1996年考研英语阅读text3

大家好，咱们来看一篇完形填空，这篇是1996年考研英语试卷一的完形，是一篇介绍维生素的科普性小短文，可以先做题，最后有答案讲解。Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man.They do not provide energy, 1 do they construct or build any part of the body. They are needed for 2 foods into energy and body maintenance. There are thirteen or more of them, and if 3 is missing a deficiency disease becomes 4 .Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements—usually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and 5 nitrogen. They are different 6 their elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin 7 one or more specific functions in the body.8 enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for 9 vitamins. Many people, 10 , believe in being on the “safe side” and thus take extra vitamins. However, a wellbalanced diet will usually meet all the body’s vitamin needs.1.［A］either ［B］so ［C］nor ［D］never2.［A］shifting ［B］transferring ［C］altering ［D］transforming3.［A］any ［B］some ［C］anything ［D］something4.［A］serious ［B］apparent ［C］severe ［D］fatal5.［A］mostly ［B］partially ［C］sometimes ［D］rarely6.［A］in that ［B］so that ［C］such that ［D］except that7.［A］undertakes ［B］holds ［C］plays ［D］performs8.［A］Supplying ［B］Getting ［C］Providing ［D］Furnishing9.［A］exceptional ［B］exceeding ［C］excess ［D］external10.［A］nevertheless ［B］therefore ［C］moreover ［D］meanwhile试题讲解：1.［A］ either ［B］ so ［C］ nor ［D］ never［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：否定倒装句的连词。空格前文讲到维生素不能提供能量，是一个否定句；后文讲到它们构建身体的任何部分，是倒装句，因此选项必须既能引导倒装句，又能与前面的否定相呼应。四个选项中，either表示“也”，可以用在否定句中，但一般放在句尾，例如：She didn’t go there, either（她也不去）；so 可以引导倒装句，但它用在肯定句中，表示“也”，如：They can leave now, so can we.（他们现在可以离开了，我们也能）。nor也可以引导倒装句，并可用在否定句中，构成not...nor...（既不…也不…）固定结构，如：You can’t do it, nor can I.（你不能做这件事，我也不能）；never也可以引导倒装句，表示否定，但它必须放在句首，如：Never in my life have I heard such nonsense.（我一辈子都没听说过这样的无稽之谈）。综合以上因素，C为正确选项。2.［A］ shifting替换，转移 ［B］ transferring迁移，移动，传递［C］ altering改变，变动 ［D］ transforming转换，改变［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：习惯搭配 + 动词词义辨析。空格所在句子的含义是“需要维生素将食物转化为能量，以维持身体的健康”。空格填入的分词需和into搭配，并符合文意。transform常与into搭配，强调的是“事物大的变革或质的改变”。在此从food（食物）到energy（能量）的转变是一种质的改变，因此，D符合句意。shift 不与into搭配，如：The wind shifted to the south（风转向南吹）；transfer多用于位置的改变，也不与into搭配，如：His employer transferred him to another office.（老板把他调到了另一个办公室）；alter强调部分或少量的变动，程度较轻，如：These clothes are too large; they must be altered.（这些衣服太大，得修改）。因此以上三个词都不能表示事物质的改变。知识点补充：trans-为前缀，与动词连用，表示“横过，越过”或“转变，转移”，例如：transact（办理, 交易, 谈判, 处理），transatlantic（横渡大西洋的），trans-national（跨越国界的），transplant（移植），transport（运输）。3.［A］ any任何一个 ［B］ some一些［C］ anything任何事物 ［D］ something某事物［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：不定代词的用法。空格所在句子是一个由and连接的并列句，前一个分句There are thirteen or more of them中的them指的是vitamins，后一个分句是一个由if引导的条件状语从句，意为“如果…缺乏，（会出现）维生素缺乏症。”由于if引导的从句中谓语动词is是单数，因而，只能由一个表示单数意义的不定代词作为被选项。首先排除some，它一般用于肯定句，做主语时谓语动词用复数；其次anything与something泛指任何事或某些事，放入句中不符句意；any放入后相当于any of them，即“任何维生素”。注意any一般用于否定或疑问句中，做主语时，谓语动词常用单数，如：Any of the hunters is able to catch the tiger single-handed.（任何一个猎人都能单独抓住老虎）。因此答案只能选A。4.［A］ serious严重的，严肃的，认真的 ［B］ apparent明显的［C］ severe严厉的，剧烈的，严峻的 ［D］ fatal致命的［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：形容词词义辨析。本题要求考生判断，如果缺乏任何一种维生素，缺乏症就会变得怎样。四个备选项表示的程度不同，从语意的角度来说都可以与disease相搭配。但是，根据上下文，这里需要填入一个准确描述疾病症状的词。serious、severe和fatal这几个词都表示程度严重，甚至危及生命。但上下文没有暗示缺乏一种维生素会导致严重的后果，因此，这三个词都不可作为被选项。apparent只是简单地描述了疾病的症状，为正确选项。5.［A］ mostly大部分，主要地 ［B］ partially部分地［C］ sometimes 有时候 ［D］ rarely很少地，罕有地［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：逻辑语义搭配 + 副词词义辨析。本句破折号后举例说明维生素的组成成分：碳、氢、氧和5氮，and 表明各成分之间为并列关系，那么，选项应与usually相呼应。usually是频度副词，选项也应是频度副词。选项中，mostly和partially不是频率副词，而是强调事物部分与整体的关系，如：The audience consisted mostly of women.（观众主要是妇女）；The driver is partially to blame for the accident.（司机对那次车祸应负部分责任）。rarely是频率副词，但它含否定含义，若用于句中，之前的连词and应改为表示转折关系的but。所以只有sometimes为正确选项。全句意为“通常是碳、氢、氧，有些时候还有氮”。6.［A］ in that在…方面；因为［B］ so that以致，以便，(引导结果或目的状语从句)［C］ such that那样，以至，(不能连接两个完整的句子)［D］ except that除了［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：逻辑关系。上句提到维生素相似的原因，这句开始提到维生素也是有区别的，由于两个句子是平行的结构，我们可以预测，本句的后半句也会解释为什么不同。下文果然提到原因是“元素的排列方式不同，每种元素在人体内（有）一种或多种特殊功能”。因此空格处应填入表因果关系并连接原因状语从句的短语。选项中，except that不表因果，so that和such that后面接结果。只有in that后面接原因，并且空格前面的different与介词in连用，表示“在哪一方面不同”。例句补充：Self-criticism is necessary in that it helps us to correct our mistakes.（自我批评是必要的，因为它能帮助我们改正错误）；Speak louder so that all the people in the hall can hear you.（大声点讲, 以便大厅里的人都能听清）；The situation was such that political observers found it difficult to predict.（形势如此，连政治观察家们也觉得难以预料）；His account is correct except that some details are omitted.（除了有些细节未提到之外，他的叙述是正确的）。7.［A］ undertakes承担，采取 ［B］ holds保存，把握，握有［C］ plays担当，承担 ［D］ performs表演，执行，履行［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：动宾搭配。本题考查动词与function的搭配。四个选项中能与function搭配的只有perform，即perform a function（具有…的功能，发挥…的作用），如：The brain performs a very important function: it controls the nervous system of the body.（大脑具有非常重要的功能，它控制着身体内的神经系统）。在文中，它意为“每种元素在人体内承担一种或多种特殊的功能”。其它能与function搭配的动词还有fulfill、serve等。其它选项的常用搭配有：undertake a mission/task/project承担使命/任务/工程；hold a share持有股份；play a role/part扮演…角色。8.［A］ Supplying补给，供给，提供，补充［B］ Getting获得，变成，收获，使得［C］ Providing供应，供给，准备，预防 ［D］ Furnishing供应，提供，装备，布置［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：动名词的逻辑主语 + 动词词义辨析。本题空格所在句子是一个含让步状语从句的复合句：8enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for9vitamins，其中空格部分和enough vitamins构成动名词的复合结构做主句的主语。考生关键要判断出，空格处填入的动名词的逻辑主语也就是后面although引导的让步状语从句中的主语，即：the body。这样，动名词所表示的动作必须是the body发出来的，又能接enough vitamins做宾语。选项中，Supplying，Providing和Furnishing均表示“提供，供应”，动作的发出者不是“身体”。句子表达的含义是身体需要获取维生素的营养，而不是“提供”，因此只有Getting（获取，获得）符合。知识点补充：supply、provide、furnish是一组近义词，都有“提供，供应”含义。furnish主要指提供一些基本的必要物品，可译为“配备”，如：furnish the new apartment(为新房间配备家具)；supply强调“提供物品以备需要的时候用”，可译为“供给，供应”，它常和with搭配，如：supply the market with new commodities（向市场供应新商品）；provide也强调“提供物品，为…做准备”，它常和介词for，with和against搭配。provide...with...意为“给…提供”，provide for/against都指“为可能的困难做准备，防备”，如：He worked hard to provide for his old age.(他努力赚钱以防老)。9.［A］ exceptional例外的，异常的 ［B］ exceeding非常的，极度的，过度的［C］ excess额外的，多余的 ［D］ external外部的，客观的，外用的［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义 + 形容词词义辨析。本题空格所在部分是although引导的让步状语从句。前面主句提到，获取足够维生素是必要的，因此从句很可能要从相反的角度来说明获取维生素对人体的意义。have use for是固定短语，意为“需要”，主要用于否定和疑问句中，如：I have no further use for it.（我不再需要它了）。因此，根据所在从句的含义，考生需判断人体对什么维生素没有营养上的需要。选项中，首先排除external和exceptional，因为不存在“外部的维生素”或“例外的维生素”；剩下两个选项中，exceeding用来指被修饰的成分超出了一般的限度，如：exceeding darkness（极度黑暗），exceeding beauty（美丽无比），显然，它不能直接修饰“维生素”；只有excess指“超过正常或所需数额的数量”，强调“摄入过多的维生素”符合逻辑。10.［A］ nevertheless然而，不过，（表示转折关系）［B］ therefore因此，所以，（表因果关系）［C］ moreover而且，此外，（表示递进关系）［D］ meanwhile（=at the same time）同时，（表示时间关系）两个逗号之间的空格处应填入一个逻辑连接词，因此考生需判断空格所在句子和上文之间的逻辑关系。上文提到，过量维生素对身体没有营养价值，接着作者指出很多人的心态：为“安全”考虑，而服用额外的维生素。从语意上看，两句之间存在转折关系，选择项应该是一个表示转折关系的词，因此nevertheless为正确答案。整个句子意为“尽管获取过量的维生素对身体没有营养价值，但很多人出于安全考虑，还是摄取额外的维生素。”

What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America -- breakthroughs such as the telegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine?在早期美国，像电报、汽船和织布机这样重大的发明突破纷涌而出，其原因何在？Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country’s excellent elementary schools: a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, “spatial” thinking about things technological.在诸多形成因素中，我想特别指出如下因素：这个国家优异的小学教育；欢迎新技术的劳动大军；对发明者进行奖励的做法；尤其是美国人在处理技术性事物时所具有的非语言的空间思维才能。Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.为什么要提小学教育？正是因为有了这些学校，我们的早期技工才普遍能读会写，并精通算术及部分几何和三角，这种情况在新英格兰和大西洋中部各州尤为可见。Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this ecational advantage.目光敏锐的外国观察家把美国人的适应能力和创新能力与这种教育优势联系起来。As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, “With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman.”正如1853年访美的一个英国访问团成员所报道的那样，“由于有了学校彻底训练过的头脑，美国小伙子迅速地成为技术熟练的工人。”A further stimulus to invention came from the “premium” system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach, originated abroad, offered inventors medals, cash prizes and other incentives.推动发明的另一刺激因素来自“奖赏”制度，它产生于我们的专利制度之前，且多年来与后者一同实施。这种做法起源于国外，做法是为发明者颁发奖章、奖金和其他奖励。In the United States, multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the instrial fairs in major cities.在美国，大量奖励新发明的奖品在乡村集市和大城市的工业博览会上颁发。Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.美国人纷纷涌向这些集市和博览会去欣赏新机器，因而更加坚信技术进步会造福人类。Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology.有了这种对技术革新的乐观态度，美国工人很快便习惯了机械技术需要的那种特别的非语言的思维方式。As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, “A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reced to unambiguous verbal descriptions: they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process... The designer and the inventor... are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist.”正如尤金·弗格森曾指出的：“技术人员思考那些不能被简化为用明确的语言进行描述的物体；这些物体在他的头脑中以视觉性的、非语言性的方式被处理加工…设计者和发明者…能把那些尚不存在的机械在头脑中组装和操作。”This nonverbal “spatial” thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc., like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.”这种非语言的空间思维方式与绘画和写作一样具有创意。罗伯特·法欧曾写道：“技术人员坐在杠杆、螺钉、楔子、轮子等中间，如同一位诗人处在词汇之中，应该把它们看做是自己思想的一种表达，每一个新的组合都能传达一个新的意念。”When all these shaping forces -- schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking -- interacted with one another on the rich U.S. mainland, they proced that American characteristic, emulation. Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence.当所有这些成因——学校、开放的态度、奖赏制度及空间思维天赋在富饶的美国大陆上相互作用时，便造就了美国人的特点——竞争。今天这个词仅表示“模仿”（取其仿效之意），而在早期美国，它却意味着为名誉和优秀而进行友好、竞争的拼搏。［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。文章首句是个设问句，题干是对它的改写，其中e to和account for是同义短语。第二段对此设问予以回答，给出的原因有：优秀的初等教育；欢迎新技术的劳动力；给发明者以奖励的制度；而最重要的是美国人对技术性事物进行非语言的、“空间”思维的才能。前面三个原因之间的分号表明一种并列关系，说明分号前后是同等重要的原因，而最后一个分号后的above all（最重要）一词，与题干中的in a large part同义，显示它后面的内容与前面所列原因相比，更具重要性。因此D选项为正确答案。其他选项都是次要原因。技巧：文章首句出现问句一般是设问句，即有问必有答，而且它的回答往往是文章中心句或表明作者态度的句子。［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。根据题干中关键词adaptiveness and inventiveness定位到文章第四段首句，该句指出：敏锐的外国观察家将美国人的适应能力和创新能力与这个教育优势（this ecational advantage）联系在一起。解题的关键在于找到“这个教育优势”指的是什么。This作为代词，一般往回复指前述的最后内容，也就是第三段末句谈到的“早期技工们有文化并且熟知算术（arithmetic），还通晓一些几何学（geometry）和三角学（trigonometry）”，从而可知这种教育优势就是熟练掌握数学。因而A选项为正确答案。B选项的干扰来自第四段末句，该句提到彻底的学校训练（school discipline）让美国小伙子迅速成长为技术人员，这里的学校训练就是指上文中的“数学教育优势”，而非选项中的“学校管理”。C选项中的home training 是对第三段at home in...（熟知）进行断章取义。D选项在文中未提及。技巧：指代关系是常考点。代词指代的位置原则是就近指代，即在上下文中，指代内容可以是一个词或句子。代词指代体现的是句子之间的关系，正确答案从意义(主要指语法搭配)上和逻辑(主要指思想内容)上而言都应该通顺。第七段中引用Eugene Ferguson的话说明技术专家以非语言的方式进行思考。第八段首句指出：这种非语言的“空间”思维在创造力上可以与绘画和写作相比。接着文章又引用Robert Fulton的话说明a mechanic和a poet在使用“空间”思维方面的相通之处。因此，B选项为正确答案。此题还可以通过排除法求答。A选项无中生有，难道所有的技术专家和艺术家都是获奖者吗？C选项过度推断，显然不适用于艺术家。试问放弃语言描述的文字作品会是如何？况且进行非语言的空间思维不等于说放弃语言表达。D选项缺乏比较力度。若以使用多种工具为比较基础，岂不是各行各业的人都可以认为相似？技巧：类比可以看作是特殊的例证，但常使用比喻手法，用熟悉的、具体的、简单的事物来说明陌生的、抽象的、复杂的事物，目的不在比较，而在说明。考生关键要找出它所说明的论点或找出类比双方的相似性。［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：文章主旨题。总结主旨需要通观全文：文章一开始通过设问句点明主题，指出美国初期出现大量发明创造的众多原因。从第三段开始文章就各个原因分别论述。最后一段是全文的总结。可见，本文主要探讨早期美国人的发明创造热及其根源。因此A选项为最佳答案。也可用排除法解题。B、C选项都是部分原因，不能概括全文主旨；D选项太泛，文章只探究了引起发明热的原因。技巧：主旨题旨在考查考生对全篇文章信息综合归纳的能力。首先，文章开头部分对设问的回答往往是文章中心所在。其次，还应注意：(1)片面性、细节性的选项不能作题目。(2)可以假设某选项为题，然后试想在这样的题目下，应该写的内容。若与文章内容相悖，则不能作为题目。

Tight-lipped elders used to say, “It’s not what you want in this world, but what you get.”出言谨慎的年长者过去总说：“重要的不是在这个世界上你想要什么，而是你得到了什么。”Psychology teaches that you do get what you want if you know what you want and want the right things.心理学教导人们，如果你知道自己需要什么、并且要求合理，你就能得到它。You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house, and each of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living. If we intend to have friends to dinner, we plan the menu, make a shopping list, decide which food to cook first, and such planning is an essential for any type of meal to be served.你可以在头脑里勾画出愿望的蓝图，如同设计房屋的蓝图一样。而我们每个人在日常生活中都在不停地勾画着这样的愿望蓝图。比方说，想请朋友吃晚餐，我们就会筹划菜谱、列购物单、决定先煮什么菜等，这样的筹划对于举行任何形式的宴请都是必不可少的。Likewise, if you want to find a job, take a sheet of paper, and write a brief account of yourself. In making a blueprint for a job, begin with yourself, for when you know exactly what you have to offer, you can intelligently plan where to sell your services.同样，如果你想找一份工作，那就拿一张纸，写一份对自我的简单描述吧。为找工作制订计划蓝图时，要从你自己开始，因为只有当确切知道你可以提供什么服务时，你才能明智地筹划到哪儿去推销它们。This account of yourself is actually a sketch of your working life and should include ecation, experience and references.对自我的描述实际上是对你的职业生涯的简介，它应包括教育背景、经验和证明材料。Such an account is valuable. It can be referred to in filling out standard application blanks and is extremely helpful in personal interviews.这样的描述是很有价值的，在填写标准的申请表格时可作为参照，在面试时更是尤为有用。While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your ecation, your experience, and other qualifications, will pay him to employ you and your “wares” and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.在与你面谈时，你未来的雇主将根据你的教育背景、经验和其他的资历来确定雇用你是否值得，因此你必须把你“待售的物品”和能力以有序而合理连贯的方式呈现出来。When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have something tangible to sell.当你为自己的能力和愿望仔细地筹划了一幅蓝图后，你就有实在的东西可以推销了。Then you are ready to hunt for a job. Get all the possible information about your could-be job. Make inquiries as to the details regarding the job and the firm. Keep your eyes and ears open, and use your own judgment.那时你就准备去找工作，先搜集所有与你可能选择的工作相关的信息，对工作和公司的详情进行调查，留心看，留意听，使用你的判断力。Spend a certain amount of time each day seeking the employment you wish for, and keep in mind: Securing a job is your job now.每天花一定的时间寻找你想要的工作，请记住：找工作就是你现在的工作。［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：句意题。原句it’s not...but...结构否定的是“你所想”，肯定的是“你所得”。即，得到什么比想要什么重要。B选项较好地概括了原文意思，为正确答案。A选项强调“所想就一定所得”，其中certainly一词过于绝对，而且第二段提到，得到“所想”的条件是：知道自己需要什么、并且要求合理。C选项中“不满足”是文中没有的内容。D选项强调“所想”的重要性，与原句意思相反。技巧：本题属于句子理解题，考生需反复琢磨句意，并注意选项中将what you want 和what you get具体化后的含义。［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：作者意图题。题干的内容是第三段中的举例，举例是为了说明论点，上文即该段第一句中作者表述的观点是：在日常生活中我们每个人都在不停地勾画这样的（愿望）蓝图。因此，“请人吃饭前制定计划”是说明人们勾画“愿望的蓝图”的一个例子。第四段首的逻辑词likewise （同样地，照样地）表明，后面提到的内容和“请朋友吃饭前制定计划”一样，也是在勾画“愿望的蓝图”。整个第四段主要介绍了找工作前应写简历，故A选项是举例所要说明的内容。B、C和D选项中分别出现good job、job description、job evaluation这些原文未有的内容。技巧：对于涉及举例的题，上下文的阅读甚为重要。考生关键要通过句子间的逻辑关系准确把握作者的写作意图。此外，要熟悉段落关联词和短语的用法，如：likewise表并列，暗示不同成分间的平等和相似。例句：This place is pretty beautiful, likewise the people here. 这地方美，人也美。［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。根据题干关键词before starting to find a job定位到第四段第二句。该句中for引导的原因状语从句对该题作了回答：当确切知道你自己能够提供什么服务时，你才能明智地筹划到哪里去推销它们。D选项是对此句的改写，其中exactly与clearly相对应，know what you have to offer与become aware of himself 一致。C选项偷梁换柱，将该原因从句中的where换成了when。文章第五段第四句提到写明个人情况只是利于雇主做出选择，并非取悦，因此A选项不正确。B选项属常识项，但文中未提及。技巧：细节的因果关系处是常考点。本题的考点是第四段第二句。题干加正确选项就是它的改写。［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：词义题。本题题干和文章最后一段第一句几乎一模一样，除了sell在四个选项中分别换成了同义词offer、provide、supply和present。故本题考点是对文中tangible一词的理解。可联系上文第五段中提到的“简历中的教育背景、工作经历、证明材料”这些求职硬件，来推测tangible的含义。tangible意为clear and definite（明确的，确实的），因此A选项为正确答案。B容易排除，Practical意为workable, useful（可行的，有用的），计划蓝图中的东西不一定就可行或令人满意，排除C和D。

大家好，咱们来看一篇阅读，这篇阅读是1996年考研英语试卷一的第五篇阅读，介绍了一本关于批评创世论的著作，原文如下，并把原文内的中文翻译也一并给出，方便理解。原文：Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publisher’s pipelines. A few have already appeared.有传言说，有20多本关于创世论与进化论之争的书即将出版，其中有几本已经面世。The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life.出版所有这些书的目的是试图告诉那些迷惑不解且常常头脑不开化的普通百姓：就宇宙和生命的起源与发展问题而言，不可能存在两种同样成立的科学理论。Cosmology, geology, and biology have provided a consistent, unified, and constantly improving account of what happened.对于所发生的一切，宇宙学、地质学、生物学已经提供了一贯的、统一的并且是在不断完善的解释。“Scientific” creationism, which is being pushed by some for “equal time” in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science.而“科学”创世论——当课堂上讲授进化论时，有些人就想争抢“相同的课时”来解释它——是基于宗教，而非科学的。Virtually all scientists and the majority of non-fundamentalist religious leaders have come to regard “scientific” creationism as bad science and bad religion.实际上，所有科学家和大多数非原教旨主义宗教领袖们都已将“科学”创世论看作是拙劣的科学和拙劣的宗教。The first four chapters of Kitcher’s book give a very brief introction to evolution.金切尔这本书的前四章简要地介绍了进化论。At appropriate places, he introces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers.在适当的地方，作者引入了对创世论的非难并提供了回答。In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating.在书的后三章，他毫不客气地对创世论者进行了猛烈抨击。He describes their programmes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise.他揭露了这些人的行动计划和骗人手段，对那些不了解创世论者惯用手法的人来说，其欺骗和歪曲事实的程度会令人感到气愤和震惊。When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more Christian behavior.由于他们的基本动机是宗教，人们原本还期待他们会做出更具基督精神的行为。Kitcher is a philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments.金切尔是位哲学家，这也许能部分说明他的立论为何明确而有说服力。The non-specialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory.非专业人士起码可以从中了解支持进化论的各种数据和观点。The final chapter on the creationists will be extremely clear to all.关于创世论者的最后一章对每个人来说都阐述得极为清楚。On the st jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: “This book stands for reason itself.”这部优秀作品的护封上，斯蒂芬·杰·古尔德这样写道：“本书代表了理性”。And so it does -- and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.的确如此——如果理性是创世论和进化论之争的唯一评判标准，一切问题就已解决了。试题：51. “Creationism” in the passage refers to.[A] evolution in its true sense as to the origin of the universe[B] a notion of the creation of religion[C] the scientific explanation of the earth formation[D] the deceptive theory about the origin of the universe52. Kitcher’s book is intended to.[A] recommend the views of the evolutionists[B] expose the true features of creationists[C] curse bitterly at this opponents[D] launch a surprise attack on creationists53. From the passage we can infer that.[A] reasoning has played a decisive role in the debate[B] creationists do not base their argument on reasoning[C] evolutionary theory is too difficult for non-specialists[D] creationism is supported by scientific findings54. This passage appears to be a digest of.[A] a book review[B] a scientific paper[C] a magazine feature[D] a newspaper editorial简单介绍几个单词的含义：creationism 创世论st jacket（n.）（精装书的）护封deceptive 骗人的，迷惑人的；误导的newspaper editorial 报纸社论答案：D B B A你做对了吗？

In such a changing, complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. 在这样一个变化中的复杂社会里，过去对信息需求的简单解决办法也变得复杂起来。Many of life’s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.过去生活中的许多问题是通过咨询家庭成员、朋友或同事得以解决的，现在却非大家庭所能及了。Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.该去哪里征求专家意见以及如何决定该接受哪条专家建议成了现今许多人面临的问题。In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War II.此外，第二次世界大战后，人口流动性不断增大。As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with itthe confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.随着家庭远离稳定的社区、多年的朋友、大家庭的种种关系，非正式的信息交流被切断了。随之而来的是在需要时就能够得到可靠可信的信息的信心也随之丧失。The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.关于生活最基本方面的一些几乎无意识的信息流通因此中断。这样，曾经下意识地通过大家庭随意交流便可学到的东西现在则必须有意识地去学习。Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The indivial now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming.除了现今社会变化这一原因外，巨大的信息储备是另一原因。今天，个人可以获得的信息比任何时代的人都多，而要找到一条与自己问题相关的信息既复杂又耗时，有时甚至相当困难。Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before.伴随信息量不断增长的是技术的发展，这些技术使得人们能够比过去以更快的速度往更多的地方储存和发送更多的信息。Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information. Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages.计算机技术使人能够以机器识读的文件储存大量的数据并通过程序令计算机查寻出具体信息。电信技术的发展使人们可以通过电视、无线电传送信息。不久之后，还可以使电子邮件对人们实施信息轰炸。Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence.卫星已拓展了通讯能力，可以在事发当时对事件进行报道。Expertise can be shared worldwide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site.通过远程会议，专家知识能够在全世界范围内被分享，同时人们不必放下工作、别离家人而大老远去开会，就能让有争议的问题得到解决。Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.技术促进了信息共享以及信息的储存和传送，使得更多的人可以获得更多的信息。In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of greatest importance.在这个多变、复杂的世界里，对信息的需求最具重要性。Those people who have accurate, reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. “Knowledge is power” may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.那些拥有准确、可靠的最新信息以解决日常问题、解决业务和社会与家庭生活中重大问题的人才能得以生存和获得成功。“知识就是力量”可算是最真实的格言，获取信息也许是对所有人最必不可少的要求。19.[答案]B[解析]本题考核的知识点是：句意题。本题考查第二段第二句中it的指代对象。按照代词关系中的临近一致原则和上下文的含义，it应该指代它前面的“非正式（日常）的信息流通被切断”这句话，而[B]选项正是对这句话的改写。“informal information channel”对应“the informal flow of information”; “breakdown”对应“cut off”。[A]、[C]和[D]三个选项表达的内容近似，而且如果它们中的一个正确，那么原句中的“with it the confidence…”意思就成了人口的流动使人们更有信心。这与第二段表达的内容不符。命题意图是要求考生掌握句子之间的逻辑关系，特别是代词it的复指作用。它不仅可以指代词语，也可以指代一个句子或句群。20.[答案]C[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。文章第一段、第二段和第三段指出社会进步带来知识的专业化、人口流动导致非正式的信息流通渠道被切断和信息爆炸给分检有用信息造成困难。第二段第三段段首的关联词“In addition to”和“Adding to”表明前三段论述的原因成并列关系。[C]选项正是这三段内容的归纳引申，为正确答案。[A]选项在第二段末谈到，即“曾经在大家庭内部通过日常交流就可下意识学到的东西，现在却要有意识地去学”；[B]选项也在第二段中部提到，即“需要就能得到可靠、可信的信息的信心也随之丧失了”，但是它们都是非正式的信息流通渠道被切断带来的具体后果的表现，不能概括遇到的所有问题。[D]选项在文中没有被当做问题谈论。21.[答案]A[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。第四段第三句指出“电信技术的发展使人们能够通过电视和无线电传送信息，不久之后，实现电子邮件对人们实施信息轰炸”。此句的bombard意为“炮击、轰炸”，用来比喻信息传递的力度。由此可以推出，electronic mail确实会在信息传递中起到重要作用。此外，原文very shortly一词与选项中的soon相对，故[A]选项正确。[B]选项在文中并末将及，不能选。第四段倒数第二句谈到，“远程会议的出现使人们不用离开家或工作岗位专程去遥远的地方开会”，然而这里只谈及远程会议节省了因为开会而花去的旅行时间，而不是[C]选项中的“开会时间”。第四段第四句指出卫星的使用扩大了现场直播事件的力度，然而并未声称它会成为报道的主要形式，所以[D]选项错在mainly一词使用不当。注意：选项中若出现“almost, completely, entirely, mainly”这一类表示程度的副词，考生应该特别注意该选项与原文在程度上是否一致，否则不能选。on the spot意思是：在现场。例如：The police were on the spot within a few minutes of hearing about the crime.22.[答案]D[解析]本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。解此题的关键就是对该段落的含义进行归纳经申。此段有三句话，第一句强调对信息的需要最具重要性；第二句指出掌握信息者才能生存和成功；前面两句推出第三句，即段落中心句：获取所需信息是必不可以少的要求。[D]选项是对该句的改写，也就是该段内容的综合概括。“acquire needed information”与“access to information”对应；“of vital importance”与“the most critical requirement”对应。[A]选项谈的是获取知识，而不是获取信息，故排除。[B]选项谈合理使用信息，也不是获取信息，故错。[C]选项中的“积累”只强调了信息的量，而未说信息的质（如准确，可靠，最新）。实际上，正因为信息量的增加，才需要人们找出所需的信息。

考研英语非常重要的一部分就是阅读，大家在掌握英语阅读技巧的情况下， 还要从历年来的考点来看看其规律性，下面带着大家盘点下近六年的考题。2018年考研阅读如下内容：第一篇：人工智能　　第二篇：媒体技能　　第三篇：数据利用　　第四篇：美国邮政2017考研阅读如下内容：第一篇：安检措施　　第二篇：选址之争　　第三篇：GDP缺陷　　第四篇：美国法律2016年阅读：第一篇：时尚立法　　第二篇：英国乡村　　第三篇：社会责任　　第四篇：媒体变革2015年阅读：第一篇：欧洲王室　　第二篇：美国法律　　第三篇：科学期刊　　第四篇：媒体道德2014年阅读：第一篇：英国福利　　第二篇：美国律师　　第三篇：科学奖励　　第四篇：自由教育2013年阅读：第一篇：快时尚业　　第二篇：数据保护　　第三篇：人类未来　　第四篇：美国法律从近六年出的内容来看， 话题考查重复率很高，相似度也很高。建议各位小伙伴把这几年的真题反复研读，大部分考点可能会重复的。

原文+翻译：Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo’s 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake’s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. 科学与文化其他方面的关系一直都很紧张。想想看，17世纪伽利略为他叛逆性的信仰而遭受天主教会的审判，还有诗人威廉·布莱克对艾萨克·牛顿的机械论世界观所发表的尖锐批判。The schismbetween science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.本世纪，（自然）科学与人文科学之间如果说有什么的话，那就是分裂更深了。Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics -- but no longer.以前，科学界如此之强大以至于可以对批评者置之不理--但现在不同了。As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “anti-science” in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.由于科研基金减少，科学家开始在几本著作中抨击"反科学"势力，特别是弗吉尼亚大学生物学家保罗·R·格罗斯和拉特格斯大学的数学家诺曼·莱维特合著的《高级迷信》及康奈尔大学的卡尔·萨根著的《鬼怪出没的世界》。Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis) information,” which assembled last June near Buffalo.科学的捍卫者们也在一些会议上表示了他们的担忧。比如，1995年在纽约举行的"远离科学和理性"会议，以及去年6月在布法罗附近召开的"（伪）信息时代的科学"会议。Anti-science clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science’s objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.显然，反科学对不同的人有不同的含义。格罗斯和莱维特主要挑那些质疑科学客观性的社会学家、哲学家和其他学者的毛病。而萨根则更关注那些相信鬼怪、上帝造物论和其他违背科学世界观的现象的人。A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.1996年对新闻报道的调查表明，反科学的标签也贴在了许多其他群体上，从提倡消灭最后残存的天花病毒库的官方人士到倡议削减基础研究基金的共和党人。Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled instrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.将该词用在在美国制造一连串类似炸弹爆炸事件的人身上，也不会引起多大争议，他在1995年公开发表蔑视科学、渴望回到前技术时代的理想社会的声明。当然，这并不意味着，对不加控制的工业发展表示担忧的环保主义者也是反科学的，而去年5月份刊登在《美国新闻和世界报导》的一篇文章却似乎暗示是这么回事。The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of instrial growth.环保主义者必定会对这些批评做出反应。作为环境研究的先驱者，斯坦福大学的保罗·埃利希认为，科学的真正的敌人是那些对全球变暖、臭氧层稀薄和其他由于工业增长带来的后果的证据提出质疑的人。Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. “The term ‘anti-science’ can lump together too many, quite different things,” notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science.“They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”的确，一些观察者担心反科学这个称号面临失去意义的危险。"'反科学'一词可以涵盖很多截然不同的东西"，哈佛大学的哲学家杰拉尔德·霍尔顿在其1993年的著作《科学与反科学》中写道："它们惟一的共同之处就是会激怒或威胁那些自以为比别人更有见识的人。"试题：51. The word “schism” (Line 4, Paragraph 1) in the context probably means.[A] confrontation[B] dissatisfaction[C] separation[D] contempt52. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to.[A] discuss the cause of the decline of science’s power[B] show the author’s sympathy with scientists[C] explain the way in which science develops[D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities53. Which of the following is true according to the passage?[A] Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.[C] The “more enlightened” tend to tag others as anti-science.[D] Tagging environmentalists as “anti-science” is justifiable.54. The author’s attitude toward the issue of “science vs. anti-science” is.[A] impartial[B] subjective[C] biased[D] puzzling答案：C D A A

When an invention is made, the inventor has three possible courses of action open to him: he can give the invention to the world by publishing it, keep the idea secret, or patent it.当发明家创造了一件发明，他可能做三件事情：他可能将这件发明公诸于世，也可能保守秘密，或者也可能为这件发明申请专利权。A granted patent is the result of a bargain struck between an inventor and the state, by which the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly (垄断) and publishes full details of his invention to the public after that period terminates.批准了的专利是发明家和国家讨价还价的结果，发明家享受一段时间的垄断权，在这段时间之后，他必须公布其发明的所有细节。Only in the most exceptional circumstances is the lifespan of a patent extended to alter this normal process of events.只有在极特殊的情况下专利的期限才可能被延长以改变事件的正常过程。The longest extension ever granted was to Georges Valensi; his 1939 patent for color TV receiver circuitry was extended until 1971 because for most of the patent’s normal life there was no colour TV to receive and thus no hope of reward for the invention.迄令为止批准的最长的延期授予了乔治瓦伦西，他1939年的彩色电视接收机电路系统的专利被延长至1971年，因为在该专利的大部分有效期里根本没有彩色电视节目，因此该发明没有获利的希望。Because a patent remains permanently public after it has terminated, the shelves of the library attached to the patent office contain details of literally millions of ideas that are free for anyone to use and, if older than half a century, sometimes even re-patent.由于一项专利在其有效期终止后将永远公之于众，因此附属于专利机构的图书馆的书架上收藏有至少上百万种发明想法供任何人免费使用，如果它们已经存在半个多世纪，有时候甚至被人们用于重新申请专利。Indeed, patent experts often advise anyone wishing to avoid the high cost of concting a search through live patents that the one sure way of avoiding violation of any other inventor’s right is to plagiarize a dead patent.事实上，专利专家经常向希望避开使用有效专利的高昂代价的人们建议，避免侵犯任何其他发明者权利的一个万无一失的办法就是剽窃一个已经失效的专利。Likewise, because publication of an idea in any other form permanently invalidates further patents on that idea, it is traditionally safe to take ideas from other areas of print. Much modern technological advance is based on these presumptions of legal security.同样，由于已经以任何其他形式发表的想法不能再用于申请专利，因此保守的做法是从其他公开的相关领域获得灵感。许多现代技术的突破就是基于这样的法律保障前提。Anyone closely involved in patents and inventions soon learns that most “new” ideas are, in fact, as old as the hills.任何密切参与专利和发明工作的人都很快了解到大部分“新”思想实际上都很陈旧。It is their rection to commercial practice, either through necessity or dedication, or through the availability of new technology, that makes news and money.正是出于需要或奉献，或由于得到新技术而使构想转换为商业行为，它们创造了新闻和经济效益。The basic patent for the theory of magnetic recording dates back to 1886. Many of the original ideas behind television originate from the late 19th and early 20th century. Even the Volkswagen rear engine car was anticipated by a 1904 patent for a cart with the horse at the rear.磁记录理论的基本专利要追溯到1886年。许多关于电视机的最初想法都来自于19世纪末20世纪初。甚至1904年一项马在后面的马车专利就预示了大众后置发动机汽车的诞生。 26.[答案]D[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：文章主旨文章先在第二、三段介绍了专利的一些特点，又在第四段说明特殊情况下专利期限的延长，然后用大量篇幅说明怎样利用一些他人已有的但不再受保护的想法来进行新的发明创造，并进而取得专利或专利权，也就是谈论如何接近并有效利用专利。[D]选项是对文章主旨的概括，是正确答案。[A]、[B]选项不是文章主要论述的话题。[C]选项中use不如access to 精确。access to 意为“接近（进入，取得）……的机会或权利”，use只有“使用”之意。27.[答案] C[解析]本题考核的知识点是：细节是非判断。对于是非题，可采取排除法。[A]选项中if necessary与第五段第一句话指出的重新申请专利的条件if older than half a century不符。[B]选项与首段所指的当发明问世时，发明者可以有三种选择相悖。[C]选项与第二段中the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly and publishes all the details of his invention to the public after that period terminates内容一致，为正确答案。[D]选项错在patented invention，第五段第一句话中a patent remains permanently public after it has terminated强调只有专利权失效后才会公之于众。28.[答案] B[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：文章细节文章第三段指出在特殊情况下可延长专利期限。然后在第四段作者以乔治瓦伦西为例，对“极其特殊”这个条件进行解释。他的专利获得延期的原因是：because for most of the patents’ normal life there was no color TV to receive and thus no hope of reward for the invention，也就是说在他的发明专利的大部分有效期内，该专利没有得到应用。[B]选项与原文相符，为正确答案。[A]选项虽然出现了原文中的词语reward，但原文指的是“不能获利”，而该项指的是“别人购买他的专利”。[C]选项将原文中的“根本没有彩色电视节目”偷换成“很少有电视台提供彩色节目”。[D]选项时间错误，乔治瓦伦西在1939年就获得了彩电接收器的专利权。29.[答案] A[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：词语释义 第五段第二句指出与使用有效专利（live patent）相比，失效的专利（dead patent）可以节省高额费用，还不会带来侵权的麻烦。[A]选项为正确答案。plagiarize是“剽窃，抄袭”的意思，与选项中的steal是近义词。其他选项都没有体现plagiarize的含义。30.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申本题可通过排除法解题。[A]选项与第六段第二句It is their rection to commercial practice… that makes news and money内容一致，是正确选项。[B]选项中的“产品”与“发明”之间的关系文中没有涉及。[C]选项中对不同专利购买费用的比较在文章中没有涉及。[D]选项与文章第五段第二句…patent experts often advise anyone …不符，从该句可知，对过期专利进行研究的人是听取专家意见的人，而不是专家本人，[D]选项搞错了动作的施动者，故不正确。

原文+翻译：Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug.从专业角度说，除食品外，任何能改变我们生理和心理机能的物质都是药物。Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts.很多人错误地认为“药物”一词仅仅指某些药品或是吸毒者服用的违禁化学品。They don’t realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs.他们没有意识到诸如酒精、烟草这些我们熟悉的物质也是药物。This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists.这就是为什么现在许多内科医生和心理学家使用“物质”这个更加中性的词。The phrase “substance abuse” is often used instead of “drug abuse” to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.他们常用“物质滥用”而不用“药物滥用”来清楚表示滥用酒精、烟草这样的物质可能如同滥用海洛因和可卡因一样有害。We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.我们生活在一个物质（药物）在医疗和社交方面使用广泛的社会里：用来缓解头痛的阿斯匹林，用来应酬的酒，早晨用来提神的咖啡，还有定神用的香烟。When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses?使用这些物质得到了社会认可，且显然具有积极的作用，但什么时候就变成滥用了呢？First of all, most substances taken in excess will proce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions.首先，大多数物质的过量使用都会产生负面影响，如中毒或严重的知觉错乱。Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence.反复使用一种物质可以导致成瘾或对该物质的依赖。Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance,依赖的最初表现是不断增长的耐药量，with more and more of the substance required to proce the desired effect,要产生预期的效果需要的药剂量越来越大，and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.然后是一旦中断使用就会出现难受的停药症状。Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances.影响中枢神经系统，改变知觉、情绪和行为的药物（物质）被称为精神活性物质Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens.它们通常按照功能被分为兴奋剂、镇静剂和幻觉剂。Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system,兴奋剂主要起到加速或激活中枢神经系统的作用，whereas depressants slow it down.而镇静剂则减缓它的活动。Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including procing hallucinations.幻觉剂主要影响人的知觉，通过多种方式扭曲或改变知觉，其中包括产生幻觉。These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning “mind-manifesting”) because they seemed to radically alter one’s state of consciousness.这些物质常被认为能“引起幻觉”（psychedelic一词源于希腊语，意为“心灵显现”），因为它们似乎能彻底改变人的意识状态。试题：51. “Substance abuse” (Line 5, Paragraph 1) is preferable to “drug abuse” in that.[A] substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used [B] “drug abuse” is only related to a limited number of drug takers[C] alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine[D] many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous52. The word “pervasive” (Line 1, Paragraph 2) might mean.[A] widespread[B] overwhelming[C] piercing[D] fashionable53. Physical dependence on certain substances results from.[A] uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time[B] exclusive use of them for social purposes[C] quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases[D] careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms54. From the last paragraph we can infer that.[A] stimulants function positively on the mind[B] hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health[C] depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances[D] the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groups答案：DAAB