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1994年考研英语阅读第一篇全文翻译和解析—本文介绍美国经济结构德哈

1994年考研英语阅读第一篇全文翻译和解析—本文介绍美国经济结构

The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be proced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. 美国的经济体制是在基本上由私营企业组成并以市场为导向的经济基础上建立起来的。在这个经济体制里,需要生产什么主要是由消费者在市场上花钱购买他们最需要的商品和服务决定的。Private businessmen, striving to make profits, proce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are proced.为了获取利润,私有企业主之间互相竞争,来生产这些产品和提供这些服务。在竞争的压力下运作,追求利润的动机很大程度上决定了生产商品和提供服务的方式。Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of indivial consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of indivials to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be proced and how resources are used to proce it.因此,在美国的经济体制中,消费者个人的需求、商人对获取最大利润的追求以及消费者渴望最大化自己的收入,所有这些共同决定了应该生产什么和如何利用资源去生产这些产品。An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by procers.在以市场为导向的经济中的一个重要因素是反映消费者需求以及生产者对消费者需求作出反应的机制。In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-procers.在美国经济中,这一机制是由价格体制提供,在价格体系中,价格随消费者的相对需求和出售者及生产者的供应情况而上下浮动。If the proct is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market.如果产品相对供不应求,价格就会抬升,从而使一些消费者从市场上消失。If, on the other hand, procing more of a commodity results in recing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-procers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the proct.另一方面,如果商品的大量生产导致成本的降低,这会促使销售商和生产商供给的增加,从而反过来导致价格下降,致使更多的消费者购买产品。Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.因此,价格是美国经济体制中的调节机制。The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that indivials are allowed to own proctive resources (private property), and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and proce goods and services for sale at a profit.私有企业经济的一个重要因素是允许个人拥有生产资料(私有财产),允许他们雇用劳动力,控制自然资源,以及生产产品、提供服务以获取利润。In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of proctive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a proct or to make a free contract with another private indivial.在美国经济中,私人财产的概念不仅仅包含对生产资料的所有权,还包含某些其他权利,其中包括确定产品的价格或与另一私营者签订自由合同。11.[答案]D[解析]本题考核的知识点是:句题题。先定位到第一段末句。解题的关键是看对maximize的理解。原文所在句“coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of indivials to maximize their incomes”将生产者和消费者的愿望对照来说。句中的两个maximize平衡并列,作用、意义完全相同。因此知道maximize在第一处的意义即可知道第二处之意。众所周知,商人总是想用最少的投入取得最大的利润,这就是maximize的意义。由此可知,消费者希望使一定的收入取得最大限度的效益,即用现有收入买到更多更好的商品。而[D]选项恰是此意。[A]和[B]选项未在原文提及。[C]选项反映的是劳资双方的关系,而不是生产者与消费者之间的关系。12.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。[D]选项就是该段第二句“prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-procers”的概括,为正确答案。[A]选项在这两句中并未涉及。注意文中第一句的mechanism意为“机制”,而该选项中的mechanized意为“机械化”,二者含义不同。误选[B]选项的考生是对该段首句的语法成分分析错误。它是一个省略句,补全后应该是“An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and (by which consumer demands can be) responded to by procers”。由此可知,消费者通过这一机制表达他们的需求,而生产者则通过这一机制对他们的需求作出反应。[B]选项理解成consumer demands can be expressed…by procers。[C]选项与第二句“供求关系决定价格”不符,也应该排除。此题亦可通过经济常识解答。注意:干扰选项经常使用原文中出现的词语或类似的结构伪造,所以对那些出现了原词的选项一定要仔细辨认真伪。13.[答案]A[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:段落主旨题。题干要求考生回答私营企业经济的特点,即第三段的主题。该段只有两句。第一句强调的是私营企业最重要的因素是个人拥有生产资料(私人财产)、允许个人雇用劳动力和控制自然资源。第二句是指私人财产的概念还包含某些其他权利,如:产品价格的决定权或与其他私有个体的自由签约权。尤其第二句的not only… but also…更表明了此段主旨。[A]选项是对上述内容的概括,为正确答案。而[B]、[C]和[D]选项虽然都在第三段述及,但是都是[A]选项下的具体内容,缺乏概括性,不应该入选。命题意图要求考生区分段落细节与段落中心是局部与整体的关系。14.[答案]C[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:文章主旨题。解此题需要了解文章各段的主旨。第一段论述美国经济体制的构成;第二段介绍市场经济的运行方式;第三段介绍私营经济的特点。后两段是对第一段的进一步论述。由此可见,美国经济体制的构成和运作是本文论述的中心。[C]选项正反映了这一主题。[A]、[B]和[D]选项都在文中有所涉及,但都是具体细节,比较片面,应该排除。此题还可以通过直接对选项进行比较排除来解题。[A]、[B]和[D]都在文中述及,分属于三个独立的、不同的概念。其中任意一个可代表其他两个,而[C]选项概括性强,可以包括[A]、[B]和[D],故[C]为正确答案。

黑金子

1994年考研英语阅读第四篇翻译解析—本文介绍癌症治疗发展状况

“I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we’ll know in vast detail how cancer cells arise,” says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer.“But,” he cautions, “some people have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur, he discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available.”“我有极大的信心相信到这个十年期结束时我们将会详尽地知晓癌细胞的生成原因,”一位癌症专家和微生物学家罗伯特·温伯格说道。“但是,”他告诫说,“有些人认为一旦人们弄清了病因,治疗方法很快就会跟上。例如法国细菌学家巴斯德,他发现了许多传染病的成因,但治疗方法却在五六十年后才问世。”This year, 50 percent of the 910,000 people who suffer from cancer will survive at least five years. In the year 2000, the National Cancer Institute estimates, that figure will be 75 percent. For some skin cancers, the five-year survival rate is as high as 90 percent. But other survival statistics are still discouraging -- 13 percent for lung cancer, and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas (胰腺).今年,91万癌症患者中有一半将至少再活5年。国家癌症研究所估计,到2000年存活率将升至75%。现在对于一些皮肤癌来说,5年期的存活率高达90%,但其他类型癌症的存活数据却仍令人沮丧——肺癌13%,胰腺癌2%。With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes (基因), are inactive in normal cells.癌症种类现有多达120多种,发现其规律实属不易。研究者在70年代取得了很大的进展。当时他们发现致癌基因,即那些可以引起癌症的基因,在正常细胞中是不活动的。Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown. If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous.从宇宙射线到辐射到日常饮食,任何东西都有可能激活处于沉寂状态中的致癌基因,但是如何激活不为人所知。如果若干致癌基因被激活,而细胞无力排除,它们就演变成了癌细胞。The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. 导致癌变的确切机制仍然是个谜,但是许多癌症始于基因这一可能性表明我们将永远不能预防所有癌症。“Changes are a normal part of the evolutionary process,” says oncologist William Hayward. Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out, “We can’t prepare a medicine against cosmic rays.”“变化是进化过程中的一个正常部分,”肿瘤专家威廉·海沃德说道。环境因素永远无法完全消除,正如海沃德所指出的那样:“我们无法准备出一种抗宇宙射线的药。”The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter.“First, we need to understand how the normal cell controls itself. Second, we have to determine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble. If we can understand how cancer works, we can counteract its action.”治癌前景虽然遥远,但却越来越明朗了。“首先,我们需要了解正常细胞如何控制其本身。其次,我们必须查明细胞中是否有一定数量的基因总是造成至少部分麻烦的原因。如果我们能弄清癌症的原理,我们就能采取相应的措施。”23.[答案] D[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:作者意图题。本题考查第一段末句在文中的作用:he (指Pasteur)discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available。这句话说明发现病因并不意味着一定能够很快找到治疗方法。同时结合该段第一句中对即将了解癌细胞成因的肯定态度以及第二句but的转折,可知作者用Pasteur之例对but后人们的态度进行反驳,提醒人们找到治癌症的方法仍然需要一段漫长的时间。由此可知,[D]选项为正确答案。该段中Weinberg只认为人们在近十年内会对癌症的病因有很深的了解,但是这并不意味着会彻底揭开癌症的秘密,因此[A]选项不正确。[B]选项刚好与Pasteur的例子要说明的问题相反。[C]选项是草率结论。Pasteur发现传染病病因后五六十年才找到治疗方法,这并不意味着癌症亦如此。命题意图是要求考生了解文章中例证方法的写作思路。这里是先提出观点,后举例说明。24.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。本题考查到2000年癌症患者的情况。根据第二段内容,今年(1994)有50%的癌症患者可存活5年。至2000年(6年后),此存活率将升到75%。对于一些皮肤癌患者来说,目前的5年存活率已高达90%。但是其他类型的存活数据却很让人沮丧——肺癌13%、胰腺癌2%。由此可见,存活率的稳步上升是大趋势。一些皮肤癌的存活比率已相当高但是也有些类型的癌症仍难以攻克。因此[D]选项合乎情理。为正确答案。[A]选项不对。文中第三句指出皮肤癌患者目前的存活率已相当高,达到90%,增长余地已很少,不会再有急剧增长。[B]选项若对,则与5年存活率不符。从1994年~2000年已经有6年时间,无法确保这些人仍然在世。[C]选项与文章内容相悖。命题意图要求考生根据原文所给数据和事实信息进行逻辑推理,排除错误选项。25.[答案] B[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:词义题。第三段第二句和第四句oncogenes which are cancer causing genes are inactive in normal cells… If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous说明致癌基因在正常细胞中是不活跃的,但是如果被激活,正常细胞无力排除,它们就会转化为癌细胞,造成伤害。由此可见,[B]选项的内容与此相符,为正确答案。[A]选项与第二句的inactive in normal cells不符。该段第四句提到“一旦被激活,健康细胞就根本起不了排斥作用”,因此[C]、[D]选项都不对,它们都忽视了“一旦被激活”这个条件。activate意思是“使活动,起动”。drive into action的意思是“迫使……行动、生效、起作用”。命题意图要求考生准确理解第三段的内容。注意第四句中的条件句的作用是限制事情发生的条件。26.[答案] C解释词语要结合语境和上下文。从第三段第二句和第三句… oncogenes are inactive in normal cells. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation may activate a dormant oncogene…可以分析出致癌基因原本是不活跃的,外在因素激活的只能是“不活跃,静止状态下的”致癌基因。也就是说activate的对象指的仍然应该是前一句中的inactive oncogenes,因此dormant具有与activate相反意义的特点。[C]选项为正确答案。dormant本身词义为“休眠期的、暂停活动的、潜伏的”(in a state of inactivity but awaiting development or activity),这里与inactive同义,没有二次使用是为了避免语言的重复。[A]选项和[B]选项都不含该词义。[D]选项potential的英文含义是existing in possibility, that can or may come into existence or action,即表示可能出现的东西,而oncogene是已经存在之物,故不对。况且potential与同一句中的activate(make… active)的意思也不搭配。

其卒之也

1994年考研英语阅读第三篇翻译解析—本文介绍美国特殊儿童教育

Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full alt potential, their ecation must be adapted to those differences.特殊儿童在一些重要的方面不同于其他同龄的孩子。对于这些孩子来说,要把他们全部的成熟的潜力开发出来,他们所受的教育就必须适应那些差异。Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself.虽然我们关注的是特殊儿童的需要,但却发现我们也在描述他们的生活环境。当舞台上的主角吸引了我们的注意力后,我们也意识到配角及戏剧场景的重要性。Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society’s understanding -- the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.特殊儿童所处的家庭及社会环境常常是他们成长和发展的关键。正是在公立学校里我们感受到了社会知性的充分体现——向下一代传授知识、希望和恐惧。Ecation in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself.任何社会的教育都是反映该社会的一面镜子。在这面镜子里,我们可以看到优点、弱点、希望、偏见,以及文化本身的核心价值。The great interest in exceptional children shown in public ecation over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.过去30年间公共教育表现出的对特殊儿童的巨大关注表明了存在于我们社会中的那种强烈情绪,即所有公民,不论情况怎么特殊,都应该得到全面发展其能力的机会。“All men are created equal.” We’ve heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for ecation in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country’s founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity.“人人生来平等”。这句话我们已听过无数次,但在民主社会它对教育仍然有着极其重要的寓意。尽管这句话被国家建立者们用来表示法律面前人人平等,它也被解释为机会面前人人平等。That concept implies ecational opportunity for all children -- the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great.这个概念暗示了所有儿童都有接受教育的机会——即每个儿童,不管其本身的能力大小与否,都有权利在学习上最大限度地得到帮助。Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children -- disabled or not-- to an appropriate ecation, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that ecation. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.最近的法庭裁决已再次确定了所有儿童——不论残疾与否——都有接受适当的教育的权利,并已命令公立学校采取必要的措施来提供这种教育。作为回应,学校也在调整课程安排,使授课能够适应特殊儿童,适应那些不能从常规课程中真正获益的儿童的需要。19.[答案]A[解析]本题考核的知识点是:作者意图题。该段第二句为了进一步说明第一句而打了个比方,把exceptional children 比喻成leading actor,把their environment比做supporting players and the scenery of the play。作者引用这个例子是为了从舞台主角的魅力离不开配角和场景的支持这一事实引出一个观点,也就是第三句:“特殊儿童所处的家庭和社会常常是他们成长和发展的关键”。[A]选项和这个思想吻合,为正确答案。文章第一段指出特殊儿童与正常儿童相比有许多不同,但是并没有具体就某方面的不同进行比较,而[B]选项中出现了原文不存在的“家庭影响”比较,所以不对。[C]选项中的干扰词有key、exceptional children和family and society,它们出现在该段第三句,但是[C]选项的含义与原文已大相径庭。[D]选项也出现了文中未有的“比较”。weigh much heavier than意思为:比……分量重得多,比……重要得多。注意:对于文中的比喻和类比,最重要的一点是弄清楚它们说明的对象。20.[答案]C[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:因果关系题。第三段最后一句指出“公共教育对特殊儿童的巨大关注表明所有公民不管情况特殊与否,都应该有机会全面发展自己的能力”,言下之意就是,特殊儿童在教育上受关注是因为他们尽管不同于一般儿童,却有全面发展的权利。[C]选项与此意相同,是原文的合理改写。fully develop their potentials与原文fully develop their capabilities同义。故[C]为正确答案。[A]选项和[B]选项在原文中均未述及。[D]选项读起来似乎合理,但是实际上是答非所问,没有给出任何实在的原因。21.[答案]D[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:文章主旨题。文章第一段为主题段,先引出话题“特殊儿童”,指出他们与同龄儿童相比有许多明显的不同之处;接着给出主旨句“为使特殊儿童的全部潜力得到开发,教育必须适应他们的不同需要”;在随后的段落里,作者主要通过阐述“人人都享有接受教育的平等机会”的观点,充分论证主题的合理性。因此[D]选项符合主题思想,是正确答案。[A]选项中的对象是children,而非文中的exceptional children。此外,本文并未说明儿童在学习能力方面存在哪些差异。[B]选项原文没有提及。[C]选项虽然在最后一段被简略提及,但是它是学校在“教育机会人人平等”的观念影响下的具体措施,不是全文的主要内容。命题意图是要求考生找出文章的主旨句。22.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。最后一段第四句recent count decision have confirmed the right of all children—disabled or not—to an appropriate ecation…说明特殊儿童接受适应其特点的教育的权利已经得到法律的保护。[A]选项符合此意。该段第二句表明国家缔造者最初只提到法律面前人人平等,他们并未有论述教育平等的观念,因此[C]选项与原文不符。[B]选项与该段内容也不符。该段第一句和第二句表明“人人生来平等”的思想自建国就已提出,因此教育平等并不违背本国传统。[D]选项的时态为将来时,而原文的court decision之事早已成为事实。二者时间不符。

大王失国

1994年考研英语阅读第二篇翻译解析—计算机在经济领域的广泛应用

One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. 1.3亿美国人的手中至少持有一家银行发行的信用卡。信用卡持有者可在商店、饭店、宾馆,当地、外地甚至国外赊购货物,同时信用卡还可以使他们享受银行提供的许多服务。More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the “cashless society” is not on the horizon -- it’s already here.越来越多的信用卡可以自动读取,于是持卡人就可以在不同地方存取,不管本地支行是否营业。对于我们很多人来说,“无现钞的社会”不是即将来临,而是已经到来。While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom.计算机为消费者提供诸多便利的同时,也给商家带来了很多优势。电子收银机能做的远不止记录销售额,它们可进行各种各样的记录,包括谁卖了什么,何时卖的,卖给了谁。This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made.通过被售商品的种类及其销售速度等信息的显示,商家能够随时了解其商品的情况。然后卖家便可以做出是再定货还是把商品退给供应商的决定。At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns.同时这些计算机记录哪些时间段是销售高峰和哪些员工最有效率,从而可以相应地调整员工工作任务的分派。此外,他们还可以确定偏爱的顾客群进行促销活动。Computers are relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons.基于同样的原因,生产商们也依赖计算机。Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which procts to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the proction process itself.计算机分析的营销报告能有助于决定目前应重点生产哪些商品,将来开发哪些产品,应停止生产哪些产品。计算机跟踪库存商品,现有原材料甚至生产过程本身。Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.许多其他商业企业,从剧院到杂志社、从燃气电器公司到牛奶加工厂都通过计算机的使用给消费者提供更好、更高效的服务。15.[答案]B[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。本文第一段通过一系列的实例说明信用卡(credit card)给其使用者带来的诸多方便。通过该段第二句“信用卡持有者可以在商店、饭店、宾馆,在当地、外地甚至在国外自动刷卡,同时信用卡还可以使他们得到银行提供的许多服务”可以看出,[B]选项全面准确地归纳和概括了原文思想,因此为正确答案。虽然原文指出信用卡持有者可以不受地域和时间的限制去存钱取钱,但是这并不意味着愿取多少就取多少。因此[A]选项不正确。[C]选项是文中未提及的内容,原文中未对持卡者和未持卡者的信誉度进行比较。况且,这也不符合事实。无论是持信用卡还是支付现金,顾客在购物时都享受同等的信誉。[D]选项错在wherever(无论在什么地方),试问在没有银行的地方或是未开通信用卡的地方怎能够兑取现金呢?注意:解此题的关键是定位到具体的一句话。16.[答案]C[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:句意题。本题考查考生对第一段最后一句的理解。该段最后一句指出“对于我们很多人来说,’无现钞的社会’不是即将来临,而是已经到来”。[C]选项是对此句的改写,nowadays与原句时态相符,many Americans与for many of us一致,do not pay in cash与cashless society一致,因此[C]为正确答案。[A]选项中的in the future与原句时间it is already here不符;况且all the Americans也过于绝对。[B]选项的内容原文未提及;而且它与本段第二句谈到的可以在国外使用信用卡的事实相悖。[D]选项亦无法从该句推论。命题意图要求考生理解某句话的内涵,弄清楚它的每个单词、表达方式和整句话传达的信息。有时可以借助离得不远的上下文的句子去理解。17.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:词义题。该短语出现在第二段第二句electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales。第二段主要列举了电子收银机(cash register)的用途。第三句提到电子收银机可以进行各种各样的记录。从上下文我们可以知道ring up sales是电子收银机的基本工作,即“将销售情况记入收款机”,这与[B]选项相符。在不知ring up 意思的情况,也可以通过sales去排除选项。sales为“销售商品”,而不是“商品贸易”、“销售经理”或“库存商品”,因此[B]选项最可能正确,[A]、[C]和[D]选项都相差太远。命题意图要求考生根据上下文判断生词的含义。18.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:文章主旨题。本题同样要求首先了解各段主旨,以便总结概括文章中心。本文首先从信用卡的应用谈论计算机给消费者带来的便利,随后述及计算机给销售商带来的便利,最后指出计算机的应用范围很广。因此[B]选项是文章主要讨论的话题,为正确答案。[A]选项和[C]选项中的“应用方法”和“意义”都不是本文探讨的对象。[D]选项仅仅是文章第一段的内容,作者通过它是想说明计算机的应用给消费者带来的诸多方便这一主旨,因此[A]不具有概括性。

去知与故

1994年考研英语阅读第五篇翻译解析—本文介绍创新者的思维方式

Discoveries in science and technology are thought by “untaught minds” to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold (霉) on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then.“无知者”认为科学技术上的发明创造来自灵感的眩目闪现或戏剧性的事件。亚历山大·弗莱明爵士可不像传说中的那样,看了一眼奶酪上的霉就立刻想到了青霉素的发明。He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error. Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.他是对抗菌物质进行了长达九年的实验才有了这项发明的。发明及创新几乎都来自于反复尝试和失败。创新就像踢足球,即使是最出色的球员也会痛失进球机会,其射门被挡住的机会大大多于进球的机会。The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take most shots at the goal-- and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity.The prime difference between innovators and others is one of approach. Everybody gets ideas, but innovators work consciously on theirs, and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise.问题在于得分最多者正是那些射门最多的球员,任何领域的创新亦如此。创新者与其他人的主要区别在于处理问题的方法。每个人都有想法,但是创新者会自觉地钻研自己的想法,并且不断努力直到证明想法切实可行,或不可实现为止。What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions, professional innovators see as solid possibilities.普通人视为凭空想像的抽象概念在职业创新者眼里却具有充分的可能性。“Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there’s no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done,” wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority.“造创性的思维方式也许只不过意味着意识到以其一贯的方式去做事并不一定有什么道理”,语言专家鲁道夫写道。This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient: “How come nobody thought of that before?”这解释了我们对塑料垃圾袋和带轮箱包之类看似简单却令生活更便利的发明的反应:“为什么以前没有人想到那个方法呢?”The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears.创造性方法始于“一切不可貌相”的主张。Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything. Faced with getting from A to B, the average person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparently simplest route. The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends.创新者不会接受办事只有一种方法的事实。面对从A到B,普通人会自动踏上一条最为人熟悉、显然最简单的路径。创新者则探寻另外不同的道路,它们最终被证实更为简单、更为有趣、更富挑战性,即使有时也会失败。Highly creative indivials really do march to a different drummer.极富创造性的人的确是标新立异的。27.[答案]A[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:词义题。untaught原意为“未受教育的,无知的”,理解它的确切含义要通过语境。第一段首句指出具有untaught mind这类人的想法:discoveries in science and technology are thought by “untaught minds”to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents他们认为发明创造是灵感或戏剧性事件的产物;继而第二句以青霉素发明者弗莱明爵士为例,对首句进行反驳,从而说明科技发明的取得都是经过长期的艰苦实验,从失败走向成功的。由此推断,只有那些不明真相、不知其艰辛的人才会把发明创造想像为灵感或戏剧性事件的产物,因此[A]为正确答案。[B]选项内容与第一段无关。[C]选项只说出untaught mind 的字面意思,文中提到的这类人未必没有知识,没有文化。[D]选项本身存在理解上的错误。原文是说“untaught mind这类人以为发明总是由于偶然原因被创造出来”,并不是指“他们自己由于某种偶然原因创造出新想法”。Come up with意思是:产生,发现(解决办法、方案)。例如:For years Jones Kept working hard, coming up with new and good ideas. 几年来琼斯一直努力工作,总是提出新的见解。注意:一般词语释义考的都是文中的具体含义,而不一定是它的本来意思。28.[答案]C[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。第二段第二句指出“创新者与普通人的主要区别是对待事物的方法不同”,这是approach意为:(处理问题的)方法、态度,与way 同义。接着后面的文章详细阐述这两类人在看待和处理问题方面的差异。故[C]选项最为贴切。本题也可以采取排除法。[A]选项和[B]选项都不是文中强调的特点。而[D]选项在文中未提及,故都不是正确答案。29.[答案]B[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:作者意图题。第三段引用的引言意为“创造性思维往往只起源于一种认识:做事情的传统的方法未必是好的”。根据常识,引言一般旨在借名家之口增强说服力。作者引用Flesch的话当然是为了支持自己的观点:有创造力的人经常探索做事的新方法。由此可知,[B]选项为正确答案。[A]选项无法得知,因为文中只提到他是一位语言权威(language authority),即使[A]所述正确,也不是作者引用其言的目的。[C]选项也无法支持文章的主旨。[D]选项不对,其实Flesch的话与作者的看法是一致的,并未添加新的观点和思想。注意:同举例一样,引用其他人的观点,无论是正面引述还是反面引述,都是为了说明文章的主旨或主题,否则引述就没有必要了。30.此短语被作者放在全文的结束句,自成一段,是对全文中心思想的精辟概括,因此必须联系全文的中心思想去理解。march to a different drummer是一个比喻, drummer意为“鼓手”,to是介词,意为“伴着”,整个词组的意思是:伴着一个不同的鼓手敲出的节奏(鼓点)前进。按一个鼓点前进显单调,这里意味着“不随波逐流,与其他人所走的道路或所持的思路不同”。这是对文章主旨的一个形象总结。而[B]选项正合此意。[A]强调的是毅力;[C]、[D]选项强调的是社会责任心,都与原文主旨不符。注意:march to a different drummer为美语习惯用法,意为“独树一帜、标新立异”。

负面

1994年考研英语完形填空全文翻译和答案解析—本文介绍语言的选词

The first and smallest unit that can be discussed in relation to language is the word. 关于语言,首先可以讨论的最小单位是单词。In speaking, the choice of words is 1 the utmost importance.说话的时候,选词是至关重要的。Proper selection will eliminate one source of 2 breakdown is in the communication cycle.恰当的选词可以消除交流过程中可能出现的障碍。Too often, careless use of words__3 a meeting of the minds of the speaker and listener. 通常,不慎重的词语使用将阻碍说话者和听话者之间的思想交流。The words used by the speaker may ___4 unfavorable reactions in the listener 5 interfere with his comprehension; hence, the transmission-reception system breaks down.说话者使用的词语可能会引起听者不愉快的反应,干扰他的理解,因此,“传送—接收”系统出现故障。6__, inaccurate or indefinite words may make ___7 difficult for the listener to understand the 8 which is being transmitted to him. The speaker who does not have specific words in his working vocabulary may be 9 to explain or describe in a 10 that can be understood by his listeners.此外,不准确或不明确的词语会使听者难以理解正在传递给他的信息。说话人的常用词汇中如果没有详细而精确的词,就不可能用听话人能理解的方式进行解释或描述。1.[答案] A[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:介词的用法。本文第一句提出,对于语言来说,首先可以讨论的最小单位是单词。First和smallest两个形容词已经道出单词在语言中的重要地位。此后,文章进一步指出,说话时选择词语非常重要。我们看到,空格后是一个名词性短语utmost importance,而所给的四个选项全是介词,也就是说所选的介词应该与这个名词性短语组合在一起,做be动词的表语。of的一个特定用法是:of+表示评估意义的抽象名词=该名词对应的形容词,可做表语,表示具有某种性质、状况。如:of great use=great useful, of importance=important, 所以A为正确选项。2. [答案] C[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:逻辑语意搭配+形容词词义辨析。前面已经提到,单词在语言中占有首要地位,因此,说话时对词语的选用就变得非常重要。本句大意为:恰当的选词可以消除交流过程中......的障碍。likely意为“可能发生的”,不论从语法角度,还是从逻辑角度讲都非常恰当。inaccessible表示“难以达到的,难以接近的”,如:This novel seems to me among the most inaccessible.这本书对我来说是最难懂的小说之一。我们知道,说话过程中完全可能出现交流的障碍,所以inaccessible不恰当。timely意为“及时的,准时的”,如:a timely treatment及时的治疗。invalid意为“无效的”,如:an invalid license作废的执照,都不符合句意。3. [答案] B[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:逻辑语意搭配。上文一直是从正面角度谈论单词在交流中所处的地位,以及它起到的积极作用;本句开始文章从反面角度来讨论这一点。前面已经提到,恰当的选词可以消除交流障碍,由此可以推出,乱用词语将会增加这种障碍。prevent意为“防止,阻碍”,用在文中表示“词语使用不当阻碍了说话双方思想的交流”,正好描述了这种增加障碍的反作用,所以是正确答案。encourage表示“鼓励,怂恿”,有促进之意,如:I encouraged her to work hard and to try for the examinations.我鼓励她用功并为这次考试做努力。offer意为“提供,出价”,如:I offered him some money for his help.因为他帮了忙,我给了他一些钱。以上两个词语与文意要求的含义正好相反。destroy意为“毁灭,破坏,消灭”,它虽然是贬义词,但一般是对已经存在的事物而言,且语气很强烈,放在此处不合适。4. [答案] D[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:动词短语语意辨析。空格所在句子由存在因果关系的两个分句构成。前一分句的主语是the words,宾语是unfavorable reactions in the listener(听者不愉快的反应);后一分句的含义是“因此,这种说话者和听者的发送—接收系统就会中断”。从句意判断空格处应该填入一个表达“造成,引起”含义的短语。stir up 表示“引起,激起”,为正确选项。pass out做及物动词时,意为“分发,分配”;take away意为“取走”,back up 意为“支持,倒退”,均不符合文意。5. [答案] C[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:定语从句。从上一题的分析可知,The words…in the listener是一个语法结构完整的句子,因此我们可以推测listener之后的部分为一个定语从句。但要弄清楚的是,这个定语从句修饰的不是listener,因为interfere with his comprehension(干扰他的理解)中his指代的只能是“听者”,那么interfere的主语应该是前面的unfavorable reactions。因此,我们可能确定这个定语从句的先行词为reactions,which可引导先行词为事物的定语从句,为正确选项。who 引导先行词为人的定语从句;as引导限制性定语从句需要与such结合在一起使用;what只能引导名词性从句,不能引导定语从句。6. [答案] A[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:逻辑关系。前文一直在讨论不恰当使用词语的害处,本句的主语是inaccurate or indefinite words,意为“不准确或不明确的词语”,可见还是在谈论这种害处,也就是说,与上一句之间仍然是承接或递进的关系。moreover意为“此外”,表示递进关系,符合题意。该句可译为“此外,不准确或不明确的词语会使听者难以理解传递给他的信息”。however意为“但是”,表示转折;preliminarily意为“首先,起初”,不表示承接关系;unexpectedly意为“出乎意料地,想不到地”,有转折的含义。7. [答案] B[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:句子的平衡。英语句中为了保持句子的平衡,常常使用it作为形式宾语或形式主语。动词make后面的宾语是不定式时,就常常用it做形式宾语,代替后面的不定式。本题空格处填入it,指代的就是下文的to understand the …。that不能做形式宾语;如果使用so,则全句找不到make的宾语,语法结构不完整;this不能做形式宾语。8. [答案] C[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:逻辑语意搭配+名词词义辨析。本题空格处填入一名词,紧跟其后的是which引导的定语从句。显然,填入的名词在该从句中做主语,由于该从句使用了被动语态,因此我们要选择的是能够与transmit搭配,做其宾语的名词。transmit的含义为“发送,传达”,四个选项中只有message可以与之搭配,表示“传达信息”。speech意为“演说,讲话”;sense意为“感官,感觉”;meaning表示“意思,含义”,一般不与transmit搭配。9. [答案] D[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:形容词词辨析。本句的主语是the speaker, who 引导了一个定语从句,修饰speaker。大意是:一个常用词汇中没有详细而精确词语的人可能……将事情解释或描述得足以让听者听懂。由此看出,这里还是在讨论不正确使用词语的害处。填入的词既能修饰人,又有否定句义。unable表示“不能的,不会的”,可以修饰人,为正确选项。obscure意为“暗的,朦胧的,模糊的”,一般不修饰人,如:an obscure sound模糊的声音;an obscure passage 一段难懂的文章。difficult和impossible都不使用本句型,如果使用这两个词可以把句子转变为:It is difficult/impossible for the speaker to explain…10. [答案] D[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:逻辑语意搭配+名词词义辨析。空格处的名词构成介词短语in a …,修饰动词explain or describe,在文中的含义是“说话人不可能……解释或描述”。in a way是习惯搭配,表示“以某种方式、方法”,语法意义都正确。in a case表示“在某种情况下”,不符合句意。means意为“方法、手段”,method意为“方法,方式”,都不与in a搭配,而与介词by连用,如:The load was lifted by means of a crane.重物是用起重机吊起来的。They did it by a new method.他们用一种新方法做的。

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考研英语:1994~1999年真题作文全解析

这一篇小文,小编就给大家解析一下1994~1999年考研英语的六篇作文,帮助大家更好地把握考研英语的写作思路和选题走向。#考研英语#1994年真题作文部分1994年这一年考察的是提纲作文。不仅给出了文章的题目、时间要求(40分钟)、字数要求(120~150词),还给出了首段(As a human being,one can hardly do without a friend.)和内容提纲,所以从这个角度来看,难度不是特别大。文章的话题是:“友情”;标题是“On Making Friends”;主题词是“friendship”。文章结构大体可以分为三段:其一是“朋友的重要性”,其二是“真正的友谊”,其三是“我交朋友的原则”。作文分值15分。Ture friendship lies in sincerity of both parts,and only sincere friends will give us a hand when we need help.真正的友谊是建立在相互真诚的基础上,也只有真诚的朋友才会在我们需要帮助的时候伸出援助之手。 1995年真题作文部分1995年这一年考察的也是提纲作文。同样给出了文章的题目、时间要求(40分钟)、字数要求(120~150词),也给出了文章的第一句话(ecational plays a very important role in the modernization of our country.)和内容提纲。文章的话题是“希望工程”;标题和主题词都是“Project Hope”。文章的结构可以分为三段:其一是“教育的现状”,其二是“希望工程的必要性”,其三是“我的看法和建议”。作文分值15分。The government should take effective measures and people should give more support to ensure that every child can receive elementary ecation.政府应该采取有效的措施,人们也应该给予更多的支持,从未让每一个孩子都能接受到基础教育。 1996年真题作文部分1996年这一年考察的是提纲作文。给出了作文的标题、时间要求(40分钟)、字数要求(120~150词),文章的首句(The desire for good health is universal.)和内容提纲。文章的话题是“保持健康”;标题是“Good Health”,主题词是“keep healthy”。文章的结构可以分为三段:其一是“保持健康的重要性”,其二是“保持健康的方法”,其三是“我的保持健康的建议”。作文分值15分。In a way,keeping healthy is not very hard.从某种程度上说,保持健康并不是非常困难的事情。 1997年真题作文部分1997年这一年考察的是图表作文。题目除了图表和漫画外,还给出了写作的思路。不过没有了时间的要求,字数要求是不得少于120词。文章的话题是“吸烟”;标题自拟,主题词是“smoking、cigarette”。图表作文的结构一般也是固定的,以这篇文章为例,一般分为三段:第一段是图表的内容进行简单描述,第二段是对图表反映的现象或情况进行说明,阐明重要性或者危害性,第三段是给出看法和建议。作文分值15分。Smoking is responsible for many fatal diseases such as lung cancer,heart disease and so on.吸烟会导致诸如肺癌、心脏病等很多致命性的疾病。1998年真题作文部分1998年这一年考察的是漫画作文。值得一提的是要求中字数由之前的不少于120词变成了不少于150词。除了漫画,照样给出了写作的思路。这篇文章的话题是“虚假广告”;标题自拟,主题词是“misleading and cheating advertisements”。文章的结构可以分为三段:第一段对漫画的内容进行描述,第二段指出这一问题的现状,即当今存在很多这样“虚假广告”的问题,一直在欺骗和误导消费者,第三段指出自己的建议,可以从政府、社会、个人三个角度简单地说一说。作文分值15分。Doing more is better than promising more.做比承诺更为重要。1999年真题作文部分1999年这一年考察的是图表作文。写作的相关要求和去年是一致的,即不少于150词的字数要求。文章的话题是“人口数量和物种灭绝数量的关系”;标题自拟,主题词图表中已经给出,分别是“the ups and downs of population growth”和“species extinction over time”。文章的结构可以分为三段:第一段通过表格指出人口数量和物种灭绝数量的关系,即如图所示,美国人口数量的增长导致了物种数量的急剧下降,一些物种已经灭绝;第二段说一说造成这种现象的可能原因,比如全球变暖、人类的猎杀等等;第三段提出自己的一些建议,也可以从国家、社会、个人三个角度来谈。作文分值15分。what is worse,with the development of instrialization,the natural balance and the ecologic environment are destroyed,which will make some of the wildlife become homeless and extinct.更严重的是,伴随着工业化的发展,自然的平衡和生态环境被破坏,从而导致许多的野生动物无家可归,甚至走向灭亡。考研英语是很难的早期的真题其实没必要太抠细节,但是出题者的思路和技法还是可以了解了解的,这毕竟是真题,肯定比市面上任何一位老师的模拟题要好,所以建议同学们可以在复习的初期做一做,或者在最后无题可做的时候做一做。(推荐陈正康老师的《真题超精读》,讲得很细致,不过买的时候一定要看清楚自己考的是英语一还是英语二,2004年是不分一二的。)“满大街都是本科生!”你凭什么这么说?考研政治,“反对外国侵略的斗争”专项选择题易错考点汇总

居丧不哀

1994年考研英语翻译题型全文翻译—科学发展是靠技术还是天才?

According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. 新学派的科学家认为,技术是扩大科学知识的范围中被忽视的力量。Science moves forward, they say, not so much throughthe insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniquesand tools.他们说,科学的进步与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见,不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普通的东西。“In short,” a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution,as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instrumentsthat expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”“简言之”,新学派的一位领袖人物主张:“我们所称的科学革命,主要是指一系列工具的改进、发明和应用,这些改进、发明和应用扩大了科学在各个方向上的发展”。Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被史学家和哲学家忽视了。The modern school that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments.为技术而欢呼的现代学派争辩说,像伽利略、牛顿、麦克斯威尔、爱因斯坦这样的科学大师和像爱迪生这样的发明家十分重视科学实验中能使用的各种不同的工艺信息和技术装置并从中受益匪浅。The centerpiece of the argument of a technology-yes, genius-no advocate was an analysis of Galileo’s role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions.鼓吹技术、否认天才的支持者的论据核心是分析了科学革命初期伽利略的作用。那时的聪明才智来源于第二世纪的天文学家托勒密,他创立了详尽的太空体系,该体系把地球置于所有天体运动的中心。Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he wasthe first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planetsrevolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.伽利略最光辉的业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空,旨在证实行星围绕太阳旋转而不是围绕地球旋转。But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists, was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eye-glasses.但是,在新学派科学家看来,这件事件真正成功的因素是镜片制造机械长期以来不断的改进和发展。Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute.联邦政府的政策必然要卷入到技术与天才之争中去。Whetherthe Government’s should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technologyor vice versa (反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.政府究竟是以减少对技术经费的投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入,还是相反,这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动力量。试题分析31.[解析]本题考核的知识点是:not so much…的译法。这个句子的主干是Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of… as because of…。 这个句子的难点在于not so much… as 的译法。实际上它是对两种事物做比较,否定前者,肯定后者,这里是否定through the insights of great men of genius,肯定because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools,一般译为“与其……不如”,相类似的表达还有:more… than…, less… than…, not…but rather…等等。它们都是对一个事物的肯定和对另一个事物的否定。like在这里表示举例或列举的意思,译为“像”或“比如”。译文:他们(新学派科学家们)说,科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见,不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普通的东西。32. [解析]本题考核的知识点是:定语从句先行词的判断和翻译时的前置和后置。句中的主句是a leader…contends; in short 至句末是contends的宾语从句。在这个从句中,主语是the scientific revolution, was是系动词,the improvement and invention and use of instruments是表语。as we call it意为“我们称之的”,it指revolution。表语the improvement and invention and use由介词词组of instruments和一个that引导的定语从句修饰。of短语一般译作前置定语。虽然离that 引导的定语从句最近的名词是instruments,但是此定语从句从意思上看并不是修饰instruments,而是修饰the improvement and invention and use。类似的这种情况经常可见,再例如:In fact a basic amount of movement occurs ring sleep which is specifically concerned with preventing muscle inactivity.事实上,在睡眠期间仍然有一个基本的活动量,这种活动量特别与防止肌肉活动中断有关。which 引导的定语从句不修饰靠它最近的sleep,而是修饰a basic amount of movement.如果一个词有多重定语,很难按中文的习惯把它们都译作前置定语。在这个情况下,可以根据通顺的原则将其简短地译作前置定语,而其他的则灵活处理。一般用“这”来代替先行词,或用重复先行词的方法。词汇方面:school 在这里意为“学派”;in short意为“简单地说,简而言之”。译文:“简言之”,新学派的一位领袖人物主张:“我们所称的科学革命,主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用,这些改进、发明和应用使科学向各个方向发展发展。”33. [解析]本题考核的知识点是:as的用法和被动语态。这个句子是主干是tools and technology… have largely been ignored by…。被动句的完成时态,强调被动意义,可以译成汉语的被动语态。as的用法灵活,意思多样,出现频率也很高。它可以做连词、介词和副词,还有一系列的含as的短语。as在本题中后面带一个名词性的结构,因此是介词,意为“作为”。词汇方面:over the year意为“多年来”。themselves意为“本身”。译文:工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被史学家和哲学家忽视了。34.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:抽象名词、目的状语从句和rather than的译法。这是一个简单复合句。句子的主语是glory,谓语是was,表语由that引导的表语从句构成,基本符合中文的语序,可以顺译。表语从句中he是主语,was是系动词,the first person是表语。to turn the newly invented是不定式做定语修饰the first person。to prove that… 是目的状语,可以前置译作“为了……”,亦可以后置译作“以……”;prove后的that从句做动词prove的宾语。rather than 一般译作“而不是”。主语glory是一个抽象名词。翻译某些抽象名词时,在符合含义的情况下可以增词把它具体化,glory可译作“光辉的业绩”。译文:伽利略最光辉的业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空,旨在证实行星围绕太阳旋转而不是围绕地球旋转。35.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:at the expense of 和whether… or…的含义。这是一个简单复合句。句子的主干是Whether… or… often depends on…。主语是whether… or vice versa“是……还是相反”。Whether…or…一般译成“是……还是”,表示两者选择,因此or后头的vice versa表达的即是“以减少对纯科学的投入来增加对技术的投入”。谓语是depend on…。 宾语部分the issue意为“问题”,它表达的事情就是后面of加which从句的内容,即“把哪一方看做是驱动力量的问题”。词汇方面:financing显然是由动词finance变过来的动名词,其意思可以由动词或名词的意思猜出来。at the expense of 意为“以……为代价”。“以技术为代价去资助科学”的意思是“以减少对技术的投入来增加对科学的资助”。译文:政府究竟是以减少对技术的经费投入而增加对纯理论科学的经费投入,还是相反,这往往取决于把哪一方看做是驱动力量。

常卒乎鄙

1997年考研英语阅读第五篇—本文介绍美国及其他发达国家经济形势

原文+翻译:Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as “steering the economy to a soft landing” or “a touch on the brakes,” makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth.很多用来描述货币政策的词,如“引导经济软着陆”,“触动经济刹车”,使货币政策听起来像是一门精确的科学。事实远非如此。The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain.利率和通货膨胀之间的关系难以确定。And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy.在政策改变对经济产生影响之前,会有一段较长时间且变化不定的后滞期。Hence the analogy that likens the conct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rear-view mirror and a faulty steering wheel.因此,才会有人将货币政策的制定比作是驾驶一辆汽车,这辆车挡风玻璃被涂黑了、后视镜裂了,方向盘也失灵了。Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late.尽管有这么多不利因素,中央银行家们似乎对近来之形势有了不少值得夸耀的东西。Average inflation in the big seven instrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s.西方七大工业国去年的平均通货膨胀降至仅2.3%,接近三十年来的最低水平。今年7月略微升高到2.5%。这远远低于许多国家在70年代和80年代早期经历的两位数的膨胀率。It is also less than most forecasters had predicted.这也低于许多预测者预测的数字。In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America’s inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole.1994年底,每月接受《经济学家》意见调查的一组经济学家指出,美国在1995年的平均通货膨胀率将达到3.5%。实际上,8月份就降到了2.6%,而且有望全年仅为3%。In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year.去年年底,英国和日本的通货膨胀率实际上比预测的要低半个百分点。This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.这不是昙花一现;在过去几年里,英国和美国的通货膨胀率始终低于预测水平。Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America’s, have little proctive slack.经济学家对英美两国有利的通胀率特别感到诧异,因为传统的计量方法表明两国经济,特别是美国经济几乎没有出现生产萧条。America’s capacity utilization, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate (5.6% in August) has fallen below most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment -- the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past.比如,美国的生产力利用率在今年早些时候达到了历史最高水平,失业率(八月份为5.6%)已降到低于很多人对自然失业率的估测——过去,当比率低于自然失业率时,通货膨胀率早已迅速上升。Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective.为何通货膨胀如此和缓?可惜的是,即使是最令人兴奋的解释也会有小的缺陷。Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.一些经济学家认为,世界经济结构强有力的变化已经推翻了以往那种以经济增长和通货膨胀率的历史关联为基础的旧有的经济模式。试题:51. From the passage we learn that.[A] there is a definite relationship between inflation and interest rates[B] economy will always follow certain models[C] the economic situation is better than expected[D] economists had foreseen the present economic situation52. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?[A] Making monetary policies is comparable to driving a car[B] An extremely low jobless rate will lead to inflation[C] A high unemployment rate will result from inflation[D] Interest rates have an immediate effect on the economy53.The sentence “This is no flash in the pan” (Line 5, Paragraph 3) means that.[A] the low inflation rate will last for some time[B] the inflation rate will soon rise[C] the inflation will disappear quickly[D] there is no inflation at present54.The passage shows that the author is_____the present situation. [A] critical of[B] puzzled by[C] disappointed at[D] amazed at答案:CBAD

救药你

1994年考研英语写作题型的分析和范文举例—On Making Friends

原题:Section V WritingDirections:[A] Title: ON MAKING FRIENDS[B] Time limit: 40 minutes[C] Word limit: 120-150 words (not including the given opening sentence)[D] Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence: “As a human being, one can hardly do without a friend.”[E] Your composition must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points) OUTLINE:1. The need for friends2. True friendship3. My principle in making friends解析:Part ⅣWriting (15 points)一、审题本文题目是我们较为常见的关于交友的议论文。虽然关于友谊的文章很多,但要结构清晰仍需要解析友谊的真正内涵,指出友谊就是彼此帮助,互相促进学习。二、谋篇本文应按提纲所示分为三段:第一段为朋友的重要性。第二段解释友谊的含义。第三段说明自己的择友观。本文虽条理比较明了,但应注意呼应。三、写作误区1.跑题:本文虽与友谊有关,但不是单纯赞扬友谊的。有的考生忽略了“交友”,而把笔墨浪费在赞扬友谊的珍贵上,因此被扣分也在情理之中。2.谋篇:本文应以说明议论为主,如果过多地举例描写,又无适当回扣主题,就会出现结构上的偏差,或者字数过多。四、范文评分标准115~13分:内容切题,包括提纲的全部要点;表达清楚,文字连贯;句式有变化,句子结构和用词正确。Sample 1 (14 points)On Making FriendsAs a human being, one can hardly do without a friend and the fact has been self-evident. Without the help of honest friends, we can hardly get over the difficulties and hardships we come across. Moreover, having no friends also means that there is nobody in the world with whom we can share our joy and sorrow. Thus loneliness is the only ting left for us. So making friends is a very indispensable part in our life.But not all who are friendly to each other and enjoy each other’s company, in the social gatherings can be called true friends. Based on mutual understanding instead of on mutual benefit, true friendship must be sincere and unconditional. It consists in sincerity, mutual trust, and self-sacrifice, both in times of happiness and at moments of crisis. A true friend does not just tell us what we want to hear but will do what he thinks is best for us in the long run. False friendship, however, will flatter us when we are crowned with success while desert us when we are in deep waters. Therefore, true friendship is to make people help each other and learn from each other.My principle in making friendsis to make as many good friends as possible. So when I make a friend, I first of all make sure whether he is honest or wicked. As long as he is honest and sincere, I know that I find another a company in the way of improving.例文分析1.提纲(1)论证并得出结论:朋友为生活中不可缺少的一别分;(2)朋友的真正含义:真诚,互助互勉;(3)交友之道:真心,真诚。2.论点与谋篇本文以提纲为依据,层次清晰。首段采用先解释首句,而后自然引出论题——交友的方式,内容自然流畅。第二段的优点在于以总—分—总的方法写作,并采用正反论证,条理清晰。第三段直接点明交友之道。3.连贯性本文连词使用广泛,比如:第二段末Therefore这一连词的应用,起到收尾的作用,自然引出该段的结论,使行文连贯。倒数第二句中while的使用,使句子前后既形成了鲜明的对比,又过渡自然。又如第三段的so使句子间因果关系更为明了,as long as顺接上文,并再次强调中心。4.句式及用词句式变化多样是本文另一特点,在文中已标出。评分标准212~10分:内容切题,包括提纲的全部要点;表达比较清楚,文字基本连贯;句式有一定变化,句子结构和用词无重大错误。Sample 2 (10 points)On Making FriendsAs a human being, one can hardly do without a friend. We need friends to share our happiness and sad. We go to friends for help when we are in trouble. We consult with friends if there are problems we cannot handle alone. In a sense, friends are often more important to us than relatives.As the proverb goes, a friend in need is a friend indeed. True friend means when you are in good condition, they are happy for you, and hope you could be better. When you are in trouble, they help you without complain. Also, they should treat you sincerely and not cheat you.When I choose friends, I do not care what work they do or where they are from, but I care those little things which shows one’s characters. I would make sure that we really care for each other. Sometimes we cannot see each other often. But I know my friends will always be there, ready to help if I need them. And I know we are true friends indeed.例文分析1.论点与谋篇题目的中心得到贯穿。结尾ready to help if I need them与we are true friends indeed既呼应全文,又暗指谚语a friend in need is a friend indeed,语意准确。2.连贯性与用词第二段的人称与其他段不一致,如能相同,语意更连贯。使用了一定的连词。短文中用词有一些错误,如:典型错误:动词complain的名词形式为complaint。