2000考研英语阅读解析

问题：考研英语真题谁的好用？考研真相or黄皮书？这题我觉得我还挺适合的，因为我是二战。第一次用的张剑的黄皮书，第二次用的《考研真相》。以前觉得二战丢人，现在觉得没啥，因为我考上了哈哈哈。其实二战压力挺大的。因为我身边真的没有那种考研失败的，要么直接就考上了，要么早早就找好了工作，想哭都找不到人。考研失利后，我也尝试过找工作，但像我这种二本院校、专业一般、性格内向的，确实很难在高校云集的西安找到合适的工作。别人一听，本科生？给你3000算高的。之后我干了1个多月教小学生语文的工作。工作地方远，一月只能拿2000多，我还招架不了那些小孩，一个比一个皮。没办法，及时止损，递了辞呈，教完小孩的最后一批课程，我就正式开始我的二战之路了，想通过提升学历来提升工资待遇。————————————开启二战———————————首先当然是选资料了，你问考研英语真题谁的好用？就只说说你关注的英语。单词书我沿用了之前的，但是真题被我画得乱七八糟的，所以只能重买一本了。原先用的是张剑黄皮书，其实整体问题也不大，但我想换本新的，重新开始，就也是在知乎上看人推荐了《考研真相》，所以就买了。下面我从我印象比较深刻的几个方面，给你对比一下这两本真题书，只是我的个人使用感受啊，不喜勿喷。1、考研英语真题谁的好用？——从解析的详细程度上个人观点，在答案的详细程度上，《考研真相》更胜一筹。像我之前用黄皮书时，它里面的句子就是挑着讲的，讲的也确实都是难理解的句子。但是有些黄皮书认为简单的句子，对我这种基础差的，还是有一定挑战性的。但是《考研真相》对英语渣就比较友好了，它是每个句子都有解析，长难句还有图解，重点单词也单独注释。我觉得更适合基础弱的考研党，那些英语特别好的同学，可能会觉得有点儿鸡肋。p.s.黄皮书大学毕业寄书那次就丢了，占地方，也破了没法再用了。所以现在没有照片，大家谅解一下哈。2、考研英语真题谁的好用？——从文章结构的整体把控上这点黄皮书做得更好。黄皮书比较看重阅读的整体理解，它不会像《考研真相》那样，给你一句句分析句子结构，而更重视文章结构解题思路。看了黄皮书的解析，你能很好地把控句子之间的联系和上下文结构关系。简单来说，就是你在基本理解文意的基础上，黄皮书会教你做题套路。你要是英语基础比较好，可以考虑黄皮书。英语渣就算了，因为你连文章啥意思都没看懂，做题套路摆在你面前你也不会用。3、考研英语真题谁的好用？——从作文范文和后续练习来看我觉得《考研真相》和黄皮书各有千秋。平时练真题，对我来说，最难的一是阅读，二就是作文了。所以我比较关注作文。从给的范文来看，《考研真相》更有亮点，因为它会给2篇范文，一个是比较简单的经典模板，另一个是升级了单词、句式表达的创新范文。方便后期复习时拔高用。再从后续练习看，《黄皮书》后面有自己布置练习，还是参考真题风格来的，有一定的押题可能，你要是复习时间比较多，可以试着练练。→关于考研英语真题谁的好用？，总结一下：《考研真相》更适合基础弱的考研党用。啥叫基础弱，比如你四六级低分过/考了好几次才过、拿到一篇阅读，一半以上的内容都看不懂……《黄皮书》更适合基础比较好的。就是基本能看懂文章，做题时长难句不是阻碍，能看懂文章但就是做不对题，这样的话，你就很适合黄皮书了。上面的分析可能不是很全面，但都是我的亲身感受。你也可以借学长学姐的黄皮书和《考研真相》，自己比较比较。选到适合自己的资料，也有事半功倍的效果哦。————————————回忆结束———————————其实研究生工资可能比本科生也高不了很多，但是二战带给我的，不仅是一个研究生学历，更是重新再来的勇气、不断反思总结自己的自省能力。最关键是，弥补了我高考以及一战时的遗憾。人生很长，希望你有不断追求自己所要的勇气和坚持，老学姐祝你考研成功，离自己想要的生活越来越近，加油！

本文是2013年考研英语试卷阅读理解Part A的Text 2部分。本文主要讲述了网络隐私问题，就“在线行为广告”引发的争议展开论述，随后追溯了争议的相关解决方案。An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half.老话说的好，广告费的一半是浪费了的——问题是，没人知道哪一半浪费掉的。In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reced.在互联网时代，至少在理论上，这一浪费的部分能够减少。By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.通过观察人们搜索什么，点击什么，在网络上说什么，公司能够瞄准那些更容易购买的客户投放“行为”广告。26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to:第一段表明，“行为”广告帮助广告商：[A] ease competition among themselves缓和他们之间的竞争[B] lower their operational costs降低运营成本[C] avoid complaints from consumers避免消费者的抱怨[D] provide better online services提供更好的网络服务答案：B。解析：第一句就指出了，广告费花费了有一半被浪费掉了。后面指出互联网时代广告费用大幅减少，因为公司（广告商）能够将“行为”广告投放给最有可能购买的人群。由此可知，“行为广告”能帮助广告商“降低运营成本”这句话最符合题意。In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?在过去几周，一场争论表明这些精准信息对于广告商的价值：广告商应该假定用户乐于被追踪并且收到这些广告吗？或者应该获得用户明确的准许？In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed .在2010年12月，美国联邦贸易委员会建议提出一个“禁止追踪”的选项加入到网络浏览器中，以便用户能告诉广告商他们不想被“追踪”。Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is e to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digltal Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the instry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.微软的IE浏览器和苹果的Safari浏览器提供了“禁止追踪”选项；谷歌的Chrome浏览器在今年准备提供这样的功能。2月，联邦贸易委员会和数字广告联盟同意该行业尽快对“禁止追踪”这一请求作出回应。27. “The instry” (Line 6, Para.3) refers to:“该行业”指的是：[A] online advertisers在线广告商[B] e-commerce conctors电子商务运营[C] digital information analysis数字信息分析者[D] internet browser developers网络浏览器开发商答案：D。解析：FTC和DAA一致认为the instry会对DNT要求迅速做出回应。前面又指出FTC提议在浏览器上添加DNT选项，可见这个提议的动作执行者在浏览器开发商。可见FTC和DAA提议的the instry就是浏览器开发商。On May 31st Microsoft set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version e to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.微软在五月31日率先发起讨论，它表明随windows8一起发布的IE 10，将把“禁止追踪”选项设为默认状态。Advertisers are horrified .广告商慌神了。Human nature being what it is,most people stick with default settings.人性本质上是，大多数人还是坚持默认设置的。Few switch DNT on now,but if tracking is off it will stay off.很少人会打开DNT选项，但是如果“追踪”是关闭的那么它就一直关闭了。Bob Liodice,the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers,says consumers will be worse off if the instry cannot collect information about their preferences.国家广告协会会长Bob Liodice 表示，如果这个行业不能收集消费者们的偏好信息，消费者的情况将会更糟。People will not get fewer ads,he says.“They’ll get less meaningful,less targeted ads.人们看到的广告不会更少，他们会得到更多的“无意义的”、更不精确的目标广告。28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a defaultBob Liodice坚称设置“禁止追踪”为默认选项[A] may cut the number of junk ads可能减少垃圾广告[B] fails to affect the ad instry对这个行业没有影响[C] will not benefit consumers对消费者不利[D] goes against human nature违反人性答案：C。解析：Bob Liodice指出了消费者的情况会更糟糕，收到的广告不会变少，反而会出现更多无意义的广告。所以C正确。It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond.还不清楚广告商怎么回应。Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so.收到“DNT”信号并不能迫使企业去停止追踪，尽管一些企业承诺会这么做。Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.由于不能分辨出用户是拒绝“行为”广告还是他们只是坚持微软的默认选项，一些企业可能忽略“禁止追踪”的信号并且继续追踪。29. which of the following is true according to Paragraph.6?根据第六段，下面哪一个是正确的？[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose“禁止追踪”可能不能取得预期目标[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT广告商更希望执行“禁止追踪”选项[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers“禁止追踪”在消费者之中并不流行[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads广告商有责任提供“行为”广告答案：A。解析：公司收到DNT信号并不意味着一定要求停止追踪，而且由于他们不清楚消费者心理，可能也会对DNT默认信号加以忽略。由此，DNT并不能达到限制公司获取用户在线行为信息的目的。所以A合适。Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone.并且也不清楚为什么微软一意孤行的发起行动。After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how.毕竟，它也有商业广告业务。据称这些业务也遵守“禁止追踪”选项设定。不过还在具体怎样实施还在研究当中。If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising，it has chosen an indirect method: there is no guarantee that DNT by default will become the norm.如果它是想让谷歌不高兴，谷歌的业务几乎全靠广告支持。它选择了一个不太直接的方式，没有保证说能将“‘禁止追踪’设为默认状态”成为行业规范。DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other procts favorably with Google's on that count before.“禁止追踪”看起来也不能成为Windows 8的巨大卖点，尽管此前这个公司将旗下一些产品与谷歌的进行了有利对比。Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, blogged:" we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?Brendon Lynch，微软首席隐私官，在博客中写道：我们相信消费者将有更多的控制权。真的那么简单吗？30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:作者对Brendon Lynch在博客中所说的态度是：[A] inlgence纵容[B] understanding理解[C] appreciation欣赏[D] skepticism怀疑答案：D。解析：Brendon Lynch说消费者应该拥有更多控制权，但是作者后面又反问：真的那么简单吗？可见，作者对Brendon Lynch的观点是怀疑的。

Text 4In a rare unanimous ruling, the US Supreme Court has overturned the corruption conviction of a former Virginia governor, Robert McDonnell. But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conct, which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari Automobile from a company seeking access to government.在一个少见的全体一致的裁决中，美国最高法院推翻了前项对前弗吉尼亚州长罗伯特麦克唐纳的贪腐判决，但是最高法院对他的行为也掩鼻不屑，麦克唐纳接受从一家公司馈赠的包括劳力士手表、法拉利汽车等，已获得和政府接触的机会。The high court’s decision saidthe judge in Mr. McDonnell’s trialfailed to tell a jury that it must look only at his “official acts,” or the former governor’s decisions on “specific” and “unsettled” issues related to his ties.最高院的决定表明麦克审判的法官没有告知陪审团必须只考虑他的“公务行为”，或者麦克的决定在特殊和未解决的问题上必须与公务相关。Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials, unless done with clear intent to pressure those officials, is not corruption, thejusticesfound.仅仅帮助一个送礼者给他们接触其他官员的机会，除非对那些官员有明确的意图以此施加压力，否则那不成为腐败。最高法官如是裁决。The court did suggest that accepting favorsin return for opening doors is “distasteful” and “nasty.” But under anti-bribery laws, proof must be made of concrete benefits, such as approval of a contract or regulation. Simply arranging a meeting, making a phone call, or hosting an event is not an “official act.”法院明确表示接受馈赠从而为其打开方便之门的确令人反感和恶心，但是在根据反贿赂法，证据证明必须得有确凿的利益，比如批准一个合同或规定，才构成受贿。仅仅安排会面，打个电话，主持一项活动不能算公务行为。The court’s rulingis legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal. Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fear of prosecution of bribery. “The basic compactunderlying representative government,” wrote Chief Justice John Roberts for the court, “assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on their concerns.”法庭的裁决在法律上合理的界定一种非犯罪的偏好，民选领袖必须允许帮助资助者解决官僚作风的问题，不用担心面临贿赂的指控，首席大法官JR说，代议制政府之下的基本契约是公共官员能够听从选民关切的事情并出谋划策。But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives, not the courts, to ensure equality of access to government. Officials must not be allowed toplay favorites in providing information or in arranging meetings simply because an indivial or group provides a campaign donation or a personal gift. This type of integrity requires well-enforced laws in government transparency, such as records of official meetings, rules on lobbying, and information about each elected leader’s source of wealth.但是判决强调市民和选民代表的要求，而不是法院的要求，确保对政府通道的平等性。官员不能因为个人或组织提供了竞选资金或个人馈赠就厚此薄彼，提供信息、安排见面等，这种形式的诚信需要政府严格执行透明政策，比如官方会议录音，游说规定，和民选领袖财富来源信息。Favoritism in official access canfan public perceptions of corruption. But it is not always corruption. Rather officials must avoid double standards, or different types of access for average people and the wealthy. If connections can be bought, a basic premise of democratic society – that all are equal in treatment by government- is undermined. Good government rests on an understanding of the inherent worth of each indivial.偏袒会煽动民众对腐败的理解，但是它不是总是腐败，相反，公务员需要避免“双标”，即对普通人和富人采取不同的标准，如果关系可以买来，民主社会的前提——所有人都被政府平等对待——就被破坏了。好的政府依赖于一个个个体的内在价值。The court’s ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism.法院裁决是对腐败和公务偏袒斗争的一个进步。36. The underlined sentence(Para.1) most probably shows that the court划线句子表明法院[A] avoided defining the extent of McDonnell’s ties.避免给麦克的职责定范围[B] made no compromise in convicting McDonnell.在麦克的定罪上没有妥协[C] was contemptuousof McDonnell’s conct.对麦克的行径表示蔑视[D] refused to comment on McDonnell’s ethics.拒绝对麦克的行径评论37. According to Paragraph 4, an official act is deemed corruptive only if it involves根据第四段 ，公务行为只有涉及（）才被认为腐败[A] concrete returns for gift-givers.提供具体的汇报给送礼者[B] sizable gains in the form of gifts.可观的礼物收益 [C] leaking secrets intentionally.主动泄露秘密 [D] breaking contracts officially.公务上的违约 38. The court’s ruling is based on the assumption that public officials are法院裁决基于公务人员的（）假设[A] allowed to focus on the concerns of their supporters.允许把重点放在支持者关心的事情上[B] qualified to deal independently with bureaucratic issues.有能力独自解决政府事情[C] justified in addressing the needs of their constituents.有正当理由满足选民的要求[D]exempt from conviction on the charge of favoritism.对于偏袒的指控免除定罪 39. Well-enforced laws in government transparency are needed to在政府透明度方面，需要强有力的法律来保证[A] awaken the conscienceof officials.唤醒公务人民的道德心 [B] guarantee fair play in official access.保证官方接待的公平 [C] allow for certain kinds of lobbying.允许某种程度的游说 [D] inspire hopes in average people.激发普通人的希望 40. The author’s attitude toward the court’s ruling is作者对法院裁决的态度是[A] sarcastic.讽刺[B] tolerant.容忍 [C] skeptical.怀疑 [D] supportive.支持答案：CCCBD

What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America -- breakthroughs such as the telegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine?在早期美国，像电报、汽船和织布机这样重大的发明突破纷涌而出，其原因何在？Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country’s excellent elementary schools: a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, “spatial” thinking about things technological.在诸多形成因素中，我想特别指出如下因素：这个国家优异的小学教育；欢迎新技术的劳动大军；对发明者进行奖励的做法；尤其是美国人在处理技术性事物时所具有的非语言的空间思维才能。Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.为什么要提小学教育？正是因为有了这些学校，我们的早期技工才普遍能读会写，并精通算术及部分几何和三角，这种情况在新英格兰和大西洋中部各州尤为可见。Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this ecational advantage.目光敏锐的外国观察家把美国人的适应能力和创新能力与这种教育优势联系起来。As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, “With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman.”正如1853年访美的一个英国访问团成员所报道的那样，“由于有了学校彻底训练过的头脑，美国小伙子迅速地成为技术熟练的工人。”A further stimulus to invention came from the “premium” system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach, originated abroad, offered inventors medals, cash prizes and other incentives.推动发明的另一刺激因素来自“奖赏”制度，它产生于我们的专利制度之前，且多年来与后者一同实施。这种做法起源于国外，做法是为发明者颁发奖章、奖金和其他奖励。In the United States, multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the instrial fairs in major cities.在美国，大量奖励新发明的奖品在乡村集市和大城市的工业博览会上颁发。Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.美国人纷纷涌向这些集市和博览会去欣赏新机器，因而更加坚信技术进步会造福人类。Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology.有了这种对技术革新的乐观态度，美国工人很快便习惯了机械技术需要的那种特别的非语言的思维方式。As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, “A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reced to unambiguous verbal descriptions: they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process... The designer and the inventor... are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist.”正如尤金·弗格森曾指出的：“技术人员思考那些不能被简化为用明确的语言进行描述的物体；这些物体在他的头脑中以视觉性的、非语言性的方式被处理加工…设计者和发明者…能把那些尚不存在的机械在头脑中组装和操作。”This nonverbal “spatial” thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc., like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.”这种非语言的空间思维方式与绘画和写作一样具有创意。罗伯特·法欧曾写道：“技术人员坐在杠杆、螺钉、楔子、轮子等中间，如同一位诗人处在词汇之中，应该把它们看做是自己思想的一种表达，每一个新的组合都能传达一个新的意念。”When all these shaping forces -- schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking -- interacted with one another on the rich U.S. mainland, they proced that American characteristic, emulation. Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence.当所有这些成因——学校、开放的态度、奖赏制度及空间思维天赋在富饶的美国大陆上相互作用时，便造就了美国人的特点——竞争。今天这个词仅表示“模仿”（取其仿效之意），而在早期美国，它却意味着为名誉和优秀而进行友好、竞争的拼搏。［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。文章首句是个设问句，题干是对它的改写，其中e to和account for是同义短语。第二段对此设问予以回答，给出的原因有：优秀的初等教育；欢迎新技术的劳动力；给发明者以奖励的制度；而最重要的是美国人对技术性事物进行非语言的、“空间”思维的才能。前面三个原因之间的分号表明一种并列关系，说明分号前后是同等重要的原因，而最后一个分号后的above all（最重要）一词，与题干中的in a large part同义，显示它后面的内容与前面所列原因相比，更具重要性。因此D选项为正确答案。其他选项都是次要原因。技巧：文章首句出现问句一般是设问句，即有问必有答，而且它的回答往往是文章中心句或表明作者态度的句子。［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。根据题干中关键词adaptiveness and inventiveness定位到文章第四段首句，该句指出：敏锐的外国观察家将美国人的适应能力和创新能力与这个教育优势（this ecational advantage）联系在一起。解题的关键在于找到“这个教育优势”指的是什么。This作为代词，一般往回复指前述的最后内容，也就是第三段末句谈到的“早期技工们有文化并且熟知算术（arithmetic），还通晓一些几何学（geometry）和三角学（trigonometry）”，从而可知这种教育优势就是熟练掌握数学。因而A选项为正确答案。B选项的干扰来自第四段末句，该句提到彻底的学校训练（school discipline）让美国小伙子迅速成长为技术人员，这里的学校训练就是指上文中的“数学教育优势”，而非选项中的“学校管理”。C选项中的home training 是对第三段at home in...（熟知）进行断章取义。D选项在文中未提及。技巧：指代关系是常考点。代词指代的位置原则是就近指代，即在上下文中，指代内容可以是一个词或句子。代词指代体现的是句子之间的关系，正确答案从意义(主要指语法搭配)上和逻辑(主要指思想内容)上而言都应该通顺。第七段中引用Eugene Ferguson的话说明技术专家以非语言的方式进行思考。第八段首句指出：这种非语言的“空间”思维在创造力上可以与绘画和写作相比。接着文章又引用Robert Fulton的话说明a mechanic和a poet在使用“空间”思维方面的相通之处。因此，B选项为正确答案。此题还可以通过排除法求答。A选项无中生有，难道所有的技术专家和艺术家都是获奖者吗？C选项过度推断，显然不适用于艺术家。试问放弃语言描述的文字作品会是如何？况且进行非语言的空间思维不等于说放弃语言表达。D选项缺乏比较力度。若以使用多种工具为比较基础，岂不是各行各业的人都可以认为相似？技巧：类比可以看作是特殊的例证，但常使用比喻手法，用熟悉的、具体的、简单的事物来说明陌生的、抽象的、复杂的事物，目的不在比较，而在说明。考生关键要找出它所说明的论点或找出类比双方的相似性。［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：文章主旨题。总结主旨需要通观全文：文章一开始通过设问句点明主题，指出美国初期出现大量发明创造的众多原因。从第三段开始文章就各个原因分别论述。最后一段是全文的总结。可见，本文主要探讨早期美国人的发明创造热及其根源。因此A选项为最佳答案。也可用排除法解题。B、C选项都是部分原因，不能概括全文主旨；D选项太泛，文章只探究了引起发明热的原因。技巧：主旨题旨在考查考生对全篇文章信息综合归纳的能力。首先，文章开头部分对设问的回答往往是文章中心所在。其次，还应注意：(1)片面性、细节性的选项不能作题目。(2)可以假设某选项为题，然后试想在这样的题目下，应该写的内容。若与文章内容相悖，则不能作为题目。

The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be proced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. 美国的经济体制是在基本上由私营企业组成并以市场为导向的经济基础上建立起来的。在这个经济体制里，需要生产什么主要是由消费者在市场上花钱购买他们最需要的商品和服务决定的。Private businessmen, striving to make profits, proce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are proced.为了获取利润，私有企业主之间互相竞争，来生产这些产品和提供这些服务。在竞争的压力下运作，追求利润的动机很大程度上决定了生产商品和提供服务的方式。Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of indivial consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of indivials to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be proced and how resources are used to proce it.因此，在美国的经济体制中，消费者个人的需求、商人对获取最大利润的追求以及消费者渴望最大化自己的收入，所有这些共同决定了应该生产什么和如何利用资源去生产这些产品。An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by procers.在以市场为导向的经济中的一个重要因素是反映消费者需求以及生产者对消费者需求作出反应的机制。In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-procers.在美国经济中，这一机制是由价格体制提供，在价格体系中，价格随消费者的相对需求和出售者及生产者的供应情况而上下浮动。If the proct is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market.如果产品相对供不应求，价格就会抬升，从而使一些消费者从市场上消失。If, on the other hand, procing more of a commodity results in recing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-procers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the proct.另一方面，如果商品的大量生产导致成本的降低，这会促使销售商和生产商供给的增加，从而反过来导致价格下降，致使更多的消费者购买产品。Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.因此，价格是美国经济体制中的调节机制。The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that indivials are allowed to own proctive resources (private property), and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and proce goods and services for sale at a profit.私有企业经济的一个重要因素是允许个人拥有生产资料（私有财产），允许他们雇用劳动力，控制自然资源，以及生产产品、提供服务以获取利润。In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of proctive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a proct or to make a free contract with another private indivial.在美国经济中，私人财产的概念不仅仅包含对生产资料的所有权，还包含某些其他权利，其中包括确定产品的价格或与另一私营者签订自由合同。11.[答案]D[解析]本题考核的知识点是：句题题。先定位到第一段末句。解题的关键是看对maximize的理解。原文所在句“coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of indivials to maximize their incomes”将生产者和消费者的愿望对照来说。句中的两个maximize平衡并列，作用、意义完全相同。因此知道maximize在第一处的意义即可知道第二处之意。众所周知，商人总是想用最少的投入取得最大的利润，这就是maximize的意义。由此可知，消费者希望使一定的收入取得最大限度的效益，即用现有收入买到更多更好的商品。而[D]选项恰是此意。[A]和[B]选项未在原文提及。[C]选项反映的是劳资双方的关系，而不是生产者与消费者之间的关系。12.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。[D]选项就是该段第二句“prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-procers”的概括，为正确答案。[A]选项在这两句中并未涉及。注意文中第一句的mechanism意为“机制”，而该选项中的mechanized意为“机械化”，二者含义不同。误选[B]选项的考生是对该段首句的语法成分分析错误。它是一个省略句，补全后应该是“An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and (by which consumer demands can be) responded to by procers”。由此可知，消费者通过这一机制表达他们的需求，而生产者则通过这一机制对他们的需求作出反应。[B]选项理解成consumer demands can be expressed…by procers。[C]选项与第二句“供求关系决定价格”不符，也应该排除。此题亦可通过经济常识解答。注意：干扰选项经常使用原文中出现的词语或类似的结构伪造，所以对那些出现了原词的选项一定要仔细辨认真伪。13.[答案]A[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：段落主旨题。题干要求考生回答私营企业经济的特点，即第三段的主题。该段只有两句。第一句强调的是私营企业最重要的因素是个人拥有生产资料（私人财产）、允许个人雇用劳动力和控制自然资源。第二句是指私人财产的概念还包含某些其他权利，如：产品价格的决定权或与其他私有个体的自由签约权。尤其第二句的not only… but also…更表明了此段主旨。[A]选项是对上述内容的概括，为正确答案。而[B]、[C]和[D]选项虽然都在第三段述及，但是都是[A]选项下的具体内容，缺乏概括性，不应该入选。命题意图要求考生区分段落细节与段落中心是局部与整体的关系。14.[答案]C[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：文章主旨题。解此题需要了解文章各段的主旨。第一段论述美国经济体制的构成；第二段介绍市场经济的运行方式；第三段介绍私营经济的特点。后两段是对第一段的进一步论述。由此可见，美国经济体制的构成和运作是本文论述的中心。[C]选项正反映了这一主题。[A]、[B]和[D]选项都在文中有所涉及，但都是具体细节，比较片面，应该排除。此题还可以通过直接对选项进行比较排除来解题。[A]、[B]和[D]都在文中述及，分属于三个独立的、不同的概念。其中任意一个可代表其他两个，而[C]选项概括性强，可以包括[A]、[B]和[D]，故[C]为正确答案。

In the atmosphere, carbon dioxide acts rather like a one-way mirror -- the glass in the roof of a greenhouse which allows the sun’s rays to enter but prevents the heat from escaping.大气中二氧化碳的作用类似于单向反射镜——如温室的玻璃屋顶，允许太阳光线的进入，同时又防止内部热量的散失。According to a weather expert’s prediction, the atmosphere will be 3℃ warmer in the year 2050 than it is today, if man continues to burn fuels at the present rate. If this warming up took place, the ice caps in the poles would begin to melt, thus raising sea level several metres and severely flooding coastal cities.根据气象专家的预测，若人类继续以当前的速度燃烧燃料，则2050年的大气层会比现在温度升高3℃。一旦这种温室效应真的发生，则极地冰盖会开始融化，从而使海面上升达几米，沿线城市出现严重洪水灾害。Also, the increase in atmospheric temperature would lead to great changes in the climate of the northern hemisphere, possibly resulting in an alteration of earth’s chief food-growing zones.除此之外，大气温度的上升会使北半球的气候产生巨大变化，可能从而导致世界主要产粮区的改变。In the past, concern about a man-made warming of the earth has concentrated on the Arctic because the Antarctic is much colder and has a much thicker ice sheet. 过去人们主要关注人为造成的全球变暖对北极的影响，因为南极圈比北极圈冷得多，且冰层也厚得多，But the weather experts are now paying more attention to West Antarctic, which may be affected by only a few degrees of warming: in other words, by a warming on the scale that will possibly take place in the next fifty years from the burning of fuels.但现在，气候专家开始把更多的注意力放到了西南极圈─—因为几度的升温（换言之，未来五十年燃料燃烧所造成的升温）足可以影响该地区。Satellite pictures show that large areas of Antarctic ice are already disappearing. The evidence available suggests that a warming has taken place. This fits the theory that carbon dioxide warms the earth.卫星图像表明：南极圈中大片区域已经开始消失。现有证据表明：温室效应已经发生。这与二氧化碳能使地球变暖的理论相符。However, most of the fuel is burnt in the northern hemisphere, where temperatures seem to be falling.但是，燃料燃烧最多的北半球温度不升反降。Scientists conclude, therefore, that up to now natural influences on the weather have exceeded those caused by man. The question is: Which natural cause has most effect on the weather?对此，科学家得出的结论是：迄今为止，自然因素对天气的影响胜过人为因素。问题是，哪种自然因素对天气的影响最大。One possibility is the variable behavior of the sun. Astronomers at one research station have studied the hot spots and “cold” spots (that is, the relatively less hot spots) on the sun. As the sun rotates, every 27.5 days, it presents hotter or “colder” faces to the earth, and different aspects to different parts of the earth.一种可能是太阳行为的变化。某一研究站的气象学家已对太阳的热点和“冷点（相对较冷的地方）”进行了研究。太阳旋转时，以27.5天为周期向地球的不同地方展示其热点或“冷点”的不同方面。This seems to have a considerable effect on the distribution of the earth’s atmospheric pressure, and consequently on wind circulation. The sun is also variable over a long term: its heat output goes up and down in cycles, the latest trend being downward.这似乎对地球大气压力的分布有相当大的影响，从而影响风流。同时，太阳也在做长期的变化：它的热量释放呈升——降交替变化，最近呈下降趋势。Scientists are now finding mutual relations between models of solar-weather interactions and the actual climate over many thousands of years, including the last Ice Age. The problem is that the models are predicting that the world should be entering a new Ice Age and it is not. 科学家们现在发现了太阳——天气互动模式和实际气候几千年间的变化（包括最后的冰川时代）之间的联系。问题是: 基于这种模式的预测，世界现在应该正在进入新的冰川时代，而实际上并没有。One way of solving this theoretical difficulty is to assume a delay of thousands of years while the solar effects overcome the inertia (惯性) of the earth’s climate. If this is right, the warming effect of carbon dioxide might thus be serving as a useful counter-balance to the sun’s diminishing heat.对这个理论难题的解决方法是：假定太阳效应克服地球气候的惯性效应需要几千年时间。若此假定正确，则二氧化碳的温室效应会有助于抵消太阳热量的减少趋势。14. It can be concluded that a concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would.[A] prevent the sun’s rays from reaching the earth’s surface[B] mean a warming up in the Arctic[C] account for great changes in the climate in the northern hemisphere[D] raise the temperature of the earth’s surface[分析] 本题考核知识点：细节推理题。第一段将二氧化碳在大气中的作用类比温室的玻璃屋顶：允许阳光进入，并阻止内部热量的逃逸，（其结果是地球表面温度上升）。第二段首句则直接指出燃烧产生的二氧化碳会使大气温度上升。第四段指出：南极气候变化证明了二氧化碳使地球变暖的理论。所以，[D]为正确选项。[A]和第一段内容相反。第五段说明，北半球（包括北极圈）的气温在下降，所以，从文中无法推知[B]。[C]的错误在于其片面性。第五段指出：产生二氧化碳最多的北半球温度不升反降是因为：自然因素对北半球气候的影响大于人为因素，所以，北半球气候的变化是自然因素和人为因素作用的共同结果。15. The article was written to explain.[A] the greenhouse effect[B] the solar effects on the earth[C] the models of solar-weather interactions[D] the causes affecting weather[分析] 本题考核知识点：文章主旨题。解答文章主旨题需要对全文的综合理解。本文第一到四段为人为因素（温室效应）对天气的影响。第五至六段为自然因素（太阳行为的变化）对天气的影响。最后一段为人为因素和自然因素对地球气候的共同作用。所以，[D]为最恰当选项。[A]、[B]、[C] 的错误在于其片面性。[A]只是影响气候的人为因素，而[B]、[C]只涉及了影响气候的自然因素。16. Although the fuel consumption is greater in the northern hemisphere, temperatures there seem to be falling. This is.[A] mainly because the levels of carbon dioxide are rising[B] possible because the ice caps in the poles are melting[C] exclusively e to the effect of the inertia of the earth’s climate[D] partly e to variations in the output of solar energy[分析] 本题考核知识点：因果细节题。第五段第二句指出，北半球燃料燃烧产生二氧化碳最多，气温却不升反降是因为：迄今为止，自然因素的影响胜过人为因素。第六段进一步指出，对地球气候变化影响最大的“自然因素”是太阳行为的变化：太阳的运转影响风流（wind circulaltion）；太阳能量释放呈周期性变化。所以，太阳能释放的变化是北半球气温下降的原因之一，[D]为正确选项。二氧化碳含量上升导致的结果是气温上升，所以[A]不正确。[B]无中生有：文中没有提及极地冰盖融化和北半球气温下降之间的联系，而且根据常识也可排除。[C]的错误在于：误把抑制因素当成了形成因素。从第五、六段可知，北半球温度下降的原因是自然因素（尤其是太阳行为）的影响。而最后一段倒数第二句指出：地球气候的惯性与太阳效应是相反的过程，因此它应对地球变冷起抑制作用。另外，exclusively 的过于绝对也暗示这不是正确选项。但近年的考题已经在避免留给考生这样的线索。17. On the basis of their models, scientists are of the opinion that.[A] the climate of the world should be becoming cooler[B] it will take thousands of years for the inertia of the earth’s climate to take effect[C] the man-made warming effect helps to increase the solar effects[D] the new Ice Age will be delayed by the greenhouse effect[分析]本题考核知识点：文中人物观点推理题。第七段第二句说明：科学家们基于太阳——天气互动模式，预测出世界现在应该正在进入冰川时代，所以[A]为正确选项。[B]的错误在于对第七段第三句的理解错误。该句说明的是“太阳效应克服地球气候的惯性效应”，而非“地球气候的惯性发生效应”。[C]和原文内容相反。本文最后一句说明：目前二氧化碳的温室效应在对太阳效应产生抵消作用（counterbalance）。第七段第三句说明：延迟新的冰川时代的主要因素是地球气候的惯性作用，因此[D]不正确。18. If the assumption about the delay of a new Ice Age is correct,.[A] the best way to overcome the cooling effect would be to burn more fuels[B] ice would soon cover the northern hemisphere[C] the increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere could warm up the earth even more quickly[D] the greenhouse effect could work to the advantage of the earth[分析]本题考核知识点：文中细节推理题。文中最后一句说明：若此假说（关于冰川时代的延迟）正确，则温室效应可以对地球进入新的冰川时代起到遏制作用，这无疑是有利于地球的一面。所以，[D]为正确选项。[A]过度引申，文中仅仅提到大气温度上升有助于抵消太阳热量的减少，但燃烧燃料是否最好文中未提。[B]错误在于：北半球被冰覆盖不是冰川时代延迟的结果，而是冰川时代到来的后果。[C]属逻辑错误：冰川时代的延迟虽然与二氧化碳的温室效有关，但地球是否会“更快（even more）”变暖则文中未提。

There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a proct, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or proct that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language -- all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try,new challenges to accept.In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may “fail” at first. How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we’re shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think we’re slow to adapt to change or that we’re not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.15.[答案]A[解析]本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。文章第一段谈到，人们对待成长有两种基本看法：将之视为结果和将之视为过程。该段第二句明确指出前者是人们通常持有的看法，即认为成长是一种外在的结果或成果，易于衡量。可以从该段最后作者给出的一系列例子去理解什么是外在结果。此外，最后一句中的“have measurable results to show for their efforts”表明这种观点认为个人成长也是通过努力取得的结果。这样答案就显而易见了。只有[A]选项既是经过努力又是可以衡量的外在结果，故为正确答案。[B]、[C]和[D]选项都属于过程中付出的努力，结果却不可测量，故都不对。命题意图是要求考生熟悉类比题的一种变相出法，即，不直接对文中内容提问，而是要求考生在正确理解文中的例子后，从选项中选出与之类似的情况。解题关键在于能够把握原来例子的实质。16.[答案]C有关视成长为过程的的论述主要集中在第二段。这种观点认为成长是一段旅程，而不是具体的标记。人们应该看重的是成长过程中的态度和情感而非点滴的成功标记。[C]选项就是一种遭遇困难时的态度，也与第二段末句 “new challenges to accept”观点一致，为正确答案。[A]选项是结果，而非过程。[B]选项显然是从结果的角度去看待人的发展。[D]选项仍然是追求有“标志”的成功结果。因此都可以排除。17.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：词义题。题干中的短语出自第三段第二句中的how we see ourselves as we try a new way of being。该句之后，作者一连提出并列的三个问题，并给予了回答。三个问句及其回答分别是人由于对自身看法的不同而产生的不同处世方法：how we see ourselves是对三个问题的概括，而a new way of being这个关键词则应该涵盖三个回答的内容。[A]选项是简练、全面的概括，为正确答案。being相当于existing，意为：处世生存方式。首先排除[C]，它涉及的是问句的内容，[B]和[D]选项虽然都在该段被提及，但是不具有概括性，应该排除。18.[答案]D[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：作者观点题。第三段首句提到，为了成长，人们需要乐于冒险、勇于面对未知事物、接受“失败”。接下来的一系列设问句说明了“快捷、有好奇心、抓住更多的机会、体验不熟悉的事情、对付新挑战”等的重要性，因此[A]、[B]和[C]选项都在文中提到。而第四段首句“这些不安全感和自我怀疑不仅是无法避免的，而且是必要的”充分表明作者对这些态度的肯定。由此可知，[D]选项与作者观点不一致，而且从第四段第二句作者用的两个假设也可看出他对躲避态度的否定，综上所述可以推出[D]选项为正确答案。全文翻译看待成长有两种基本态度：一种视其为结果，一种视其为过程。（佳句①）人们通常视个人成长为容易被识别和衡量的一种外在结果或成果。工人得到升迁、学生成绩提高和外国人学会了一门新的语言——这些都可以表明人们付出努力之后，取得了可测定的成绩。（长难句①）相比之下，测定个人成长的过程却要艰难得多。因为从定义来看，它是一段旅程，而不是沿途特定的路标或标志物。成长过程不是道路本身，而是当遭遇新的情况或未预料到的坎坷时所持的态度和情感，是慎重行事还是勇往直前。（长难句②）在这个过程中，旅行永远不会真正结束；总是有新的方法来感受世界，总会尝试新思想，接受新挑战。（佳句②）为了成长，为了探索新路，人们需要乐意去冒险，去勇敢面对未知事物，去接受他们也许会一开始就“失败”的可能性。（佳句③）当我们尝试一种新的生存方式时，我们如何看待自己对我们的成长能力至关重要。我们认为自己快捷、有好奇心吗？如果是的话，那我们往往会抓住更多的机会，更愿意去体验不熟悉的事情。我们认为自己腼腆、优柔寡断吗？那我们的羞怯感会使我们犹豫不决、行动缓慢，不到万无一失绝不迈步。我们认为自己适应变化很慢且对付新挑战也不够机敏吗？那么我们极可能会处事较被动或者根本放弃尝试。我们若想改变自己、有所成长，这些不安全感和自我怀疑感既无法避免也很有必要。如果我们不去面对并克服这些内心的恐惧和疑惑，如果我们过多地保护自己，那我们就一定会停止成长。我们会陷进自己营造的壳里面。（佳句④）

第一段：In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic(官僚主义的) management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery.总的来说，我们的社会正在变成一个由官僚资本主义经营指导的巨大企业，其中，人们已经变成机器里微不足道的、上好油的齿轮。The oiling is done with higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations” experts;心理学家和人类关系专家认为，高工资、通风良好的工厂、不断播放的音乐等是使人正常运转的“润滑油”。yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue- and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.然而这些“润滑油”并没有改变人们变得无能为力的事实，人们不能全身心地投入到他们的工作当中，并且开始厌烦工作。事实上，蓝领和白领们已经变成了经济的木偶，随着自动化机器和官僚主义管理的节拍而跳动。第二段：The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life.工人和雇工都很焦虑，不仅因为他们感觉到自己可能会失业，而且因为他们不能得到真正的满足或者对生活的兴趣。They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and proctive human beings.他们平淡地活着、死去，没能像情感和智力上很独立并富有成果的人们那样体验到人类存在的基本现实。第三段：Those higher up on the social ladder are no lessanxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates.那些上层阶级也同样感到焦虑。他们内心的空虚不少于他们的下属。They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the tight mixture of submissiveness and independence.在某些方面他们甚至更加不安全。他们处于竞争非常激烈的一类。升职或落后不单单事关工资，更事关个人尊严。当申请第一份工作时，他们就经历了智力，以及正确协调服从性和独立性的测试。From that moment on they are tested again and again -- by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc.从那以后，他们就被以测试为重任的心理学家们以及评价他们的行为、社交能力、为人能力，等等的上司不断地测试。This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.这种需要不断证明一个人和他们的竞争对手同样优秀或更加出色的局面造成持久的焦虑和紧张，而这正是不幸与疾病的根源。第四段：Am I suggesting that we should return to the preinstrial mode of proction or to nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown.我是在建议回到我们工业化前的生产模式或十九世纪自由企业资本主义吗？当然不是。回到一个已经过时的阶段永远解决不了问题。I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed instrialism in which maximal proction and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist instrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities -- those of love and of reason -- are the aims of all social arrangements. Proction and consumption should serve only as means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling man.我的建议是把以最大化生产和消费为目的的官僚资本主义管理的工业制度转变成一个人本主义的工业制度，在这里人及其潜力——爱和理性——的充分开发是所有社会安排的目的。生产和消费只是达到这个目的的手段，不能成为奴役人类的工具。21.[答案] C[解析]本题考核的知识点是：词义句意首段第一句中giant enterprises与small, well-oiled cog形成强对比，映补出人的微小。接着作者又对oiling进行了解释，即通过高工资、通风良好的工厂、不断播放的音乐等手段使人顺利工作，然后用yet引导的句子指出这些“润滑油”无法改变的事实：man has become powerless。此外，该段最后一句话workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines也强调了人的“无力”。由此可见，人已经变成微不足道的小小齿轮，无能为力，受人摆布。[C]选项与此意相符，为正确答案。[A]选项是对人的作用的肯定，不符合原文powerless, puppets的否定含义。[B]选项是通过第一段第二句……higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations”experts…得出的结论，却忽略了yet 对它的否定和对后述内容的强调：man has become powerless。[D]选项错在后面的条件。原文中说人是微不足道，并未有附加条件。22.[答案] D[解析]本题考核的知识点是：细节的原因文章第二段第一句话引出工人和雇员焦虑的原因：… not only because they might find themselves out of a job; … also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life。 [A]、[B]选项分别指出了其中的一个原因。这两个原因无轻重之分，因此，[A]选项若正确，[B]选项也应为正确选项。通过这样的分析，可将[A]、[B]选项同时排除，因为不可能有两个正确答案。[C]选项与文章第二段第二句they live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence…不相符。因此也排除。通过they live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence…以及第三段第五句When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissive and independence，可以推断出，为了更好的使顺从性和独立性融合，他们会放弃一些独立性。[D]选项确切表达了这一思想。23.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：段落推论文章第三段最后一句话：this constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness sand illness说明造成不快乐的原因就是竞争，反过来说，只有远离竞争，才会体验生活的真正幸福。因此[D]选项为正确答案。[A]选项与第二段内容不符。二段首句就直接指出the workers and employees are anxious。因此他们得不到真正的幸福。[B]选项又与三段“领导阶层的雇员也有焦虑感”不符。[C]选项与三段最后一句话this constant need to prove that one is… better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness相悖。24.[解析]本题考核的知识点是：细节理解在文章最后一段，作者提出了解决现存社会问题的建议。第二、三句对首句所问问题的否定回答Certainly not. Problems are never solved…表明我们不能采取过去的生产方式来解决问题。因此，[A]选项与此文章内容不符，予以排除。[C]选项与该段第四句a humanist instrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities… are the aims of all social arrangements一致，为正确答案。[B]选项文中未提到。况且，第一段作者就指出增加工资这种“润滑油”无法改变事实。[D]选项与最后一段作者建议（transforming our social system）相悖。25.[答案]B[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：作者态度文章二、三段指出目前官僚经营的工业主义给下至普遍工人，上至领导阶层都带来了焦虑，最后一段作者又提出改造工业制度，使其更适合人性发展的建议。由此可见，作者对工业主义是不满意的。故[B]选项为正确答案。[A]选项明显与作者态度相悖；作者已经指出了现代社会弊端，并提出对其改造，显然作者已不仅仅是怀疑了，[C]选项错误；若宽容，则只会听之任之，不会提建议，[D]选项错。

With the start of BBC World Service Television, millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the Corporation’s news coverage, as well as listen to it.随着BBC（英国广播公司）国际电视频道的开播，现在亚洲和美洲数以百万计的人不仅可以听到广播，也能看到它的电视新闻报道了。And of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tune in to two BBC television channels, five BBC national radio services and dozens of local radio stations. They are brought sport, comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs, ecation, religion, parliamentary coverage, children’s programmes and films for an annual license fee of ￡83 per household.当然，英国听众和观众可以收到两个BBC电视频道，五个BBC全国广播电台和几十个地方电台。(佳句)每户每年交83英镑的收视费便可收看体育、喜剧、戏剧、音乐、新闻时事、教育、宗教、议会报道、儿童节目及电影。It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 years -- yet the BBC’s future is now in doubt.延续七十多年，BBC可谓历程辉煌，然而现在，BBC的未来却令人疑虑。The Corporation will survive as a publicly-funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation-wide debate in Britain.虽然至少目前，它仍可以以公办广播机构的身份生存下去，但它的作用、规模和节目类型却成了全英国争论的话题。The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC-- including ordinary listeners and viewers -- to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping.英国政府发起了这场讨论，它邀请每一位对BBC有看法的人——包括普通的听众和观众——对公司好坏进行评说，甚至可以评说他们是否认为公司值得办下去。The reason for its inquiry is that the BBC’s royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organization as it is, or to make changes.这样做的原因是BBC所持的皇家特许证于1996年到期，政府必须决定是让公司维持原状还是进行变革。Defenders of the Corporation -- of whom there are many -- are fond of quoting the American slogan “If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it.” The BBC “ain’t broke,” they say, by which they mean it is not broken (as distinct from the word ‘broke’, meaning having no money), so why bother to change it?公司的捍卫者为数不少，他们喜欢引用美国的广告口号：“如果没坏（broke），就不要修。”这里说英国广播公司还没有“broke”，意思相当于既然没有“broken”（跨掉）（它区别于broke的意思，broke表示“没有钱”），那为什么还要自找麻烦去改变它呢？Yet the BBC will have to change, because the broadcasting world around it is changing. The commercial TV channels – ITV and Channel 4 -- were required by the Thatcher Government’s Broadcasting Act to become more commercial, competing with each other for advertisers, and cutting costs and jobs. But it is the arrival of new satellite channels -- funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers’ subscriptions -- which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.然而BBC将不得不进行变革，因为周围的广播世界正发生变化。商业电视频道——ITV和第四频道——应撒切尔政府广播法案的要求进一步商业化，彼此竞争广告业务，降低成本，裁减劳务。但从长远来看会引起最大变化的是新的卫星频道的出现，它们的部分资金来自广告收入，部分来自用户收视费。［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。文章第一、二段描述BBC自开播以来其接收范围和节目类型已经非常广泛，这两段间用and 相连，表明一种顺承、并列关系，都介绍了BBC令人乐观的一面。接着第三段首句用yet表明与前两段有转折关系，yet the BBC’s future is now in doubt（BBC前景不明）说明了它现在面临的情况。因此，B选项为正确答案，其中原文的future和in doubt对应选项中的prospect和uncertain。新闻报道覆盖范围在第一段提到，是BBC值得骄傲的方面，而不是“问题”，故排除A选项。第四段提到，政府对公众进行调查，即邀请人们对BBC做出评价。而C选项则成了公众对BBC的调查。D选项在原文中未出现。技巧：议论文非常强调逻辑的严谨性，因此考生应特别注意表示逻辑关系的关联词或短语，如：although， though， but, yet, however等，从而把握作者的思路。［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。解此题可采用排除法。A选项在文章第一段提到，“成千上万的亚美观众现在都能观看和收听该公司的新闻报道”，选项中的Far East就是西方国家对亚洲最东部国家的称呼。B选项和D选项都在文章第三段第二句提到，“BBC公司将作为国家赞助的广播机构而存在，至少暂时会是这样，但其地位、规模和节目类型却已经成为全英国谈论的话题”。文章只提到BBC自身的变革，而未涉及国际合作问题。故C选项为答案。技巧：原文中没有涉及的细节一般包括两种：一是文中根本没有提到；二是与文中其他内容相冲突。解此类题时常将选项和原文对号入座，将原文中提到的内容划线，表示是排除的内容；无法对号的即是答案。［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：词义题。第四段末句提到政府进行民意调查的原因是：the BBC’s royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organization as it is, or to make changes，可见，royal charter和BBS的存在大有关联。解此题的关键是了解run out 的含义。run out 多表示“被用完，到期”之意，能和它构成主谓搭配的只有C选项。英国是君主立宪制国家，与女王签约表明BBC是国家办的广播公司，而非私营企业。技巧：对句中词汇或短语的释义，要根据上下文所给的信息进行推理和判断。文章第六段首先指出BBC不得不进行改革，接着陆续给出原因：它周边的广播业正在发生变化；政府广播法的实施迫使电视商业频道进一步商业化，进而使广告业相互竞争，降低成本，减少劳务；但是从长远看，带来最大变化的将是新的卫星频道。实际上，原因可归纳为两点：电视频道进一步商业化的趋势和卫星电视频道的出现。最后一句使用强调句型It is the arrival...which will...the biggest changes...，强调后一原因更具重要性，其中biggest与选项中的foremost同义。因此D选项是正确答案。A、B和C选项都是和前一原因相关的内容，但不是最主要原因。技巧：因果关系中的主要原因也是常考点。考生需要在众多原因中辨别主次，注意词汇（如mainy, chief）和句型结构（如强调句）的暗示。补充：no other than意为“就是，正是”。如：He is no other than my old friend Jones.他就是我的老友琼斯。