考研英语在线阅读

今天Stella跟你们讲讲如何通过阅读外刊来学习英语，同时也给大家推荐一些外刊干货。学了好几年甚至几十年的英语了，你可能仍然会有这样的困惑：我背了很多单词，读了很多文章，但是每每要用英语进行口语和写作的表达时，脑子就会短路，学过的那些英语知识一点也没有办法想起来了。焦头烂额的你一定为此感到迷茫困惑，心想这是为什么呢？其实原因很简单，就是因为平时积累的知识不够体系化。对文章只是泛泛而读，没有对其中出现的知识点进行归纳总结，这样读完后记不住东西，自然也就无法应用。想要解决这一问题，进行“主题阅读”是一个相对较好的方法。“主题阅读”是指在一段时间内集中精读和某一主题有关的文章，以此来积累与该主题相关的各种表达。通过这种方式阅读记忆效果更好，学习者更加容易学以致用。对于主题阅读的材料，外刊就是一个很好的选择。外刊文章往往信息量大，用词精准，同时文中很多观点也具有思辨性。通过阅读这样的材料，我们可以积累大量与主题相关的知识。在这里给大家推荐5个最适合英语学习的外刊，总有一款适合你！01.Reader's Digest《读者文摘》适用人群：英语初、中级水平学习者及考研党。主要特点：内容包罗万象，走温情路线。官网：http://www.rd.com/推荐理由： 作为美国发行量最大的月刊，《读者文摘》（Readers Digest）擅长打温情牌，“用持久的、人性的东西打败了时尚的、热点的东西”。《读者文摘》不是快餐类读物，不追求热点。它包罗万象，题材广泛，涉及健康保健、大众科学、体育运动、美食烹饪、旅游休闲、金融与政治、家居与园艺、艺术与娱乐、商业与文化等多个方面。由于内容具有思考价值、探讨性和实用性，中国英语考试中有不少题目和材料来源于这本杂志。非常适合考试党提高英语能力和语感，是夯实英语基础的大众型读物。02.The Economist《经济学人》适用人群：本科以上学生、职场商业人士、考研党、雅思托福考生。主要特点：以精致的内容和辛辣老道的文笔著称。官网：http://www.economist.com/推荐理由：这是连《纽约时报》都公开表达仰慕之情的杂志。从1843年9月创刊至今，《经济学人》一直试图以最为凝练的语言和最小的篇幅提供政治、商业和社会新闻。它为政商名流提供专业解读，是社会精英必读刊物，还是常春藤名校高才生paper写作高分指南。如果你的英语处于中级阶段，遇到了瓶颈，坚持读《经济学人》一定会让英语实现质的飞跃，并对全球政治、商业及社会动态了如指掌。03.Forbes《福布斯》适用人群：英语爱好者、商业人群。主要特点：深度商业报道。官网：http://www.forbes.com推荐理由：《福布斯》杂志由福布斯公司发行，每两周一次，以金融、工业、投资和营销等主题的原创文章著称。此外还报道技术、通信、科学和法律等领域的内容，是美国最著名的商业杂志之一。04.New Yorker《纽约客》适用人群：英语学习者、文艺爱好者。主要特点：文艺杂志。官网：http://www.newyorker.com/推荐理由：创刊于1925的《纽约客》已经走过了90多年，历经纸媒、电子媒体和社交媒体的更迭，是杂志界的常青树。《纽约客》虽然四分之一的内容是纽约当地文化，并设有专栏“城中话题”（The Talk of the Town），但高质量的深度报道使得读者遍布全球各地。考研英语、托福、雅思考试里常常会出现《纽约客》的文章。多读《纽约客》有助于提升语感，培养逻辑思维能力，是学英语不可多得的地道读物。05.National Geography《国家地理》适用人群：英语学习者、地理爱好者、图片控。主要特点：地理之中兼容历史和人文知识。官网：http://nationalgeographic.co.id/推荐理由：如果你既想锻炼英语，但又不愿意看长篇累牍的报道，那么《国家地理》是绝佳的选择。《国家地理》文字的难度相对《经济学人》要低一些，但内容趣味性爆表，涉及地理、历史、文化、美食、摄影等多个方面。总之，这本杂志能给读者带来极大的阅读快感，能在无形中提升英语水平。图文并茂，让人流连忘返。学英语，就要摆正自己的态度，不要为了应付考试而学习，这样你永远学不好，多去看看课后的英语知识，不仅能加强你的英语实际应用能力，还能真正意义上提高你的英语成绩，双管齐下，何乐而不为呢？跟Stella一起学英语吧！

本文说明了水对于生长的植物的重要作用。第一段：Most growing plants contain much more water than all other materials combined.大部分生长的植物，其水的含量超过其他所有物质的含量总和。C. R. Barnes has suggested that it is as proper to term the plant a water structure as to call a house composed mainly of brick a brick building.C·R·巴恩斯认为，把植物叫做水结构就如同把主要用砖盖成的房子叫做砖建筑一样恰当。Certain it is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water.当然，植物生长的一切必要过程都发生于水中。The mineral elements from the soil that are usable by the plant must be dissolved in the soil solution before they can be taken into the root.来自于土壤的矿物质在被植物根茎吸收之前，必须先溶解于水。They are carried to all parts of the growing plant and are built into essential plant materials while in a dissolved state.它们在溶解状态被输送到植物的全身并构成基本的植物材料。The carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air may enter the leaf as a gas but is dissolved in water in the leaf before it is combined with a part of the water to form simple sugars -- the base material from which the plant body is mainly built.空气中的二氧化碳能以气体的形式进入叶子，但在和一部分水结合生成单糖（构成植物体最基本的材料）之前也必须先溶于水。Actively growing plant parts are generally 75 to 90 percent water.植物生长活跃部分的含水量一般高达75-90%。Structural parts of plants, such as woody stems no longer actively growing, may have much less water than growing tissues.植物的结构部分（如生长不活跃的木质茎）的含水量可能大大少于生长活跃的组织。第二段：The actual amount of water in the plant at any one time, however, is only a very small part of what passes through it ring its development.但是，植物任何时候的实际含水量都只是其生长期间通过它全身水量的很小一部分。The processes of photosynthesis, by which carbon dioxide and water are combined -- in the presence of chlorophyll (叶绿素) and with energy derived from light -- to form sugars, require that carbon dioxide from the air enter the plant.借助叶绿素和光能量发生光合作用（二氧化碳和水结合）以形成单糖的过程要求二氧化碳从空气中进入植物。This occurs mainly in the leaves. The leaf surface is not solid but contains great numbers of minute openings, through which the carbon dioxide enters.这一过程主要发生在叶子上。叶子表面并非固体，而是有大量的小口。二氧化碳通过这些小口进入植物。The same structure that permits the one gas to enter the leaf, however, permits another gas -- water vapor -- to be lost from it.这些允许二氧化碳进入叶子的小口却让另一种气体——水蒸气散失。Since carbon dioxide is present in the air only in trace quantities (3 to 4 parts in 10,000 parts of air) and water vapor is near saturation in the air spaces within the leaf (at 80℉, saturated air would contain about 186 parts of water vapor in 10,000 parts of air), the total amount of water vapor lost is many times the carbon dioxide intake.由于二氧化碳在空气中的含量非常少（3-4‰），且叶子内部空气空间的水蒸气含量接近饱和状态（80F时，饱和状态下的每10000份空气中含186份水汽），所以，植物失去的水蒸气的量是吸收的二氧化碳量的许多倍。Actually, because of wind and other factors, the loss of water in proportion to carbon dioxide intake may be even greater than the relative concentrations of the two gases.实际上，因为风和其他因素的影响，损失掉的水和吸入二氧化碳的比甚至可能大于这两种气体的相对浓度。Also, not all of the carbon dioxide that enters the leaf is synthesized into carbohydrates (碳水化合物).另外，并非所有进入叶子的二氧化碳都可以被合成碳水化合物。19. A growing plant needs water for all of the following except .[A] forming sugars[B] sustaining woody stems[C] keeping green[D] procing carbon dioxide[分析] 本题考核知识点：事实细节题。第一段第六句（the carbon dioxide…mainly built）和第二段第二句说明：二氧化碳可以直接从空气中进入植物的叶子里，所以不需要水。[D]选项正确。同时这两句还说明：生成糖的过程需要二氧化碳先溶于水，然后和水结合，所以[A]不是正确选项。第一段最后一句说明：（尽管木质茎比活跃组织需要的水少得多），但还是需要一定量的水。所以，[B]非正确选项。[C]文中未提及。20. The essential function of photosynthesis in terms of plant needs is .[A] to form sugars[B] to derive energy from light[C] to preserve water[D] to combine carbon dioxide with water[分析]本题考核知识点：文中细节推理题。第一段第五句说明：二氧化的作用主要是生成植物体最需要的材料——单糖。第二段第二句说明：植物的光合作用（二氧化碳和水结合）形成单糖。所以，光合作用能够提供植物需要的（单）糖。[A]为正确选项。[B]的干扰来自于第二段第二句，但该句提到的是从光中获取能量是光合作用的条件之一，而不是反过来通过光合作用去获取能量。[C]文中未提及。[D]是光合作用的过程，而不是作用。21. The second paragraph uses facts to develop the essential idea that.[A] a plant efficiently utilizes most of the water it absorbs[B] carbon dioxide is the essential substance needed for plant development[C] a plant needs more water than is found in its composition[D] the stronger the wind, the more the water vapor loss[分析] 本题考核知识点：段落主旨题。解此题需要分析第二段的结构。本段第一句为段落主题句：植物的含水量只是其需水量很小的一部分。然后用事实说明为什么会出现这种情况（植物叶子允许二氧化碳进入，却让水蒸气散失。再加上风和其他因素的作用，大部分的水都损失掉了）。所以，[C]为正确选项。[A]“有效利用水”不是本文涉及的内容；[B]只在第一段有所提及。第二段提到风等因素造成水的损失，但并未提到风的大小与损失的水蒸汽的量相关。所以，[D]排除。22. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?[A] The mineral elements will not be absorbed by the plant unless they are dissolved in its root.[B] The woody stems contain more water than the leaves.[C] Air existing around the leaf is found to be saturated.[D] Only part of the carbon dioxide in the plants is synthesized.[分析] 本题考核知识点：文中多处细节理解题。文章第二段最后一句指出：并非所有进入叶子的二氧化碳都被合成了碳水化合物。这说明[D]选项正确。[A]的干扰来自于第一段第四句。该句说明，来自于土壤中的矿物质元素只有先溶于“土壤溶液”才能被“根部”吸收，而非溶解于“根部”。[B]与原文内容相反：从第一段最后一句可知，生长不活跃的木质茎含水量可能远远小于生长活跃的叶子。[C]与文中内容不符：第二段第五句给出的信息是：“叶子内部”空气中的水蒸气含量“接近”饱和状态，而非“叶子周围”的空气“处于”饱和状态。23. This passage is mainly about.[A] the functions of carbon dioxide and water[B] the role of water in a growing plant[C] the process of simple sugar formation[D] the synthesis of water with carbon dioxide[分析] 本题考核知识点：文章主旨题。本文第一段首先通过类比开门见山地说明水对于生长中植物的重要作用。然后通过水对植物生长的各种功能（溶解矿物质元素、溶解二氧化碳并和二氧化碳结合生成单糖）说明植物生长中的一切重要过程都离不开水。第二段用事实说明：（尽管植物含水量相当高），但植物生长所需要的水远远大于其本身所所含有的水。所以，整篇文章说围绕的中心是：水对于植物生长的重要作用。[B]为正确选项。考生误选[A]、[C]、[D]都是因为对光合作用在全文中作用的理解错误：文中提到关于二氧化碳（光合作用）是为了用事实说明水对植物生长的重要作用，而并非为了说明二氧化碳本身或光合作用（生成单糖）的作用，所以[A]、[C]都不正确；同样也不是为了说明光合作用的过程，所以[D]错误。

本文是2013年考研英语试卷阅读理解Part A的Text 2部分。本文主要讲述了网络隐私问题，就“在线行为广告”引发的争议展开论述，随后追溯了争议的相关解决方案。An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half.老话说的好，广告费的一半是浪费了的——问题是，没人知道哪一半浪费掉的。In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reced.在互联网时代，至少在理论上，这一浪费的部分能够减少。By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.通过观察人们搜索什么，点击什么，在网络上说什么，公司能够瞄准那些更容易购买的客户投放“行为”广告。26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to:第一段表明，“行为”广告帮助广告商：[A] ease competition among themselves缓和他们之间的竞争[B] lower their operational costs降低运营成本[C] avoid complaints from consumers避免消费者的抱怨[D] provide better online services提供更好的网络服务答案：B。解析：第一句就指出了，广告费花费了有一半被浪费掉了。后面指出互联网时代广告费用大幅减少，因为公司（广告商）能够将“行为”广告投放给最有可能购买的人群。由此可知，“行为广告”能帮助广告商“降低运营成本”这句话最符合题意。In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?在过去几周，一场争论表明这些精准信息对于广告商的价值：广告商应该假定用户乐于被追踪并且收到这些广告吗？或者应该获得用户明确的准许？In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed .在2010年12月，美国联邦贸易委员会建议提出一个“禁止追踪”的选项加入到网络浏览器中，以便用户能告诉广告商他们不想被“追踪”。Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is e to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digltal Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the instry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.微软的IE浏览器和苹果的Safari浏览器提供了“禁止追踪”选项；谷歌的Chrome浏览器在今年准备提供这样的功能。2月，联邦贸易委员会和数字广告联盟同意该行业尽快对“禁止追踪”这一请求作出回应。27. “The instry” (Line 6, Para.3) refers to:“该行业”指的是：[A] online advertisers在线广告商[B] e-commerce conctors电子商务运营[C] digital information analysis数字信息分析者[D] internet browser developers网络浏览器开发商答案：D。解析：FTC和DAA一致认为the instry会对DNT要求迅速做出回应。前面又指出FTC提议在浏览器上添加DNT选项，可见这个提议的动作执行者在浏览器开发商。可见FTC和DAA提议的the instry就是浏览器开发商。On May 31st Microsoft set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version e to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.微软在五月31日率先发起讨论，它表明随windows8一起发布的IE 10，将把“禁止追踪”选项设为默认状态。Advertisers are horrified .广告商慌神了。Human nature being what it is,most people stick with default settings.人性本质上是，大多数人还是坚持默认设置的。Few switch DNT on now,but if tracking is off it will stay off.很少人会打开DNT选项，但是如果“追踪”是关闭的那么它就一直关闭了。Bob Liodice,the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers,says consumers will be worse off if the instry cannot collect information about their preferences.国家广告协会会长Bob Liodice 表示，如果这个行业不能收集消费者们的偏好信息，消费者的情况将会更糟。People will not get fewer ads,he says.“They’ll get less meaningful,less targeted ads.人们看到的广告不会更少，他们会得到更多的“无意义的”、更不精确的目标广告。28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a defaultBob Liodice坚称设置“禁止追踪”为默认选项[A] may cut the number of junk ads可能减少垃圾广告[B] fails to affect the ad instry对这个行业没有影响[C] will not benefit consumers对消费者不利[D] goes against human nature违反人性答案：C。解析：Bob Liodice指出了消费者的情况会更糟糕，收到的广告不会变少，反而会出现更多无意义的广告。所以C正确。It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond.还不清楚广告商怎么回应。Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so.收到“DNT”信号并不能迫使企业去停止追踪，尽管一些企业承诺会这么做。Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.由于不能分辨出用户是拒绝“行为”广告还是他们只是坚持微软的默认选项，一些企业可能忽略“禁止追踪”的信号并且继续追踪。29. which of the following is true according to Paragraph.6?根据第六段，下面哪一个是正确的？[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose“禁止追踪”可能不能取得预期目标[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT广告商更希望执行“禁止追踪”选项[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers“禁止追踪”在消费者之中并不流行[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads广告商有责任提供“行为”广告答案：A。解析：公司收到DNT信号并不意味着一定要求停止追踪，而且由于他们不清楚消费者心理，可能也会对DNT默认信号加以忽略。由此，DNT并不能达到限制公司获取用户在线行为信息的目的。所以A合适。Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone.并且也不清楚为什么微软一意孤行的发起行动。After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how.毕竟，它也有商业广告业务。据称这些业务也遵守“禁止追踪”选项设定。不过还在具体怎样实施还在研究当中。If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising，it has chosen an indirect method: there is no guarantee that DNT by default will become the norm.如果它是想让谷歌不高兴，谷歌的业务几乎全靠广告支持。它选择了一个不太直接的方式，没有保证说能将“‘禁止追踪’设为默认状态”成为行业规范。DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other procts favorably with Google's on that count before.“禁止追踪”看起来也不能成为Windows 8的巨大卖点，尽管此前这个公司将旗下一些产品与谷歌的进行了有利对比。Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, blogged:" we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?Brendon Lynch，微软首席隐私官，在博客中写道：我们相信消费者将有更多的控制权。真的那么简单吗？30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:作者对Brendon Lynch在博客中所说的态度是：[A] inlgence纵容[B] understanding理解[C] appreciation欣赏[D] skepticism怀疑答案：D。解析：Brendon Lynch说消费者应该拥有更多控制权，但是作者后面又反问：真的那么简单吗？可见，作者对Brendon Lynch的观点是怀疑的。

想必很多同学都听过考研英语阅读的文章大都是摘自外国的学术期刊或者报纸那，具体是哪些外刊?应该选择哪些中奖概率比较高呢?来，我们先从20年英语一的文章来源开说↓(20考研英语二的题源我在网上还没搜到，哭唧唧)阅读理解首篇选自：《卫报》2018年12月31日文章《The Guardian view on Yvette Cooper’s ‘town of culture’proposai：a fine idea》第二篇选自：《卫报》2019年3月5日文章《The Guardian view on academic publishing：disastrous capitalism》第三篇选自：《波士顿环球报》2019年8月5日文章《Corporate gender quotas reinforce privilege》第四篇选自：《纽约日报》2019年7月15日文章《Beware.Other Nations Will Follow France With Their Own Digital Tax》由上可见，卫报的出场率很高，但仅从20年的数据我们不能就此下定论下面再来看一份2015-2019年真题文章的来源统计英语一英语二在上面这份英语一、二年15-20考研阅读真题阅读文章来源总结中不难看出《卫报》《经济学人》《基督教箴言》出场率极高像《时代周刊》《自然杂志》、《新闻周刊》、《科学美国人》也有不少分布。其他则包括有：《新科学家》、《社评杂志》、《福布斯》、《哈佛经济评价》、《麦肯锡季刊》、《科学探索》、《科学》、《观察家报》、《哈佛杂志》、《美国学校董事会杂志》、《星报在线》、《Big Think》、《华盛顿邮报》近两年《基督教科学箴言报》上镜率有提高，可以多关注下。我们再就以上数据做个总结1、 经济类文章主要来源：The Economist (经济学人)，Business Week (商业周刊)，Wall Street Journal(华尔街杂志);2、 科学技术类文章主要来源：Nature (自然)，Discovery (探索)，Science (科学)，National Geographic (国家地理)，Scientific American (科学美国人)，New Scientists (新科学家);3、 社会生活以及文化类文章主要来源：Newsweek (新闻周刊)，Times (时代周刊)，U.S News and World Report (美国新闻与世界报道)，The Washington Post (华盛顿邮报)，USA Today (今日美国)，The Times (泰晤士报)，The Guardian (卫报);4、 其它来源：Independent (独立日报)， International New York Times(国际纽约时报)， Telegraph (英国电信日报)。

考研大家都说得英语得天下，英语得阅读者得天下，那么我们今天来看看大家都复习的，下面看一个案例。这位同学去年国家线34 我现在阅读对六七个，完型三四分，新题型不会。。。这才十几分 国家线过了就好，求大神指教。英语好差劲，当初高考英语才考了80多分，四级也是刚刚过的水平，考研单词背了一遍，感觉阅读还是什么都看不懂。那么我们来看看大家都是咋说的：一、我去年考上的，4级到现在也没过，，也没怎么学英语，最后46，过线还是容易的。二、专攻作文，背模版，作文30分要是能够拿到20分，翻译再拿点，其他的蒙也蒙过线了。三、我跟你高考和四级一样，不过现在考英语二感觉还好，阅读一般有二十几分，新题型比较好得分，最多错一个，然而我的线要50。四、那还好，你阅读二十几，再加上新题型和完型也有40了，作文翻译怎么着也有15分以上吧。五、我也考英语二，我希望我的客观题能有40+现在阅读加新题型一般错6 7个。六、34分你随便考考就行了，真不用花费太多功夫，多背背作文，阅读随便看看就行了。七、只能说平时你不怎么去准备英语或者方法不当，现在你需要的是记住几个英语范文，可以适合任何主题的，你可以找找看，我当初高考英语没及格，不过四六级都过了。同时我也从一个二本考到了一个全国前二十的学校，后期好好准备，没那么难，心理作用。八、我想问下，完型我不做了，我全选20个A给分么？会不会给判0分……多出的时间多做阅读？？应该给吧！我当年英语考北京考了50多，最后完型没时间做了，反正我都选的b，不知道给没给分，我姐说不给分但是我觉得给了，要不我作文分就太高了点……回复：机读当然给啊。给2.5分四舍五入给3分。随便做做就能打5分以上为什么不做呢。九、我也是34分国家线，看了1个月的阅读现在还是看不懂，就指望作文了，新题型争取全对吧，这个10分很好拿的。十、我去年英一 考完出来对答案5篇阅读25个选择50分对了一个 ，感觉天都塌了… 成绩出来49，我是当场考完出来对的答案，对比我只对一个，我是靠作文匹配翻译拉的分考前下了大功夫在作文方面。十一、我英语很弱，四季都考了五次才过。所以从复习开始在英语方面的复习战略就定好了，就是拼了命的背模版， 所以英语我连真题都没做。最后目标也算达成了，不过我这个是极端方法，个人就合适个人的方式，不能一概而论。十二、你想阅读拉分还是太冒险，因为我们本来就底子弱，阅读理解选择题这个题型变数太大，不是说多做题多练考试时一定就能做对的，但作文多写多练多背一定是可以提分的。十三、你作文写好拿20分不多吧？ 翻译拿一半分不多吧？新题型拿一半分不多吧？ 剩下的阅读 完形全蒙成一个选项 至少对5个吧？ 妥妥的过线。十四、考研英语和四六级关系不大，我六级将近600分，然而阅读正确率并不高。十五、英语二慌什么？每年二卷平均分都20分，阅读新题型一共还做不对7个吗？完形全蒙A也过了啊，你作文难道不背吗？小作文背几句就能到中等档次6分，图表作文背一下开头中间段模板也能有个7分，翻译的话就算你是个高中毕业的也能写7分，这不就20了？多容易，我没看出来哪里难。十六、想起我去年考的时候，平时学的就不怎么好，做阅读的时候发现根本看不懂，于是全都远了B，幸好翻译简单，平时背的范文比较多，作文也写的不错，最后考了47，学校线是45。十七、默默地举一下手，我也是英语白痴，可是这两天鼓起勇气看一下新题型，我的天呐，还有我能看懂的英语题，加油，抓紧被几句硬着头皮也要把后边的写满，能给几分算几分。希望对你有帮助，我们是知了网伴随，大学生成长的趣味、高效在线学习平台，欢迎关注我们每天的原创文章，更多的考研、四六级等内容请关注我，点关注不迷路，也欢迎大家私下交流，如若认同请帮忙分享转发。

原文+译文：When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an alt sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. 三个月前，当一个苏格兰研究小组宣布他们克隆了一只成年绵羊时，世界为之震惊，克林顿总统迅速做出反应。Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment -- although no one had proposed to do so -- and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.他宣称反对利用这种非同寻常的畜牧业技术去克隆人，并下令禁止联邦资金用于此类实验——尽管还没有人提议要那样做——并要求一个由普林斯顿大学校长哈罗德·夏皮罗为首的独立专家小组，在九十天内拿出有关克隆人的国家政策的建议，向白宫汇报。That group -- the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) -- has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations.这个名为“全国生物伦理道德顾问委员会”（NBAC）的小组一直在非常积极地工作，集思广益，并诉诸笔端；在5月17日的一次会议上，委员们就接近定稿的意见书取得了一致意见。NBAC will ask that Clinton’s 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law.NBAC将要求克林顿总统禁止联邦资金用于克隆人的九十天禁令无限期地延长，并且还可能要求将之立法。But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells -- routine in molecular biology.但是，NBAC成员们正计划在建议的措辞上更为严谨，以避免给克隆人体DNA或细胞等研究带来更多的限制——（这属于）分子生物研究中的常规课题。The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.然而，该小组尚未在一个关键问题上达成一致，即是否建议立法机关将私人资金用于克隆人的行为法定为犯罪。In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be “morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by alt nuclear cloning.”在5月17日会议上讨论的建议序言草案中，夏皮罗表示，专家组已取得广泛的共识，认为“试图利用成人细胞核去克隆婴儿将是违背道德伦理的”。Shapiro explained ring the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.夏皮罗解释说在与会期间，道德上的怀疑主要源于对婴儿健康的担忧。随后，该小组非正式地接受了几项概括性的结论，尽管有些细节尚无定论。NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo’s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.NBAC计划呼吁继续禁止为任何企图利用人体细胞核去制造婴孩的做法提供联邦政府基金资助。因为现行的联邦法律已经禁止联邦基金用于制造研究用的胚胎(人类后代出生前的最早阶段)或有意识地危及胚胎的生命，所以NBAC在胚胎研究这一问题上将保持沉默。NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. NBAC的成员明确表示，他们将呼吁受私人基金资助的研究人员和诊所不要尝试通过人体细胞核转移来克隆人。But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was still “up in the air.”但他们在是否进一步要求联邦立法强令完全禁止克隆人这一问题上存在分歧。夏皮罗和大多数委员赞成将此立法，但在电话采访中，他透露这一议题仍“悬而未决”。试题：51. We can learn from the first paragraph that.[A] federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans[B] the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning[C] NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique[D] the White House has got the panel’s recommendations on cloning52. The panel agreed on all of the following except that.[A] the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law[B] the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control[C] it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning[D] it would be against ethical values to clone a human being53. NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because_.[A] embryo research is just a current development of cloning[B] the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research[C] an embryo’s life will not be endangered in embryo research[D] the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law54. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that.[A] some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely[B] a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time[C] privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC’s appeal[D] the issue of human cloning will soon be settled答案：B C D A

It is all very well to blame traffic jams, the cost of petrol and the quick pace of modern life, but manners on the roads are becoming horrible. 我们可以谴责交通阻塞、汽油价格、以及现代生活的快节奏，但马路礼貌确实越来越糟糕。Everybody knows that the nicest men become monsters behind the wheel. It is very well, again, to have a tiger in the tank, but to have one in the driver’s seat is another matter altogether.所有的人都知道：即便脾气最好的人在车里也会变成怪兽。老虎在油箱里还好说，可老虎若坐在驾驶员的位置上就完全是另一回事了。You might tolerate the odd road-hog, the rude and inconsiderate driver, but nowadays the well-mannered motoristis the exception to the rule. Perhaps the situation calls for a “Be Kind to Other Drivers” campaign, otherwise it may get completely out of hand.你也许能够容忍在马路上横冲直闯的司机、粗鲁且不体谅人的司机，但现今文明驾驶的司机却实属罕见。(可能这需要发起一场“对其他司机友善”的运动，否则，情形会完全失控)。第二段：Road politeness is not only good manners, but good sense too. It takes the most cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers to resist the temptation to revenge when subjected to uncivilized behavior.马路文明不仅是一种礼貌行为，还是一种良好的意识。司机需要非常冷静的头脑和好脾气才能在碰到不文明行为时克制住自己不进行报复。On the other hand, a little politeness goes a long way towards relieving the tensions of motoring.另一方面，些许文明行为十分有助于缓解驾车时的紧张情绪。A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgement in response to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of goodwill and tolerance so necessary in modern traffic conditions.一个友好的颔首、感谢对方礼貌行为的一个轻轻的挥手有助于形成友好宽容的氛围，But such acknowledgements of politeness are all too rare today. Many drivers nowadays don’t even seem able to recognize politeness when they see it.而这在当前的交通条件下是非常必要的。但现在，这种对礼貌表示认可的行为非常罕见。现今很多司机即使见到礼貌行为也似乎视若惘然。第三段：However, misplaced politeness can also be dangerous. Typical examples are the driver who brakes violently to allow a car to emerge from a side street at some hazard to following traffic, when a few seconds later the road would be clear anyway;但是，误用礼貌同样危险。典型的事例为：司机为了让过从边路上突然出现的车而采取急刹车，却对后面的交通造成了危险。（而若不出现这种情况），本来只需几秒钟的等待，道路就会畅通无阻；or the man who waves a child across a zebra crossing into the path of oncoming vehicles that may be unable to stop in time. The same goes for encouraging old ladies to cross the road wherever and whenever they care to.或者，有人会为一个穿过斑马线的孩子让路，示意其进入行车道，但随后驶来的车辆却无法及时停车。同样，鼓励老太太随时随地横穿马路的行为也是如此。It always amazes me that the highways are not covered with the dead bodies of these grannies.我经常感到奇怪：高速公路上居然没有屡屡出现这些老太太被撞死的交通事故。第四段：A veteran driver, whose manners are faultless, told me it would help if motorists learnt to filter correctly into traffic streams one at a time without causing the total blockages that give rise to bad temper.一位行为无可挑剔的老司机曾告诉我：在不引起交通阻塞，从而惹怒其他司机的前提下，司机们学会逐个插入车流有助于缓解交通。Unfortunately, modern motorists can’t even learn to drive, let alone master the subtler aspects of boatmanship.但现代的驾驶员甚至不会学如何驾车，更别说掌握公路驾车技能的微妙之处了。Years ago the experts warned us that the car-ownership explosion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is high time for all of us to take this message to heart.多年前专家就曾警告我们：汽车拥有量的突增要求所有马路使用者的互谅互让。现在是我们该把这项警告铭记于心的时候了。14. According to this passage, troubles on the road are primarily caused by.[A] people’s attitude towards the road-hog[B] the rhythm of modern life[C] the behavior of the driver[D] traffic conditions[分析] 本题考核知识点：第一段主旨题。第一段第二句至段末的内容指出：好人一旦驾车也可能成为伤人的妖怪；过分大胆的司机（tiger）会造成很大的麻烦；鉴于文明驾车的司机太少的现状，为了不至于情况完全失控，有必要发起名为“对其他司机好点”的运动。这说明，形成道路问题的主要原因是司机的行为。 另外，本文其余部分全部是围绕“司机如何正确运用礼貌（politeness），以减少道路问题”进行讨论。所以，[C]为正确选项。误选[A]是因为没有正确理解You might tolerate…rule，本句旨在说明：文明驾驶的司机并不常见；而并非说明人们对于鲁莽司机的态度。[B]、 [D]舍本逐末：文章第一段提到现代生活的节奏和交通状况是为了引出道路问题的主要原因──司机的行为。15. The sentence “You might tolerate the odd road-hog... the rule.” (Para. 1) implies that.[A] our society is unjust towards well-mannered motorists[B] rude drivers can be met only occasionally[C] the well-mannered motorist cannot tolerate the road-hog[D] nowadays impolite drivers constitute the majority of motorists[分析] 本题考核知识点：根据上下文理解句意。本句大意：你可以容忍古怪、粗鲁、不体谅人的司机，但现今文明驾驶的司机却实属罕见。exception to the rule 意为“例外”。[D] 是the well-mannered motorist is the exception to the rule的改写，表达相同的意思，所以为正确选项。[B]与事实相反。[A]、[C]文中未提及。16. By “good sense,” the writer means.[A] the driver’s ability to understand and react reasonably[B] the driver’s prompt response to difficult and severe conditions[C] the driver’s tolerance of rude or even savage behavior[D] the driver’s acknowledgement of politeness and regulations[分析] 本题考核知识点：根据上下文理解短语。根据题干关键词good sense锁定第二段第一句。由于该句是段落主题句，所以对它的理解必然基于对本段内容的把握。本段第一句指出：马路文明不仅是good manners，还是good sense。下文开始对good sense进行具体阐述。第二句说明如何对待他人不礼貌的行为：克制住自己不进行报复；第三句到段末说明如何对待他人的礼貌行为：表示理解并做出认可的反应。所以，[A]是这两方面内容的概括。[C]和[D]都只涉及一个方面的内容，不全面，[B]中“困难且严峻的条件”太笼统，“快速反应”在该段也没有提到。17. Experts have long pointed out that in the face of car-ownership explosion,.[A] road users should make more sacrifice[B] drivers should be ready to yield to each other[C] drivers should have more communication among themselves[D] drivers will suffer great loss if they pay no respect to others[分析]：本题考核知识点：细节题。根据题干中出现的关键词Experts，car-ownership explosion锁定全文倒数第二句。对本题进行判断的主要依据来自于对短语give-and-take 的理解。考生根据本合成词的构成很容易猜测出give-and-take 意为：互相让步,互相迁就（make mutual concessions），[B]中的yield to each other即为此意，所以为正确选项。18. In the writer’s opinion,.[A] strict traffic regulations are badly needed[B] drivers should apply road politeness properly[C] rude drivers should be punished[D] drivers should avoid traffic jams[分析] 本题考核知识点：作者观点题。理解作者的观点需要纵观全文。本文第二段说明司机应该礼貌驾驶并对同行的礼貌行为做出合理反应。第三段说明司机误用礼貌(misplaced politeness ) 同样危险。所以，本文是从正反两方面分析了politeness对减少道路问题的作用。properly对于作者的观点最具有概括力，所以[B]为正确选项。本文并没有从利用交通法规减少交通问题方面进行讨论，所以[A]非本文论述内容。本文也没有提及对野蛮司机的惩罚，所以[C]非正确选项。文章只在开头作为马路问题产生原因之一提及traffic jam，而并没有提到司机应该避免交通高峰以减少交通问题，所以[D]非正确选项。

原文+译文：Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments.实际上，科学的进步依赖于做实验，但更依赖于实验的观察者（即做实验的人）有所准备的头脑。Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple.据说艾萨克·牛顿爵士是从苹果落地现象中发现了万有引力。Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets.多少个世纪以来，许多地方一直都有苹果落到地面，成千上万的人也都看过苹果落地。但多年来只有牛顿一直对月球和行星沿轨道运行的起因感到好奇。What kept them in place? Why didn’t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.是什么使它们保持在现在的位置？它们为什么不从天上掉下来？苹果向下落到地面而不向上飞到树上，这一事实回答了他长期以来一直对天空中更大的“果实”——月球和行星所存有的疑问。How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree?多少人会考虑过苹果向上飞到树上的可能性呢？Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research.牛顿这样做了，因为他不想对任何事情进行预测。他只是怀有好奇心。他的头脑在准备思考不可预测的事。不可预测性是科学研究的一个基本特征。If you don’t have unpredictable things, you don’t have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.如果没有不可预测现象的产生就无所谓科学研究了。科学家们在为学术刊物撰写呆板的例行报告时往往会忘记这一点，而历史上这样的例子却比比皆是。In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the “scientific method” a substitute for imaginative thought.在和一些科学家，特别是年轻科学家交谈时，你可能会有这样一种印象：他们认为“科学方法”可以代替创造性思维。I’ve attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment.我出席过一些科研会议，会上有人问一位科学家继续某项实验是否是明智之举。The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said “the data are still inconclusive.”那位科学家皱了皱眉，又看了看图表，然后说：“数据还是不够确定。”“We know that,” the men from the budget office have said, “but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?” The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate.预算部门的人说：“这点我们知道，但你的意见如何？你觉得值得做下去吗？你觉得我们可以期待什么呢？”这位科学家感到很震惊，他没有料到人们会让他做出预测。What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings.当然，这几乎等于说：这位科学家成了自己所写报告的受害者。He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced instrial and business management that they are true.他所提出的种种论断是如此不容置疑、如此一致，以至于不仅他自己相信了，而且也说服了工商界的管理者相信其正确性。If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to proce results measurable in dollars and cents.假如科学实验像科学杂志报告显示的那样完全按事先的计划去规划和实施，那么，对管理层来说，期待研究能够产生可用美元、美分衡量的结果是完全合理的。It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.审计人员也完全有理由相信，确切知道自己的目标并知道如何实现这一目标的科学家们根本没必要分心：用一只眼盯着现金计数器的同时，用另一只眼睛盯着显微镜。Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team.”如果像他们的论文所反映的那样，科学家渴望规律性和与某种标准模式的一致性，那么管理人员歧视研究人员中的“标新立异者”，而赞赏“善于合作”的具有传统思维模式的人，也就是无可指摘的。试题：51. The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that.[A] inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments[B] science advances when fruitful researches are concted[C] scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research[D] unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research52. The author asserts that scientists.[A] shouldn’t replace “scientific method” with imaginative thought[B] shouldn’t neglect to speculate on unpredictable things[C] should write more concise reports for technical journals[D] should be confident about their research findings53. It seems that some young scientists.[A] have a keen interest in prediction[B] often speculate on the future[C] think highly of creative thinking[D] stick to “scientific method”54. The author implies that the results of scientific research.[A] may not be as profitable as they are expected[B] can be measured in dollars and cents[C] rely on conformity to a standard pattern[D] are mostly underestimated by management答案：A B D A

When an invention is made, the inventor has three possible courses of action open to him: he can give the invention to the world by publishing it, keep the idea secret, or patent it.当发明家创造了一件发明，他可能做三件事情：他可能将这件发明公诸于世，也可能保守秘密，或者也可能为这件发明申请专利权。A granted patent is the result of a bargain struck between an inventor and the state, by which the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly (垄断) and publishes full details of his invention to the public after that period terminates.批准了的专利是发明家和国家讨价还价的结果，发明家享受一段时间的垄断权，在这段时间之后，他必须公布其发明的所有细节。Only in the most exceptional circumstances is the lifespan of a patent extended to alter this normal process of events.只有在极特殊的情况下专利的期限才可能被延长以改变事件的正常过程。The longest extension ever granted was to Georges Valensi; his 1939 patent for color TV receiver circuitry was extended until 1971 because for most of the patent’s normal life there was no colour TV to receive and thus no hope of reward for the invention.迄令为止批准的最长的延期授予了乔治瓦伦西，他1939年的彩色电视接收机电路系统的专利被延长至1971年，因为在该专利的大部分有效期里根本没有彩色电视节目，因此该发明没有获利的希望。Because a patent remains permanently public after it has terminated, the shelves of the library attached to the patent office contain details of literally millions of ideas that are free for anyone to use and, if older than half a century, sometimes even re-patent.由于一项专利在其有效期终止后将永远公之于众，因此附属于专利机构的图书馆的书架上收藏有至少上百万种发明想法供任何人免费使用，如果它们已经存在半个多世纪，有时候甚至被人们用于重新申请专利。Indeed, patent experts often advise anyone wishing to avoid the high cost of concting a search through live patents that the one sure way of avoiding violation of any other inventor’s right is to plagiarize a dead patent.事实上，专利专家经常向希望避开使用有效专利的高昂代价的人们建议，避免侵犯任何其他发明者权利的一个万无一失的办法就是剽窃一个已经失效的专利。Likewise, because publication of an idea in any other form permanently invalidates further patents on that idea, it is traditionally safe to take ideas from other areas of print. Much modern technological advance is based on these presumptions of legal security.同样，由于已经以任何其他形式发表的想法不能再用于申请专利，因此保守的做法是从其他公开的相关领域获得灵感。许多现代技术的突破就是基于这样的法律保障前提。Anyone closely involved in patents and inventions soon learns that most “new” ideas are, in fact, as old as the hills.任何密切参与专利和发明工作的人都很快了解到大部分“新”思想实际上都很陈旧。It is their rection to commercial practice, either through necessity or dedication, or through the availability of new technology, that makes news and money.正是出于需要或奉献，或由于得到新技术而使构想转换为商业行为，它们创造了新闻和经济效益。The basic patent for the theory of magnetic recording dates back to 1886. Many of the original ideas behind television originate from the late 19th and early 20th century. Even the Volkswagen rear engine car was anticipated by a 1904 patent for a cart with the horse at the rear.磁记录理论的基本专利要追溯到1886年。许多关于电视机的最初想法都来自于19世纪末20世纪初。甚至1904年一项马在后面的马车专利就预示了大众后置发动机汽车的诞生。 26.[答案]D[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：文章主旨文章先在第二、三段介绍了专利的一些特点，又在第四段说明特殊情况下专利期限的延长，然后用大量篇幅说明怎样利用一些他人已有的但不再受保护的想法来进行新的发明创造，并进而取得专利或专利权，也就是谈论如何接近并有效利用专利。[D]选项是对文章主旨的概括，是正确答案。[A]、[B]选项不是文章主要论述的话题。[C]选项中use不如access to 精确。access to 意为“接近（进入，取得）……的机会或权利”，use只有“使用”之意。27.[答案] C[解析]本题考核的知识点是：细节是非判断。对于是非题，可采取排除法。[A]选项中if necessary与第五段第一句话指出的重新申请专利的条件if older than half a century不符。[B]选项与首段所指的当发明问世时，发明者可以有三种选择相悖。[C]选项与第二段中the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly and publishes all the details of his invention to the public after that period terminates内容一致，为正确答案。[D]选项错在patented invention，第五段第一句话中a patent remains permanently public after it has terminated强调只有专利权失效后才会公之于众。28.[答案] B[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：文章细节文章第三段指出在特殊情况下可延长专利期限。然后在第四段作者以乔治瓦伦西为例，对“极其特殊”这个条件进行解释。他的专利获得延期的原因是：because for most of the patents’ normal life there was no color TV to receive and thus no hope of reward for the invention，也就是说在他的发明专利的大部分有效期内，该专利没有得到应用。[B]选项与原文相符，为正确答案。[A]选项虽然出现了原文中的词语reward，但原文指的是“不能获利”，而该项指的是“别人购买他的专利”。[C]选项将原文中的“根本没有彩色电视节目”偷换成“很少有电视台提供彩色节目”。[D]选项时间错误，乔治瓦伦西在1939年就获得了彩电接收器的专利权。29.[答案] A[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：词语释义 第五段第二句指出与使用有效专利（live patent）相比，失效的专利（dead patent）可以节省高额费用，还不会带来侵权的麻烦。[A]选项为正确答案。plagiarize是“剽窃，抄袭”的意思，与选项中的steal是近义词。其他选项都没有体现plagiarize的含义。30.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申本题可通过排除法解题。[A]选项与第六段第二句It is their rection to commercial practice… that makes news and money内容一致，是正确选项。[B]选项中的“产品”与“发明”之间的关系文中没有涉及。[C]选项中对不同专利购买费用的比较在文章中没有涉及。[D]选项与文章第五段第二句…patent experts often advise anyone …不符，从该句可知，对过期专利进行研究的人是听取专家意见的人，而不是专家本人，[D]选项搞错了动作的施动者，故不正确。