到工作的关键。Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple.当然，目前使用计算机的基本操作非常简单。It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story.不需要花毕生的时间去熟悉各种不同的软件程序的使用。当然如果想成为一名计算机工程师，那就是另外一回事了。Basic computer skills take -- at the very longest -- a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional.基本的计算机技能最长也只需一两个月即能学会。不管怎样，基本的计算机技能只是对成为专业技术人员所需的各种实际技能的补充。It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.当然应该看到的是，职业学校也好，普通学校也罢，混淆计算机教学的目的，都不会有何益处。试题：51. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is.[A] far-reaching[B] biously oriented[C] self-contradictory [D] radically reformatory52. The belief that ecation is indispensable to all children.[A] is indicative of a pessimism in disguise[B] came into being along with the arrival of computers[C] is deeply rooted in the minds of computered advocates[D] originated from the optimistic attitude of instrialized countries53. It could be inferred from the passage that in the author’s country the European model of professional training is.[A] dependent upon the starting age of candidates[B] worth trying in various social sections[C] of little practical value[D] attractive to every kind of professional54. According to the author, basic computer skills should be.[A] included as an auxiliary course in school[B] highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications[C] mastered through a life-long course[D] equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwise答案：B D C A

原文+译文：In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market.网上商务开始的第一年左右，大部分活动都围绕着开拓消费者市场而进行。More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell procts and services with one another.最近，随着网络被证实不仅仅是一种时尚，公司便开始（在网上）相互交易产品和服务。Such business-to-business sales make sense because businesspeople typically know what proct they’re looking for.公司之间的这种交易非常合理，因为商人都清楚地知道他们需要的是产品。Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. “Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,” says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by concting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company’s private intranet.不过，由于怀疑网络的可靠性，许多公司仍对网络的使用犹豫不决。弗瑞斯特研究所的资深分析员布兰·欧文说，“商家需要感受到，他们可以信赖自己和供应商之间的这种沟通途径”。有些公司为了降低风险，只与固定的贸易伙伴进行在线贸易，给予这些伙伴进入本公司局域网的权利。Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing.网络商业模式的另一个重大变化与可用于营销的技术有关。Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to “pull” customers into sites.直到最近，因特网上的营销活动还集中在使用将用户“拉进”网站的策略上。In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to “push” information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers.然而去年，软件公司开发出新的技术，使公司可以将信息直接“推出”给消费者，直接把营销信息传送给特定的用户。Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers’ computer monitors.最突出的例子是Pointcast网络，该网络使用一种屏幕保护系统，将最新的信息和广告不断地传送到用户的计算机显示器上。Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company’s Web site.用户可以量身设定自己想要接收的信息，然后直接进入某个公司的网址。Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, proct offerings, or other events.像Virtual Vineyards这样的公司业已开始采用类似的技术将有关特价销售、产品促销或其他活动的信息“推”向用户。But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users.但这种“推”的技术遭到许多网上用户的鄙视。Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request.在线文化推崇这样一个理念：流动到屏幕上的信息应是在专门的请求之后才出现。Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That’s a prospect that horrifies Net purists.一旦商业促销不请自来地充斥着电脑屏幕，那么网络和电视就没多大差别了。这种前景让网络净化者感到不安。But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money.公司在网上并不是非得依靠“推”的策略方能挣钱。The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon.com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of procts with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers.像Virtual Vineyards 和Amazon.Com及其他开拓者的例子表明：一个销售适类商品的网站，如果将互动、热情服务、安全相结合，肯定会吸引网上用户的。And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.计算机计算能力的成本持续下降，对任何建立了网上销售点的企业来说都是个好的征兆。回顾过去的5年或10年，人们或许会感到奇怪。为什么只有这么少的公司尝试网上销售呢？试题：51. We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business.[A] has been striving to expand its market[B] intended to follow a fanciful fashion[C] tried but in vain to control the market[D] has been booming for one year or so52. Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that.[A] the technology is popular with many Web users[B] businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions[C] there is a radical change in strategy[D] it is accessible limitedly to established partners53. In the view of Net purists,.[A] there should be no marketing messages in online culture[B] money making should be given priority to on the Web[C] the Web should be able to function as the television set[D] there should be no online commercial information without requests54. We learn from the last paragraph that.[A] pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce[B] interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers[C] leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago[D] setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing power答案：A C D B

原文+译文：Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments.实际上，科学的进步依赖于做实验，但更依赖于实验的观察者（即做实验的人）有所准备的头脑。Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple.据说艾萨克·牛顿爵士是从苹果落地现象中发现了万有引力。Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets.多少个世纪以来，许多地方一直都有苹果落到地面，成千上万的人也都看过苹果落地。但多年来只有牛顿一直对月球和行星沿轨道运行的起因感到好奇。What kept them in place? Why didn’t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.是什么使它们保持在现在的位置？它们为什么不从天上掉下来？苹果向下落到地面而不向上飞到树上，这一事实回答了他长期以来一直对天空中更大的“果实”——月球和行星所存有的疑问。How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree?多少人会考虑过苹果向上飞到树上的可能性呢？Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research.牛顿这样做了，因为他不想对任何事情进行预测。他只是怀有好奇心。他的头脑在准备思考不可预测的事。不可预测性是科学研究的一个基本特征。If you don’t have unpredictable things, you don’t have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.如果没有不可预测现象的产生就无所谓科学研究了。科学家们在为学术刊物撰写呆板的例行报告时往往会忘记这一点，而历史上这样的例子却比比皆是。In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the “scientific method” a substitute for imaginative thought.在和一些科学家，特别是年轻科学家交谈时，你可能会有这样一种印象：他们认为“科学方法”可以代替创造性思维。I’ve attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment.我出席过一些科研会议，会上有人问一位科学家继续某项实验是否是明智之举。The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said “the data are still inconclusive.”那位科学家皱了皱眉，又看了看图表，然后说：“数据还是不够确定。”“We know that,” the men from the budget office have said, “but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?” The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate.预算部门的人说：“这点我们知道，但你的意见如何？你觉得值得做下去吗？你觉得我们可以期待什么呢？”这位科学家感到很震惊，他没有料到人们会让他做出预测。What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings.当然，这几乎等于说：这位科学家成了自己所写报告的受害者。He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced instrial and business management that they are true.他所提出的种种论断是如此不容置疑、如此一致，以至于不仅他自己相信了，而且也说服了工商界的管理者相信其正确性。If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to proce results measurable in dollars and cents.假如科学实验像科学杂志报告显示的那样完全按事先的计划去规划和实施，那么，对管理层来说，期待研究能够产生可用美元、美分衡量的结果是完全合理的。It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.审计人员也完全有理由相信，确切知道自己的目标并知道如何实现这一目标的科学家们根本没必要分心：用一只眼盯着现金计数器的同时，用另一只眼睛盯着显微镜。Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team.”如果像他们的论文所反映的那样，科学家渴望规律性和与某种标准模式的一致性，那么管理人员歧视研究人员中的“标新立异者”，而赞赏“善于合作”的具有传统思维模式的人，也就是无可指摘的。试题：51. The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that.[A] inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments[B] science advances when fruitful researches are concted[C] scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research[D] unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research52. The author asserts that scientists.[A] shouldn’t replace “scientific method” with imaginative thought[B] shouldn’t neglect to speculate on unpredictable things[C] should write more concise reports for technical journals[D] should be confident about their research findings53. It seems that some young scientists.[A] have a keen interest in prediction[B] often speculate on the future[C] think highly of creative thinking[D] stick to “scientific method”54. The author implies that the results of scientific research.[A] may not be as profitable as they are expected[B] can be measured in dollars and cents[C] rely on conformity to a standard pattern[D] are mostly underestimated by management答案：A B D A

第一段：In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic(官僚主义的) management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery.总的来说，我们的社会正在变成一个由官僚资本主义经营指导的巨大企业，其中，人们已经变成机器里微不足道的、上好油的齿轮。The oiling is done with higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations” experts;心理学家和人类关系专家认为，高工资、通风良好的工厂、不断播放的音乐等是使人正常运转的“润滑油”。yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue- and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.然而这些“润滑油”并没有改变人们变得无能为力的事实，人们不能全身心地投入到他们的工作当中，并且开始厌烦工作。事实上，蓝领和白领们已经变成了经济的木偶，随着自动化机器和官僚主义管理的节拍而跳动。第二段：The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life.工人和雇工都很焦虑，不仅因为他们感觉到自己可能会失业，而且因为他们不能得到真正的满足或者对生活的兴趣。They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and proctive human beings.他们平淡地活着、死去，没能像情感和智力上很独立并富有成果的人们那样体验到人类存在的基本现实。第三段：Those higher up on the social ladder are no lessanxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates.那些上层阶级也同样感到焦虑。他们内心的空虚不少于他们的下属。They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the tight mixture of submissiveness and independence.在某些方面他们甚至更加不安全。他们处于竞争非常激烈的一类。升职或落后不单单事关工资，更事关个人尊严。当申请第一份工作时，他们就经历了智力，以及正确协调服从性和独立性的测试。From that moment on they are tested again and again -- by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc.从那以后，他们就被以测试为重任的心理学家们以及评价他们的行为、社交能力、为人能力，等等的上司不断地测试。This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.这种需要不断证明一个人和他们的竞争对手同样优秀或更加出色的局面造成持久的焦虑和紧张，而这正是不幸与疾病的根源。第四段：Am I suggesting that we should return to the preinstrial mode of proction or to nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown.我是在建议回到我们工业化前的生产模式或十九世纪自由企业资本主义吗？当然不是。回到一个已经过时的阶段永远解决不了问题。I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed instrialism in which maximal proction and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist instrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities -- those of love and of reason -- are the aims of all social arrangements. Proction and consumption should serve only as means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling man.我的建议是把以最大化生产和消费为目的的官僚资本主义管理的工业制度转变成一个人本主义的工业制度，在这里人及其潜力——爱和理性——的充分开发是所有社会安排的目的。生产和消费只是达到这个目的的手段，不能成为奴役人类的工具。21.[答案] C[解析]本题考核的知识点是：词义句意首段第一句中giant enterprises与small, well-oiled cog形成强对比，映补出人的微小。接着作者又对oiling进行了解释，即通过高工资、通风良好的工厂、不断播放的音乐等手段使人顺利工作，然后用yet引导的句子指出这些“润滑油”无法改变的事实：man has become powerless。此外，该段最后一句话workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines也强调了人的“无力”。由此可见，人已经变成微不足道的小小齿轮，无能为力，受人摆布。[C]选项与此意相符，为正确答案。[A]选项是对人的作用的肯定，不符合原文powerless, puppets的否定含义。[B]选项是通过第一段第二句……higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations”experts…得出的结论，却忽略了yet 对它的否定和对后述内容的强调：man has become powerless。[D]选项错在后面的条件。原文中说人是微不足道，并未有附加条件。22.[答案] D[解析]本题考核的知识点是：细节的原因文章第二段第一句话引出工人和雇员焦虑的原因：… not only because they might find themselves out of a job; … also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life。 [A]、[B]选项分别指出了其中的一个原因。这两个原因无轻重之分，因此，[A]选项若正确，[B]选项也应为正确选项。通过这样的分析，可将[A]、[B]选项同时排除，因为不可能有两个正确答案。[C]选项与文章第二段第二句they live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence…不相符。因此也排除。通过they live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence…以及第三段第五句When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissive and independence，可以推断出，为了更好的使顺从性和独立性融合，他们会放弃一些独立性。[D]选项确切表达了这一思想。23.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：段落推论文章第三段最后一句话：this constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness sand illness说明造成不快乐的原因就是竞争，反过来说，只有远离竞争，才会体验生活的真正幸福。因此[D]选项为正确答案。[A]选项与第二段内容不符。二段首句就直接指出the workers and employees are anxious。因此他们得不到真正的幸福。[B]选项又与三段“领导阶层的雇员也有焦虑感”不符。[C]选项与三段最后一句话this constant need to prove that one is… better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness相悖。24.[解析]本题考核的知识点是：细节理解在文章最后一段，作者提出了解决现存社会问题的建议。第二、三句对首句所问问题的否定回答Certainly not. Problems are never solved…表明我们不能采取过去的生产方式来解决问题。因此，[A]选项与此文章内容不符，予以排除。[C]选项与该段第四句a humanist instrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities… are the aims of all social arrangements一致，为正确答案。[B]选项文中未提到。况且，第一段作者就指出增加工资这种“润滑油”无法改变事实。[D]选项与最后一段作者建议（transforming our social system）相悖。25.[答案]B[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：作者态度文章二、三段指出目前官僚经营的工业主义给下至普遍工人，上至领导阶层都带来了焦虑，最后一段作者又提出改造工业制度，使其更适合人性发展的建议。由此可见，作者对工业主义是不满意的。故[B]选项为正确答案。[A]选项明显与作者态度相悖；作者已经指出了现代社会弊端，并提出对其改造，显然作者已不仅仅是怀疑了，[C]选项错误；若宽容，则只会听之任之，不会提建议，[D]选项错。

原文+译文：When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an alt sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. 三个月前，当一个苏格兰研究小组宣布他们克隆了一只成年绵羊时，世界为之震惊，克林顿总统迅速做出反应。Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment -- although no one had proposed to do so -- and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.他宣称反对利用这种非同寻常的畜牧业技术去克隆人，并下令禁止联邦资金用于此类实验——尽管还没有人提议要那样做——并要求一个由普林斯顿大学校长哈罗德·夏皮罗为首的独立专家小组，在九十天内拿出有关克隆人的国家政策的建议，向白宫汇报。That group -- the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) -- has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations.这个名为“全国生物伦理道德顾问委员会”（NBAC）的小组一直在非常积极地工作，集思广益，并诉诸笔端；在5月17日的一次会议上，委员们就接近定稿的意见书取得了一致意见。NBAC will ask that Clinton’s 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law.NBAC将要求克林顿总统禁止联邦资金用于克隆人的九十天禁令无限期地延长，并且还可能要求将之立法。But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells -- routine in molecular biology.但是，NBAC成员们正计划在建议的措辞上更为严谨，以避免给克隆人体DNA或细胞等研究带来更多的限制——（这属于）分子生物研究中的常规课题。The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.然而，该小组尚未在一个关键问题上达成一致，即是否建议立法机关将私人资金用于克隆人的行为法定为犯罪。In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be “morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by alt nuclear cloning.”在5月17日会议上讨论的建议序言草案中，夏皮罗表示，专家组已取得广泛的共识，认为“试图利用成人细胞核去克隆婴儿将是违背道德伦理的”。Shapiro explained ring the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.夏皮罗解释说在与会期间，道德上的怀疑主要源于对婴儿健康的担忧。随后，该小组非正式地接受了几项概括性的结论，尽管有些细节尚无定论。NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo’s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.NBAC计划呼吁继续禁止为任何企图利用人体细胞核去制造婴孩的做法提供联邦政府基金资助。因为现行的联邦法律已经禁止联邦基金用于制造研究用的胚胎(人类后代出生前的最早阶段)或有意识地危及胚胎的生命，所以NBAC在胚胎研究这一问题上将保持沉默。NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. NBAC的成员明确表示，他们将呼吁受私人基金资助的研究人员和诊所不要尝试通过人体细胞核转移来克隆人。But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was still “up in the air.”但他们在是否进一步要求联邦立法强令完全禁止克隆人这一问题上存在分歧。夏皮罗和大多数委员赞成将此立法，但在电话采访中，他透露这一议题仍“悬而未决”。试题：51. We can learn from the first paragraph that.[A] federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans[B] the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning[C] NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique[D] the White House has got the panel’s recommendations on cloning52. The panel agreed on all of the following except that.[A] the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law[B] the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control[C] it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning[D] it would be against ethical values to clone a human being53. NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because_.[A] embryo research is just a current development of cloning[B] the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research[C] an embryo’s life will not be endangered in embryo research[D] the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law54. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that.[A] some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely[B] a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time[C] privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC’s appeal[D] the issue of human cloning will soon be settled答案：B C D A