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揭秘历年考研英语阅读文章来源!饥渴寒暑

揭秘历年考研英语阅读文章来源!

想必很多同学都听过考研英语阅读的文章大都是摘自外国的学术期刊或者报纸那,具体是哪些外刊?应该选择哪些中奖概率比较高呢?来,我们先从20年英语一的文章来源开说↓(20考研英语二的题源我在网上还没搜到,哭唧唧)阅读理解首篇选自:《卫报》2018年12月31日文章《The Guardian view on Yvette Cooper’s ‘town of culture’proposai:a fine idea》第二篇选自:《卫报》2019年3月5日文章《The Guardian view on academic publishing:disastrous capitalism》第三篇选自:《波士顿环球报》2019年8月5日文章《Corporate gender quotas reinforce privilege》第四篇选自:《纽约日报》2019年7月15日文章《Beware.Other Nations Will Follow France With Their Own Digital Tax》由上可见,卫报的出场率很高,但仅从20年的数据我们不能就此下定论下面再来看一份2015-2019年真题文章的来源统计英语一英语二在上面这份英语一、二年15-20考研阅读真题阅读文章来源总结中不难看出《卫报》《经济学人》《基督教箴言》出场率极高像《时代周刊》《自然杂志》、《新闻周刊》、《科学美国人》也有不少分布。其他则包括有:《新科学家》、《社评杂志》、《福布斯》、《哈佛经济评价》、《麦肯锡季刊》、《科学探索》、《科学》、《观察家报》、《哈佛杂志》、《美国学校董事会杂志》、《星报在线》、《Big Think》、《华盛顿邮报》近两年《基督教科学箴言报》上镜率有提高,可以多关注下。我们再就以上数据做个总结1、 经济类文章主要来源:The Economist (经济学人),Business Week (商业周刊),Wall Street Journal(华尔街杂志);2、 科学技术类文章主要来源:Nature (自然),Discovery (探索),Science (科学),National Geographic (国家地理),Scientific American (科学美国人),New Scientists (新科学家);3、 社会生活以及文化类文章主要来源:Newsweek (新闻周刊),Times (时代周刊),U.S News and World Report (美国新闻与世界报道),The Washington Post (华盛顿邮报),USA Today (今日美国),The Times (泰晤士报),The Guardian (卫报);4、 其它来源:Independent (独立日报), International New York Times(国际纽约时报), Telegraph (英国电信日报)。

自诒

结合2015年考研英语一完形填空,分析从句类题目的答题技巧

2015年考研英语一完形填空,如果单就选项而言,考察的知识点包括:名词性从句(表语从句),动词辨析,介词/短语介词辨析,名词辨析,形容词辨析,副词辨析,形容词比较级等,考察难度不作判定,因为不同人,基础不一样,做题的感受也会有差异。但是,就15年考研英语一完形填空来说,细细推敲,还是能够找到一些答题技巧的。首先,先分享一下我做完形填空的一些方法和技巧:首先,通读原文,了解整篇文章的大体脉络,知道整篇文章在说啥。其次,再读一遍文章的第一段。开始答题,答题过程中坚持联系前后文,注意文章逻辑。接下来,我们就完形填空中从句类的题目答题技巧系统讲解一下。做从句类的题,答题的顺序是:确定从句类型,锁定从句引导词,通过分析句子成分选择引导词。一、确定从句的类别,是属于名词性从句,还是形容词性从句,还是副词性从句。其中名词性从句又分为主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句,同位语从句等;形容词性句又叫定语从句,副词性从句又叫状语从句。名词性从句的引导词有很多,但归纳起来可以分为三大类:从属连词,连接代词和连接副词。从属连词属于连词,只起到连接作用,在从句中不充当任何成分; that:只起连接作用,无实义,whether/if既起连接作用,本身还有“是否”的意思。连接代词属于代词,既起连接作用,本身又作从句的主语、宾语、表语或定语,即代词能在句子当中充当什么成分,连接代词就可以在名词性从句中充当什么样的成分; who, whom, which, what, whose, 其中指人用who/whom,指物用what, which,whose放名词前作定语。连接副词属于副词,既起连接作用,本身又作从句的状语,即副词能在句子当中充当什么样的成分,连接副词就在名词性从句中充当什么样的成分。 when, where, how, why, 其中when(表时间),where(表地点), how(表方式), why(表 原因)。2. 形容词性从句(定语从句)的引导词可分为两大类:关系代词和关系副词。关系代词属于代词,也即代词能在句子中充当什么样的成分,关系代词便可在定语从句中充当什么样的成分; who, whom, whose, which, that, as注意:what不引导定语从句。关系副词属于副词,副词能在句子当中充当什么样的成分,关系副词便可在定语从句当中充当什么样的成分。when:先行词为表示时间的名词;where:先行词为表示地点的名词;why:先行词一般为reason。注意:how 不引导定语从句。3. 副词性从句(状语从句)的引导词叫从属连词,从属连词属于连词,连词是一种虚 词,在句子当中不充当任何成分,只起连接作用。2015年考研英语真题一完形填空第一题考察的就是从句引导词的选择。我们通过分析,属于考察表语从句引导词的选择,属于名词性从句引导词的考察。我们在确定了从句的类型之后,接下来就是确定引导词。二、锁定从句引导词通过以上分析,我们可以知道名词性从句的引导词有哪些,这里不再赘述。三、通过句子成分分析选择引导词。首先,提取句子主干。That is _(1)_a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has__(2)_.That 为主语,is是系动词,is后面的整个部分做的是表语,也即主语补足语。整个句子的主干提取出来就是“That is……”,是一个主系表结构,后边整个表语从句充当句子的表语。第二,我们来分析下表语从句的句子成分。_(1)_a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has__(2)_.主语为“a study”,“published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences”是过去分词作后置定语,来修饰a study,“has__(2)_”为表语从句中的谓语动词,因此整个表语从句的主干提取出来就是: _(1)_a study has__(2)_。从上述分析中,结合第二个题的选项concluded, 我们可以得出,表语从句当中缺少宾语,四个选项中只有what可以充当宾语,因此,答案选择what。

苦体绝甘

2020考研英语一真题及答案「完整版」!

2020考研英语一真题及答案【完整版】!【完形】Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast. 1 a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can 2 it. Yet as we report now. The food police are determined our health. That this 3 should be rendered yet another quilty pleasure 4 to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a public worming about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6 high temperatures. This means that people should 7 crisping their roast potatoes, reject thin -crust pizzas and only 8 toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such adarmlist advice? 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no 10 evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is 11 to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof 12 the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is 13 to follow the FSA advice. 14 it was rumourded that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 15Doubtless a piece of boiled feef can always be 16 up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the York shire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? 17 ,the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods 18 , but rece their lifetime intake.However its 19 risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective. Constant health scares just 20 with no one listening.1. [A]In [B]Towards [C]on [D]Till2. [A ]match [B]express [C]satisfy [D]influence3.[A]patience [B]enjoyment [C]surprise [D]concem4.[A]intensified [B]privileged [C] compelled [D]guaranteed5. [A]issued [B]received [C]ignored [D]cancelled6. [A] under [B]at [C]for [D]by7. [A]forget [B]regret [C]finish [D] avoid8. [A]partially [B]regularly [C] easily [D]initially9. [A]Unless [B]Since [C]If [D]While10.[A] secondary [B]extermal [C] conclusive [D] negative11.[A]insufficient [B]bound [C]likely [D]slow12.[A]On the basis of [B]At the cost of [C] In addition to [D]In contrast to13.[A]interesting [B]advisable [C]urgent [D]fortunate14.[A]As usual [B]In particular [C]By definition [D]After all15.[A]resemblance [B]combination [C] connection [D]pattern16.[A]made [B]served [C]saved [D]used17.[A]To be fair [B]For instance [C]To be brief [D]In general18.[A]reluctantly [B]entirely [C] graally [D] carefully19.[A] promise [B] experience [C]campaign [D] competition20.[A]follow up [B]pick up [C] open up [D]end up答案(1-20)1. on2. match3. enjoyment4. intensified5. issued6. at7. avoid8. easily9. while10. conclusive11. bound12. on the basis of13. advisable14. after all15. connection16. served17. to be fair18. entirely19. campaign20. end up【阅读】Section III Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK "town of culture" award. The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for Zozl. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in220m of investment and an avalache of arts, out not to be confined to cities.Britain' town, it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Livorpool in 2008. "A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows that will follow-village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badly run "year of culture"washes in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community. The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.A "town of culture" could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town's peculiarities-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.21. Cooper and her colleagues argue that a "town of culture" award could [A] consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.[B] promote cooperation among Britain's towns.[C] increase the economic strength of Britain's towns.[D] focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22. According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as [A] a sensible compromise.[B] a self-deceiving attempt.[C] an eye-cotching bonus.[D] an inaccessible target.23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it [A] endeavours to maintain its image.[B] meets the aspirations of its people.[C] brings its local arts to prominence.[D] commits to its long-term growth.24. Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present [A] a contrasting case.[B] a supporting example.[C]a background story.[D] a related topic.25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?[A] Skeptical[B] Objective[C] Favourable[D] Critical答案(21-25)21.D focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22.B a self-deceiving attempt.23.D commits to its long-term growth.24.B a supporting example.25.C Favourable.Text2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money, Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the proction of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing instry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers proced in the world, made profits of more than f 900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than f 210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research;both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every pay walled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms; either freely available from the moment of publication,or pay walled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their proct free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around500 to $5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these "article preparation costs" had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.26. Scientific publishing is seen as "a licence to print money" partly because [A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.[C] its payment for peer review is reced.[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.!27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have [A] thrived mainly on university libraries.[B] gone through an existential crisis.[C] revived the publishing instry.[D] financed researchers generously.28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub? [A] Relieved.[B] Puzzled.[C] Concerned.[D] Encouraged.29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms [A] allow publishers some room to make money.[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.[C] rece the cost of publication substantially.[D] free universities from financial burdens.30. Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?[A] Trial subscription is offered.[B] Labour triumphs over status.[C]Costs are well controlled.[D] The few feed on the many.答案(26-30)26.D its content acquisition costs nothing.27.A thrived mainly on university libraries.28.D Encouraged.29.A allow publishers some room to make money.30.D The few feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government board are lessthan40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a "golden skirt "phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity,remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feelgood but do little to help average women.31.The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will [A] help little to rece gender bias.[B] pose a threat to the state government.[C] raise women's position in politics.[D] greatly broaden career options.32. Which of the following is true of the Califormia measure?[A] It has irritated private business owners.[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.[C] It may go against the Constitution.[D] It will settle the prior controversies.33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate [A] the harm from arbitrary board decision. [B]the importance of constitutional guarantees.[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.[D] the needlessness of government interventions.34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to [A] the underestimation of elite women's role[B] the objection to female participation on boards.[C]the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.[D] the growing tension between labor and management.35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?[A] Women's need in employment should be considered.[B] Feasibility, should be a prime concern in policy making.[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.答案(31-35)31.A help little to rece gender bias.32.C It may go against the Constitution.33.D the needlessness of government interventions.34.C the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.35.B Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.Text4 :Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a"GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google,Apple, Facebook and Amazon-in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks.But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead,the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax).Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance, law), and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union. Spain,Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax,even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach aconsensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization's work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.France's planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.36.The French Senate has passed a bill to [A] regulate digital services platforms.[B] protect French companies interests.[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.[D] curb the influence of advertising.37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax [A] may trigger countermeasures against France.[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.[C] aims to ease international trade tensions.[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that [A] redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading.[C] tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.39. It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO's current work [A] is being resisted by US companies.[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.[D] needs to in involve more countries.40. Which of the following might be the best title for this text?[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax[C] France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy答案(36-40)36.C impose alevy on tech multinationals.37.A may trigger countermeasures against France.38.B the current international tax system needs upgrading39.C is faced with uncertain prospects.40.B France leads the charge on Digital TaxPart B Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Eye fix actions are brief[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated [F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way, But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor ring a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility.Here's what hard science reveals about eye contact: We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In althood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room, "Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.42. Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer ring a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond ring direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.43. With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages,depending on the situation. While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations. "Whether you' re a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you' re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.44. When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image. are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.45. In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance,according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues "Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ." A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.答案(41-45)41. C Eye contact can be a friendly social signal42.E Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated43.G Eye contact can also be aggressive44.A Eye fixactions are brief45.D Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contactPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)Following the explosion of creativity in Florence ring the 14h century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17h century,with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. (46) with the Church's teachings and ways of thinking eclipsed by the Renaissance,the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged leading to new and unexplored itellectual territories.During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. (47) Before each of their revelations many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking.including the geo-centric view that the Earth was a the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory ring a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death.(48) Despite attempts by the Church to suppress. this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.The Church's long- standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe ring most of 17h century. (49) As many took on the ty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.The 17h and I8h centuries were times of radical change and curiosity, Scientific method,rectionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. (50) Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase' sapere aude' or dare to know',after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay" An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?".It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.答案(46-50)46.随着教会的教义和思维方式在文艺复兴时期黯然失色,中世纪与现代之间的鸿沟得以弥合,从而出现了新的及尚未开发的知识领域。47.在每个真理揭示之前,当时的许多思想家都采用了更古老的思维方式,仍旧沿用以前的思维模式,其中包括认为地球是宇宙中心的地球中心说。48.尽管教会试图镇压这-代逻辑学家和理性主义者,但人们对宇宙如何运转的解释却越来越多,并且以-种不容忽视的速度在增加。49.当许多人承担起将理性科学的哲学融入世界的责任时,文艺复兴时代已经结束,并且开启了一个新的时代。50.此类寻求知识和了解已知信息的行为被拉丁语概括为:“sapere aude"即"敢于求知”作文Section ll WritingPart A51. Directions:The students union of your university has assigned you to inform the international students about an upcoming singing contest. White a notice in about 100 words.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the notice. (10 points)小作文:通知留学生唱歌比赛 【参考范文】NoticeDec.21, 2019In order to enrich the campus life and provide the colorful life for you, the Students' Union is preparing the upcoming singing contest, which will be held in the auditorium in our university on the evening of December 31, 2019. Now, the Union is recruiting contestants for this competition.Anyone who are fond of signing or interested in the competition, please send his or her application to students’union@sohu.com before next Wednesday. Besides, there are generous awards in gratitude for this activity. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any queries concerning the singing contest. Meanwhile, volunteers for this activity are badly needed to assist us in organizing the relevant affairs.We are looking forward to your participation.The Students' UnionPart B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the pictures below, In your essay, you should1) Describe the picture briefly,2) Interpret the implied meaning, and3) Give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)大作文:习惯良好的时间管理习惯 【参考范文】Portrayed distinctively by the two cartoons above is an impressive scene: a girl in the left picture is doing homework and saying that early completion is better. Nevertheless, the boy in the right picture is sitting in front of the desk and saying that he will not finish the homework until the last minute.Undoubtedly, the symbolic implication of the pictures is to show us that importance should be attached to the formation of good habits, especially the good habit of time management. On the one hand, efficient time management is critical to personal development. As the old saying goes,“Time is money," and in the fast-paced modern life, it seems that we always have a lot of things to do and we are very busy. In the face of such a situation, we have to realize that efficiency holdsthe key to saving time and time management skills hold the key to personal success. On the other hand, good time management habits play a vital role in the development of the whole society. There is no doubt that, to a large extent, social progress is closely related to the efforts of each indivial. If we can develop the good habit of time management, we are much more likely to improve efficiency and have a better performance in the learning and working process, which is anintegral part of social advances and prosperity.From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that the sense of efficient time management skills is of equal importance in personal and social progress.Therefore,we ought to take advantage of the phenomenon to enlighten the public and the press is expected to take a lead in advertising the value of developing good time management habits. Only in this way can we have a bright future.以上便是整理的2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及答案,2021考研的小伙伴可以参考真题,准备明年12月的考研初试。下面分享一份公共课书单,希望对大家有用:【英语书单】单词:闪过英语《考研词汇闪过》按重要程度划分了频考词、基础词、偶考词、超纲词,划重点,后期冲刺只背高频词和基础词,省时间。真题:《考研真相》(英语二:考研圣经):一词一句讲解真题,重点词汇和每个句子都有详细讲解,不怕你看不懂,还有排除干扰项的方法,帮助提高答对率,适合基础弱的人。作文:英语一《写作160篇》/英语二《写作宝中宝》:通过词句段篇先教你学会写作文,再用三步作文法帮你拔高,专门针对基础薄弱的。【数学书单】《张宇真题大全解》:从94年到现在的真题都包括了,讲解很好,帮助研究数学题型。李永乐王式安660题:用这本书练习做题,都是经典题型!同济六版/七版《高等数学》上、下同济五版/六版《线性代数》课本:《线性代数》、《概率论》、《数理统计》【政治书单】官方红宝书(政治大纲解析);风中劲草(三本书)、肖秀荣系列:精讲精练、1000题、讲真题、形势与政策、冲刺八套卷、最后四套卷;蒋中挺冲刺5套卷;启航20天20题

控制室

考研英语复习:英一真题超详细使用方法!速看

英语真题要从最早的年份做起。我是19考研,当时英语一的真题是从97-18,我就把从97年开始的真题挨个做了一遍。不过新版的真题年份会有变化,我特意找来,下面就结合21版的真题书说说英语真题从哪做,怎么做。我用的真题书是《考研真相》,这本是我考研的时候一直用的,相比较其他书只是分析讲解长难句,这本每个句子都有讲解,我考的时候是文字讲解那种,新版的是句句图解,会更好用。新版真题书分成三部分:基础加强版(2001-2007):共7套高分突破版(2008-2014):共7套考前冲刺版(2015-2020):共6套顺着年份做就可以。复习时间和任务安排3月-6月:做基础加强版,只做4篇常规阅读这段时间还在上课,有些小伙伴可能还要实习,估计也没有太多时间复习考研,所以任务不太重,尽量保证一周做1-2篇,做完之后仔细分析文章。如果时间多,做的快,那就再刷第二遍。7月-8月:做高分突破版,还是只做4篇阅读暑假开始复习时间就比较多啦,可以保证一天一篇,做完且分析。可以把高分突破版做2遍,做不完可以留到开学继续做。9月-10月:依旧做高分突破版,其他题型除作文外也加入复习再把这7套真题阅读刷一遍,完型,新题型,翻译可以每天做一套,也可以按照题型专项训练。11月-12月:做考前冲刺版,准备作文先整理作文模板,心里有大致的写作思路,然后把之前真题的作文部分挨着练一遍。考研冲刺版要严格按照考试时间做,每道题都在规定时间内完成。合理安排做题时间,在保证效率的同时提高正确率。做完对照答案估计自己客观题的分数,基本跟最后考试的分数相差不大。一周做一套就可以,做完认真分析每道题,查缺补漏。说明:1基础版的真题因为时间太远,不管是命题思路还是解题方法跟现在的差别都比较大,所以复习重点要放在学语法,背单词,补基础上。2高分突破版的真题比较有价值,不光要分析文章也要研究题目。3考研冲刺版一定留到最后做模考,如果觉得6套太多,留3套也可以。每年都有很多人一口气把真题刷干净了,最后几天没题可做,也不知道自己复习到什么程度,一脸懵逼的上考场,一脸懵逼的考砸。真题书怎么用?我直接根据自己之前的复习方法和新版的真题书说下使用方法。新版的《考研真相》有3个部分组成:仿真排版的试题,试题解析册,逐句精讲册(改版后新加的)。所以做真题可以从以下3步着手:第一步:做真题1直接用仿真排版的真题,一篇阅读建议18分钟内做完。考试能分到每篇阅读的时间就是这么多,一开始就卡着时间做,这样后面就不用担心做不完。2做的时候尽量用铅笔,或者拿一张白纸,标清题号,把答案写在上面。3做题的时候先题后文,先用1-2分钟浏览题目,注意题目中的定位信息,然后回原文找定位段,一般出题顺序跟行文顺序是一致的。然后开始做题,严格在定位段内找答案,看一道题目读对应的原文,这样可以降低其他段落对题目的干扰。做完题花1-2分钟检查浏览,看有没有答案需要调整。4做题的时候不认识的单词可以标注出来。第二步:分析文章1拿出逐句精讲册,按照上面的图解分析梳理每个句子。我看了下,这个图解很有条理,比如一个句子的主干是什么,一级修饰是什么,二级修饰是什么,这样一拆分再看中文翻译就很清楚,看多了你会发现有些修饰成分对句子大意没啥影响,就是为了增加长度,下次自己分析就可以直接删掉。有时间的话可以自己先拆分图解,翻译,然后对照解析,没时间就直接看书上的。2然后把文章里不会的单词都查出来,这个逐句册里也有标注,而且还区分了重要程度。把标注的掌握了,剩下的即便不认识对理解文章影响也不大,尽量减少记忆量嘛。如果有的单词你确实不认识,少了它句子大意也理解不明白,那还是建议查一下。3在理解文章基础上尝试总结一下每段的主要内容,重点关注这几个问题:①这段讲什么②跟上下段有什么关系③传达出的感情色彩是正面的还是负面的④这个情感倾向是作者本人的还是作者的举例。第三步:分析题目1终于要用试题解析册啦,新版的解析是表格形式的,我超爱这种条理清楚的解题方法。主要是用两种路径找到答案,如果正向从题目找不出来,那就反着从选项入手,一一排除。根据我的经验,排除干扰项的方法比较快,准确率也高,可以直接用这个。2顺着书上的解析分析每个选项为什么对,为什么错。正确选项在原文哪里,是直接的原文重现,还是稍加改写,还是改动比较大,大部分是稍加改写。错误选项是怎么设置的,是无中生有,还是原文各种信息的拼凑,或者是加了反义词,这几个是比较常见的干扰项设置方法。多总结,就会发现,套路就那么几种。不管什么时候做真题都按照这样的流程,时间可能比较久,开始做也不容易,可能光分析文章就要花一下午,这就是为啥真题要刷3遍。最后说一下考试的时间安排和做题顺序,可参考1.大小作文:50分钟,其中大作文30分钟,小作文20分钟,不要养成打草稿的习惯,因为没有时间,字不好看的现在就开始练。2.阅读:1小时,每篇15分钟。3.新题型:10分钟4.翻译:30分钟5.完型:15分钟剩下的15分钟检查答题卡,不确定的答案再斟酌。关于考研英语真题怎么做,什么时候做都分享在这里啦,祝大家考研成功!

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colony什么意思

colony什么意思在背过colonial, colonize/colonise, colonist之后,我们终于迎来了系列的主角——colony.单词解析colony,名词,意思是:殖民地,殖民地居民,具有共同爱好或工作的聚居人群,群体生物学专业名词,(动物、昆虫或植物的)群,群落;生物群印度英语中,指有篱笆或围墙环绕的住宅区colony 殖民地其实殖民地的含义,结合其他相关单词,大家应该可以记住,再加上之前介绍过,所以不再重复。想要加深印象的小伙伴,可以阅读2015年考研英语一的Section2, Part C(翻译部分),全文与移民、殖民有关。a colony of flamingo上面2~5的含义其实都是有殖民地的愿意扩展出来的。就是一个群体的概念,应该也很好关联,大家可以细细体会一下。学单词,只记住意思可不行,会用才行,小伙伴们可以在评论区造句,我们一起学习哦!我先来:造句:In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. (出自2015年考研英语一的Section2, Part C)Colony的英文解释:a country or area controlled politically by a more powerful country that is often far awaya group of people who live in a colonya group of people with a shared interest or job who live together in a way that is separate from other people[Biology specialized] a group of animals, insects, or plants of the same type that live together[Indian English] an area surrounded by fences or walls that contains a group of houses, for example houses that have been built by an employer for its workers扩展阅读:colonial什么意思colonize/colonise什么意思colonist什么意思喜欢这篇文章,长按点赞,就可给我一键三连哦~咱们下篇文章见!本文由和我一起背考研单词原创,欢迎关注,和你一起进步!

其死生也

考研英语真题的语料库长啥样儿?命题人竟然也是搬运工

01这几年,「外刊题源」这个概念特别火。很多考研英语阅读书都冠上了「题源」这样的字眼儿,好像有这两个字背书,书的可信度就大了。那「题源」到底是什么呢?说白了,「题源」就是命题专家取材的地方。猫叔通过对最近15年真题题源的搜索整理,发现命题人主要从三个地方选材:英美主流报刊杂志、英文专著和英美网站。有题源可追溯的最早一年真题是1999年真题,这一年有两篇阅读理解选自两本英文图书:Text 1主要讲法庭在个人伤害索赔案中态度的转变,选自图书《职场女性》(Working Women);Text 5主要讲不可预测性是科学研究的基本特征,选自图书《先知》(Seer)。而命题人大范围引入英美报刊杂志作为题源最早是在2002年,4篇阅读理解有3篇选自英美报刊,一篇选自英文图书。也就是说,以2002年为分水岭,2002年之前的真题基本上无题源可查,偶尔几篇可查的文章都出自图书,2002年往后的真题题源以主流报刊杂志为主。题源选取的这种转变有以下两个原因:第一,图书的出版时间大都比较久远,时效性不强。而且一本书篇幅很长,只截取其中的几段文字作阅读文章会有「见得了树木,不得见森林」的局促感。第二,英美报刊信息来源宽泛,时效性强,而且涉及领域广泛,内容丰富多彩,是最佳的阅读素材。通过整理近15年真题题源猫叔发现,完形和新题型两个题型大多选自英美报刊杂志,偶尔从英美网站取材,而翻译题型90%取材于英文专著,这也是由翻译的学术性特点决定的。阅读理解几乎全部选自英美报刊杂志,由于阅读的选材和出题稳定性是最高的,所以本文将主要分析阅读的题源选取特点和规律。近15年真题共计60篇阅读理解文章,选自22种报刊杂志。1. 从选取次数上看,仅选自《经济学人》的文章就高达11篇,占18%。可见,命题人是有多么钟爱《经济学人》。其他使用频率比较高的报刊有:《卫报》(5篇),《新闻周刊》(4篇),《科学美国人》(4篇),《华盛顿邮报》(3篇),《基督教科学箴言报》(3篇),《美国新闻与世界报道》(3篇),《商业周刊》(3篇),《时代周刊》(2篇)等。2. 从选取规律上看,命题人从2013年开始陆续启用新题源,比如之前从未选材过的《卫报》《华盛顿邮报》等,而以前常备题源有好几个被打入冷宫,比如大热的《经济学人》《纽约时报》等。《经济学人》的井喷式使用主要集中在2004年—2014年。从2015年开始,命题人几乎停用了《经济学人》,仅有2016年的第三篇阅读选自该题源。也是从2015年这一年,新晋题源《卫报》《华盛顿邮报》《基督教科学箴言报》开始受宠。3. 从文章发表时间上看,从2012年开始,选取的题源文章时效性越来越强,选的都是考试当年发表的文章,大多数于当年6、7月份发表。而在这之前,很多真题文章选取的是几年前发表的文章。02研究真题题源的特点和规律,并不是鼓励大家盲目地上网搜索这些题源网站,然后毫无头绪地开始阅读这些英美报刊文章,也不是鼓励大家去购买题源类阅读辅导书。为什么呢?第一,考研复习的时间紧张且宝贵,花大把时间在搜索与考研难度相当的题源文章上得不偿失。命题小组每年从题源库中只选取4篇文章作为阅读,我们要想找到这样的文章好比海底捞针。如果你在大二大三就有了考研的打算,时间充裕的前提下,提前研究这样的报刊文章才有意义。第二,市面上到处是打着题源旗号的阅读类辅导书,文章篇数动辄上百篇甚至两百篇,虽然文章确实是从这些真题题源中选取的,但是质量参差不齐,无法和真题水平相提并论。出的题目也是惨不忍睹,根本不得真题出题的精髓。而真题是命题人优中选优的题源文章,是最具研究价值的复习资料。在没有吃透真题之前,不要买预测类书籍和卷子。03那我们应该如何合理利用题源呢?看完这篇文章之后,你已经了解了题源是什么、命题人选取题源的规律。了解这一点足矣。不过,如果确实想通过阅读题源文章,扩充知识面也不是不可以,但必须满足以下两个条件:第一,至少已经研究三遍考研真题。我们复习的最终目的是能考个好成绩,而要想拿下考研英语,必须先研究真题。精研三遍以上真题后,就可以掌握考研文章的特点、选材倾向、出题规律,也就具备了初步的考研文章鉴别能力。这样,什么样的题源文章可读性高适合精读, 什么样的文章适合泛泛而读,就有自己的判断能力了。再遇到号称与真题相当的辅导书时,就能识破他们的“谎言”了。第二,词汇量至少在5000以上,会分析长难句结构。有前面精读真题打下比较扎实的基础后,语法也具备一定水平了,就算遇到生词,也能够通过分析结构知道文章大意了。否则,即使词汇量达到一万,没有一定的语法基础,照样读起来很吃力。“练习一万小时成天才”这个口号现在是尽人皆知,这就是大火的“刻意练习(Deliberate Practice)”概念推崇的。2007年有一篇阅读理解还讲过这个概念,这套练习方法的核心假设是,大神不是天生的,而是辛苦练出来的。而在备考过程中,研究真题就是”刻意练习“的过程,量变引起质变,在大量的练习之后,我们都能成为个中高手。考试在即,猫叔祝每个考研人都能追梦成功!如果觉得猫叔的这篇文章不错,记得点赞转发支持我哦,我需要你们的帮助,感谢大家!

无忧无虑

2015年考研英语二翻译真题「东西翻译家」

Think about driving a route that’s very familiar.想想在一条非常熟悉的路上开车。It could be your commutes to work, a trip into town or the way home.这可能是你去工作的路,去城里的路,或回家的路。Whichever it is, you know every twist step turn like the back of your hand.无论是什么,你都非常熟悉每一个迂回曲折。On these steps of trips it’s easy to lose concentration so that you perceive that the trip has taken less time than it actually has.在这些路上,你很容易失去注意力,感觉旅途所花的时间比实际花的时间要少。This is the well-travelled road effect.这就是熟悉路途的效应。People tend to underestimate the time it takes to travel a familiar route.在熟悉的路途上,人们往往低估了出行所需的时间。The effect is caused by the way we allocate our attention.这种效应是由我们分配注意力的方式造成的。When we travel down a well-known route, because we don’t have to concentrate much, time seems to flow more quickly.当我们沿着一条熟悉的路线行进,我们不需要集中精力,时间似乎过得更快。And afterward, when we come to think back on it, we can’t remember the journey well because we didn’t pay much attention to it.后来,当我们回想起来,记忆模糊,因为我们并没有集中注意力。So we assume it was shorter.所以我们认为它更短。

格式

考研英语一怎么备考?我是如何用《考研真相》逆袭75分上岸!

考研英语一怎么备考呢?下面看看一份上岸学姐的经验哦!正文:我!上!岸!了!好想拿个喇叭,把这个好消息喊给全世界听!!!英语弱的我这一路走来实在太不容易了,踩过的坑,那是不计其数。不过还好峰回路转、柳暗花明,我考上了,而且英语考了75!最近表达欲超强,看到网上用《考研真相》的娃娃挺多的,正好我用的也是(看来我眼光独到,这套书也帮了我大忙),就跟21考研的弟弟妹妹们说道说道这套书怎么复习效果最好。第一次鼓起勇气发帖,为了更加严谨,结合了官方的使用说明、其他高分大神们的经验还有自己的复习用法,个人觉得很全面实用,希望能帮到大家。Q1:21版升级的《考研真相》4件套有什么?A1:写之前我去看了一眼官方店铺:太阳城图书专营店。发现21年的《考研真相》升级了,增加了一本用来提前补基础的《基础研读版》,数量变为了4本,称为4件套。变成了【基础研读版】+【基础加强版】(2001-2007)+【高分突破版】(2008-2014)+【考前冲刺版】(2015-2020),真题一共有20年(7年+7年+6年)。(PS:我考英语一用的是《考研真相》,我看官网上英语二对应的真题书是《考研圣经》,讲解方式什么的都一样的,可千万别买错了哦!)(英语一用《考研真相》)(英语二用《考研圣经》)个人感觉这次升级,除了内容上更加丰富以外,真的考虑到了基础弱同学的方方面面,更能全方位地帮助基础弱的同学大幅提分!根据官方信息汇总了一下,买了4件套的同学,你将拥有这些。二、购买了《考研真相》如何使用?Q2:《考研真相》中的3本真题书要无差别对待吗?A2:当然不是!虽然这三本真题书在文章、试题讲解、试题排版上统统一致,但是,这不代表我们可以无差别对待!【基础加强版】(2001-2007)的年份较早,但难度并没有降低,只有个别题型在后来取消了(书中的取消题型也没有出现),非常适合复习前期用来补基础,为日后做真题做铺垫。【高分突破版】(2008-2014) 年份相对较晚,题型也已经固定下来,所以我们在用基础版打好基础以后,就开始用高分版针对每个题型来学习解题方法,进行专项训练。【考前冲刺版】(2015-2020)作为年份最新的6年真题,是绝佳的实战材料,可以在后期用来成套演练。特别说明:当然了,上面的只是我的个人建议,具体每个阶段要用多少套真题,还是要根据自己的实际情况来决定。比如有的同学留了基础版中的几年用于专项训练,高分版全部用来成套训练,冲刺版有几年用来成套,几年用来冲刺演练。这些都可以根据自己的情况灵活调整。Q3:怎么用【基础研读版】快速补基础?A3:1.使用阶段:一方面,在你正式做真题之前,可以用它快速补基础(不补基础,就直接做真题,看啥啥不会,做了也白做,就是在浪费真题)。另一方面,你可以把它当成是一本工具书,不懂的单词查一查、不懂的语法查一查,下笔困难的写作句型查一查。2.复习目标:补牢高频词汇,搞定真题中的1783个频考词补牢语法重点,熟悉178个语法点,掌握长难句的拆分能力训练作文写作,学会如何把普通句子变成高分句子,脱离模板作文3.复习方法:(1)目标拆解法把一本书当成是一个大目标,规定一个复习时间,平均到每月再到每周,拆解成一个个小目标,固定要完成多少。(注意每一项任务可以根据实际情况进行调整,完不成的任务也不要给自己太大压力,有松有紧地复习)。(2)搭配复习法你也可以根据自己的复习习惯,搭配真题使用。但真题最好选择靠前年份的,比如基础加强版中的01—07年真题,不会浪费真题。PS:当然,如果你觉得【基础研读版】里面的词不全,没有安全感,也可以入手一本像《考研词汇闪过》这样收词又全,又划重点的词汇书,非常省时间。(未完待续)

王昭君

考研英语:基础差的考生如何做对14道题!

在考研英语的题目中,占比最大的就是阅读理解,很多同学在阅读上十分很多,最后拖垮了整个英语成绩。对于复习考研英语,个人认为只要你能把我国的应试教育规律掌握了就可以。因为学习英语和英语考试是截然不同的,而在我们现在备考研究生考试,就是在最短的时间内取得最高的成绩,这就是我们的目的。经过对考研英语历年真题的研究来看,出题都是有一定规律的,只要你在做题时能把这些规律掌握了,最后你的成绩也不会差。平时也听到很多同学说,我把历年考研英语真题都做了好几遍了,并且把大纲词汇也背过了(如:恋练有词、何凯文1575等等都看了)我再看文章时还是看不懂,题目也读不懂,最后做完题一对答案,几乎全错,这到底是啥原因呢?我个人认为,你做了那么多的题,都没有总结过以及分析每个选项的特征,你只是为了做题而做题,希望大家能认真反思一下你自己,是不是这样子的。每道题的四个选项中,对于错误的选项,正确的答案到底有啥特点?出题人到底是如何出题的,经过对历年真题的研究和总结,发现出题人在出题时,我们在考研阅读中14个左右是可以做对的。对于考研的真题中,记叙类的文章是没有出现的,也不会考的,因为很难读懂。接下来,我们就拿真题给大家分析一下:英语一 2014年:第一篇《对英国财政打车奥斯本的失业保障计划的批评》,第二篇《对美国法律服务价格高问题的原因和措施分析》,第三篇《对目前在自然科学界出现的新兴互联网企业设立新奖项这个现象的评价》,第四篇《美国艺术与科学学院所做的增强美国国民人文素质的报告内容进行介绍,并指出其弊大于利》。英语一 2015:年第一篇 《西班牙国王的退位应使英国皇家感到恐慌》,第二篇《最高法院应该为手机隐私制定保护条例》,第三篇《科学杂志决定对论文中的数字准确性进行审查,作者介绍了各方面对这一行为的看法》,第四篇《正如窃听案件所证明的那样,我们的公众生活中的确存在道德目标确实的情况》。我们可以从这些题可以看出:这些文章有一个共同的特征:就是对一个事物加以简单得描述,或者通过描述表达某种或者某些观点、看法和态度。因此这些都可以归结为大类的议论文。而对于考研阅读来说,阅读理解就是考察我们的阅读能力,就是提取文章的有效信息的能力,所以不管阅读的题如何变化,就是看我们能不能在最短的时间内把答案找出来。也许你会发现议论文的有效信息就是通过文章所表达的观点、论点以及作者的情感和态度,这些一般都是考研出题的重点。还有不少同学也许会问,考研中细节性的东西具体是哪些?主要分为以下二点:第一:研究生是选拔性的考试,所以考试对归纳总结能力比较看中,不会考原文中出现的原话,希望大家注意转折处的出题。第二:大部分考研学子不会认真去分析历年真题,再加上受部分老师模拟题的影响。好多老师的出的题答案都是拼凑,所以建议大家英语不要做模拟题,只做真题就可以。最后对正确选项的分析,我们可以得出以下二个特征:一,表述上必须具有相对的抽象性概括性宏观性。二,表述上不能太绝对且较模糊,不能带有过于强烈的感情色彩和倾向。一个过于具体的概括不能成为论点,而一个表述上极端的论点是站不住脚的,很容易受到攻击,这是议论文的常识。阅读理解命题选项话题范围的区分。有三个选项在谈论同一类别或者范围内的话题,而第四个正确选项的话题离这个范围要远一些,这样答案出现争议的可能性就相对减小。比如:2017年英二22.which of the following contributionsto long waits at major airport?[A]New restrictions on carry-on bags新的手提行李限制[B]The declining efficiency of the TSA下降的 TSA 效率[C]An increase in the number oftravelers游客的数量增加[D]Frequent unexpected secret checks频繁的意外秘密检查【解析】[A][B][D]讨论的都是通关过程具体的事物,[C]讨论的是人的流量,话题范围明显不同。2016年 英二22. Indelivering lessons forhigh-schoolers, Flatiron has considered their____[A]experience 经历[B]interest 兴趣[C]career prospects 职业前景[D]academic backgrounds 学术背景【解析】[A][C][D]都是外部、相对客观的评价要素。[B]兴趣则相对主观,话题范围不同。2016年 英二27.Radesky’sfood-testing exercise shows that mothers’use ofdevices ______[A]takes away babies’ appetite 影响婴儿的食欲[B]distracts children’s attention 分散孩子的注意力[C]slows down babies’ verbal development减缓婴儿的言语发展[D]reces mother-child communication 减少母婴交流【解析】[A][B][C]都是立足于孩子自身进行论述,[D]论述的其他主体和孩子的关系,话题范围明显不同。最后简单介绍下阅读技巧:第一:先对文章得进行段落标记,在看阅读理解的题干,弄清5个小题的题干问的是什么,把相关的人名、段落、题干的类型什么一一留意,以便阅读的过程中做标记。第二:勾画关键词句。这里我们在第一次阅读的时候需要对题干里面出现的相关信息做简略的标记以便下一次来找这个信息的时候能够快速反应过来是这个地方。第三:翻译关机词句的意思。如果你的翻译水平比较好,可以全部翻译出来,这样与便于对全文意思的理解和对问题的判断。第四:采用跳跃式的快速阅读方式开始第一次阅读。这第一次阅读需要注意的就是题干的信息和关键词句的信息,阅读的时候伴随着对关键词句的翻译。速度一定要快。第五:开始二次阅读,也就是第二遍的精读过程,这一次你依次看问题的选项,然后立刻找到对应的文段对题目做出最准确的判断。(部分内容整理自网络,侵删)

魔术男

陈尚君:在渴望中读书

【编者按】近日,上海志达书店的“悦悦讲坛”邀请浙江大学马一浮书院特聘教授傅杰主持题为“我的读书经验”系列讲座。傅杰表示,“将不定期邀请我敬佩的师友来书店,或忆一忆他们的读书经历,或聊一聊他们的买书故事,或谈一谈他们的读书心得,或向青年朋友推荐若干他们心目中的好书。”澎湃新闻经“悦悦图书”授权刊发该系列讲座稿和视频。第五讲傅杰邀请到复旦大学特聘资深教授、复旦大学任重书院院长、中国唐代文学学会会长、全国古籍整理出版规划领导小组成员陈尚君。陈尚君著有《汉唐文学与文献论考》《唐代文学丛考》《唐诗求是》《贞石诠唐》《行走大唐》《宋元笔记述要》《旧五代史新辑会证》《全唐诗补编》《全唐文补编》等。陈尚君在讲座现场这次讲座不仅是“我的读书经验”系列在2021年的第一次开讲,对我还有一个更特殊的意义:这新的一年,是我看到太阳的第七十个年头了。古人称七十为古稀之年,我的心感觉还没有老,我和年轻人一样还在努力地工作。现在这个年纪,也是适合回顾人生经历的时候。我们研究古人,往往说起来头头是道,但对于自己的人生,有时只好告诉大家:我自己也说不太清楚。在渴望中读书回过头去看,我觉得自己人生中非常特别的一点是:我在“文革”的十多年之中是如何度过的,怎样在艰难的环境中得到了一些偶然的机缘。在这里,我就稍微回顾一下那时的经历。上个世纪八十年代的南通街道我的父母是宁波人,客居在南通。南通是一个特别的地方,大家都知道清末状元张謇就是在南通办实业的。这些年回顾往事,我总会觉得,自己在南通得到了很多意想不到的收获的,小学到中学的教育,以及南通的文化氛围,可能都曾经影响过我。我小的时候家境还可以,六七岁以前每周总有一个晚上父母都带我去看越剧,虽然唱什么已经不记得了。小学我读的是南通师范第四附属小学,那是全国第一所师范学校的附小,老师与教学应该都是很好的。关于读书,我记得二年级向任课的保老师借过一套线装的《水浒传》,后来也读过线装的《三国演义》,当时读懂了没有,也回忆不起来,就是硬看那些有趣的故事。当然更多是看连环画。小学高年级语文老师刘宝珊,以前做过海安李堡镇长,对我很有好感,觉得我考南通中学一定能考得中。可能是我没有考好,后来进的是南通市二附中,一个在南通属于中等的学校。班级学号据说按成绩排,我排第一,距离南通中学可能仅差一分。在这样的环境中,“文化大革命”开始了,整个社会动荡起来。那个时期毛主席有一句话——“你们要关心国家大事”。那时我关心国家大事的办法就是,每天晚上,或者我一个人,或者我陪着母亲,把南通市整一条街的大字报从头到尾看过去,每张都看。我相信在这个过程中,南通的文化氛围也会对我有一些影响。1976年陈尚君在江心沙农场“广阔天地,大有作为”是1968年底毛主席说的。1969年3月16号,我们一批中学生就去了南通海门的江心沙农场,一个长江边上冲积造成的小岛。当时很无知,去之前只知道要去一个岛,到那里之后才从顽童的心理回到了现实。那是个国营农场,最初的三年是很多老职工管我们这些“知青”,我们真的吃了很多很多苦。后来的四五年里是我们“知青”管老职工。如今,我可以跟农村的孩子吹嘘:“我当年的时候可是管几百亩土地,每天早晨天不亮就开始叫人家下地,站在农场的村头上布置农活……”但实际上,在那之前我在家里做事及其他能力都很差,我是在农场的八年里才从那种很软弱、很无能、很无知的状态,逐渐经历了最艰苦的锻炼。在农场,我们其实没有生存的危机,但年轻在长身体的时候,承担最艰苦的农活,与农民做得一样多,甚至更多,生命爆发出的能量,自己也想不到,是被无限放大的。在和农民一起的生活之中,在最艰苦的农活之中,我们经历了体力上和精力上最严酷的考验。当时管理和劳动的艰辛,远远超过我们的能力。比如秋收的主体是拾棉花。现在看来学生到农村里去拾棉花,是充满浪漫情调的,但如果你是在进行记分管理,努力追求最大量的采获,这只手在采这朵,眼睛就会发现下一朵,追求最高效率,确实很辛苦。当时我自己负责一个单位,一天到晚称每一个人当天拾起了多少棉花。在这样的统计中,人的生存能量被释放到了最大。当年我作为一个“知青”,在和农民一起的劳作中没有任何的懈怠,在这方面自己也得到了最大程度的锻炼。在那一段经历中,我认识了中国的农民,也了解了农村土地的耕作、作物的生长,从具体的技巧到节奏的把握,整个流程我都极其熟悉。后来在复旦的几十年中,也时常会感叹:中国农民的顽强和他们生命的放大是无限的。除了和其他人一样的劳动感受,我觉得自己在农场还有很多幸运的地方。到农场时,我还是个初中生,但我们所在的连队有一批南通中学高一的学生,明显比我要成熟许多。他们的语文老师严迪昌,也是后来在唐宋词研究方面很有名的一位前辈,当时指导他们读的书,也有带到农场,他们读到的中外名著,也在知青之间辗转,我也有幸跟着他们读。在农场的整整八年时间,既是高强度的劳动,又是在渴望中读书,而且还碰上一群很好的朋友,这是我的幸运。郭沫若《李白与杜甫》,人民文学出版社1971年版回顾当时看的书,其实就是当时能够找到的书。比如中国社科院文学研究所编的三册《中国文学史》,当时我看到了第二册;刘大杰的《中国文学发展史》,当时出了第四版修订的第一册,我很认真地从头到尾仔细读过;郭沫若的《李白与杜甫》;范文澜的《中国通史简编》,都很仔细地阅读。我后来研究唐诗,稍微也算有一点成绩,但我看到《唐诗三百首》的时间其实非常晚,是在二十岁左右。这些书都是“知青”之间辗转借来读的。除了书,还有杂志。虽然当时我只是农场里一个很基层的“知青”,但我能看到的杂志刊物,包括复刊的《文物》《考古》《历史研究》等,我都曾经订过。在那八年时间里没有办法系统地读书,但凡是能看到的书,我都尽量去看。前几年,上海人民出版社出了一本《胡适许怡荪通信集》。许怡荪是胡适少年时期的一个年长的朋友,在胡适最落魄的时候,及时提醒他说:你的前途无量,应该出去留学。我也有过这样的朋友。大家曾经一起读书,彼此之间有一种激励,虽然看不到今后如何发展,但是在一个小圈子里,大家努力读了一些书,充实了自己。所以,在农场中我也是有一些成长机缘的,在去复旦之前读了相对比较多的书。这可以说是我读书的第一个阶段。初入大学 见贤思齐之前在农场是找不到书读,因此,到复旦的第一年里,我基本上是以一种“横扫”的方式在读书,把复旦图书馆里与中文有关的各方面的书,一个架子一个架子地去读,把读书当作一种有兴致的事情来做,这样也会发现自己在一段时间里进步非常迅速。我始终觉得,读书是需要靠激情的。自学的时候,对某些问题的深入、对读书的渴望,能够达到一种不可思议的程度,进入大学,在知识海洋里遨游,那种愉快,那是别人所不能理解的。不过,虽然自学的动力是科班所不能比的,但自学的系统性、完整性和精确度是很不够的。即便后来在中文系做过一段时间的系主任,我也始终知道,自己的基础并不好。比如现代汉语里最简单的“主、谓、宾、定、状、补”,我就不是很能完全说清楚,因为从来没有老师给我系统地介绍过。等到我在中文系读书以及工作以后,又没有机缘再向他人请教了——别人会觉得你不应该不知道这些。遇到一些字有时会读错音,对有些字义的理解会有出入……这些大概是我们这一代人的“通病”。上个世纪八十年代的复旦大学分校大学第二年的三月,我就报名考研究生,最终以专业分数第一、总分数第二考取了研究生。我非常清楚地记得,1977年第一次到复旦的时候,都不知道大学是干什么的,不知道大学是分科系的,也不知道大学是怎么个教课法,但仅仅一年多以后却能顺利考取研究生,可以说自己有一个很大的发展和蜕变。我这个人在好多事情上都是被动的,往往不是我想做什么,而是别人抱着一种发现人才的热情希望我去做,在背后推动着我往前走。报考研究生时,我一听到九十个报名的人中最终只录取一个人,心里很缺乏勇气。当时在学校的路上我碰到了陈允吉老师,跟他说了这个情况,问他:“我能行吗?”陈老师告诉我:“你的实际水平已经不差于文革前毕业的大学生,只要好好发挥应该是会有机会的。”我受到了很大的鼓舞。考研究生,我比其他考生都要有利的一个条件就在于,我在学校里可以充分利用图书馆。只要有一个系统的准备,我就可以把文学史上各种基本问题都梳理清楚。后来在整个考试中我还算发挥得不错,考场上拿到考卷时,觉得题目很简单。比如有一道题是列出十个名篇,让写出其中哪一篇是哪一个朝代的哪一个人所作,其中就有《秋兴八首》。大家都知道《秋兴八首》是杜甫作的,所以我就更详细地写明是唐代的杜甫在某年某月某地所作,而且十篇都这样写。负责阅卷的是王水照先生,后来他跟我说,那道题目我发挥得很特别。研究生考试的各科目中我比较弱的是外语,但还好当时考试是可以带词典的,我的长处在于词典翻得很快,最终算是“蒙混过关”。因此我觉得,我有机会到复旦,然后及时报名考研,又顺利考上,走上了专业的道路,是很难得的机缘。1988年2月陈尚君教授(右二)与王运熙先生(左二)、王水照先生(左一)、骆玉明先生(右一)在复旦大学曦园进入研究生阶段,我清楚地知道自己的实力是不行的,也清楚地知道其他同学实力之超强。我们那一届研究生,同学之间年龄差很大,最大能相差二十岁。在学术研究上,有些同学进校时的成熟程度就已经很惊人了。有一位同学进校后不久参加一个学术会议,提交的论文题目是《从水稻的读音来分析亚洲栽培稻的起源》,整篇文章通过稻谷的读音在中国、东南亚、日本、印度这样一条线上的演变,来推测稻谷最早起源的地方。当时我读到这篇文章特别惊讶,因为我都还不知道自己的方向在哪里,而别人已经可以达到这样的水平。同时我也深深地知道“见贤思齐”,自己不如别人,但可以努力补上去。我们的研究生阶段,学校读书的气氛非常之好,或许是和整个社会大环境有关,大家都在意气风发地追求新的目标。我也是在这个过程中被“裹挟”,跟上这样一种节奏和步伐。当时复旦对大学生开放的图书馆,是在如今的理科图书馆位置,到了研究生阶段,就可以到如今“外办”位置的参考阅览室读书。那时,图书馆早晨八点钟开馆,开馆之前门外早已排了很长的队,基本上一开馆马上就没有位子了。我当时用的比较多的是图书馆一楼大厅里面的一个古籍阅览室,因为基本的几套书都在那个地方。老师们的启发和熏陶专业方面的提升,是一个很艰苦的过程。在这个过程中,我有幸遇到了几位很好的老师,他们给了我很充分的指导。我时常觉得,老师是在发掘好的学生,学生也应该和老师互为呼应。在复旦我遇到的第一位好老师是陈允吉先生。当时有一个制度,要求老师要有固定的时间到学生宿舍解答学生的问题。作为课代表的我,会陪着陈老师到学生宿舍走一圈,结束就到我宿舍对谈,于是我相比其他同学有更多机会问各种各样的问题,而陈老师也会滔滔不绝地给我讲……大概有半年的时间,我把各种有兴趣的问题拿来问他,他也把知道的各种各样的知识告诉我。我得到了很多指点,他也更加了解了我。曾担任过复旦大学中文系主任的三位老师:陈尚君(左)、陈允吉(中)、陈思和(右)我以前看杂书,实际上也获得了一些好处。比如我读鲁迅的文集,把那一小本一小本的文集基本都收集齐了。其中鲁迅有一句话是:问太浅的问题被老师看轻,问太难的问题把老师难住也不行。所以当时我在和陈老师的相处中,始终把握着这样一个度。陈老师读书是很有兴致的,懂的东西也特别多。我们往往不会就某一个问题谈很多,但古往今来什么问题都谈。现在我也跟学生们讲,学生要会提问。提问有个前提:你了解老师多少——你既不能提太浅的问题显得自己可笑,也不能提太深的问题,否则老师也解答不了。我能进入研究生考试是陈允吉老师帮我找王运熙先生推荐的,还记得是在中文系的楼梯上,王先生很和善地就答应了。研究生面试也是王运熙先生主持的,过程中问了很多东西,我的回答很老实——知道什么就说什么,不知道就说不知道。还记得王先生问了一个问题是:“哲学史有没有读过什么书?”我回答:“读过任继愈的《中国哲学史》,但只读了前三册,第四册没有找到。”王先生告诉我,第四册还没有出版。现在很难去还原我往日读书的面貌,但我曾经确实是怀着渴望在读书的。虽然不能说完全读懂了,但是在翻的过程中,在懂和不懂之间,不断提升自己。经过这样的过程,我就进入了研究生的专业学习。当时的专业学习,和现在的研究生不一样。研究生刚恢复招生,学校的管理还很简单,整个研究生部只有四个老师,大部分管理措施由导师说了算。我们的课程主要分两个部分,除了英语有别的授课老师外,专业基础部分由王运熙先生负责,专业课部分则是由导师朱东润先生负责。从那时起,一直到现在整理完了朱先生的文集和两部遗著,我对朱先生的认识是:他的学问在当代学者中是很少见的,他所达到的宽度和深度都是惊人的,而且朱先生的学问中始终抱有强烈的忧患意识,把传统的学问和现代的学术结合在一起。朱先生早年是读过经学的,后来又有留学的经历,还教了十五年的英文……或许正因为如此,他成为中国文史研究领域一个特立独行的人物。朱先生给自己的书斋取了个名字“师友琅琊馆”,取自杜牧《长安杂题长句六首》之四的两句“九原可作吾谁与,师友琅琊邴曼容。”“师友琅琊”是对邴曼容为人态度的推崇,邴曼容的立身原则是:君子有守,不强求显达,但对自身修养要求很高。这一点在朱先生的经历中也是非常明显的。陈尚君与导师朱东润先生合影,1981年12月朱先生的授课方式是,学生每两周有一个半天到他那里去上课,他带着我们读唐宋的文学作品,也会谈他自己的感受。跟着朱先生读书最大的收获就在于,他是一个不受传统或主流观点左右的学者。他讲到对任何事情的看法,都和一般的说法不同,有他自己的体悟。在最初接触他的时候,会觉得他的体悟讲得很随意,但仔细读他的著作就越来越能够体会到,他是在把古人的书融通透彻之后再得出自己具体的认识和感受。后来在整理朱先生的著作中我才意识到,当年自己对朱先生所讲的内容并没有完全理解。所以我觉得,整理朱先生遗著的过程,是一个重新读书和学习的过程,有特别的收获。朱先生对于学生有严格要求的一面。第一年里,他对我说:“像你这样是不应该跳级的。”朱先生认为,人在成长的过程中如果拼命被拔高,会容易受到打击,对于发展是不利的。因此,像我这样在大二上学期就考研究生,朱先生认为是不合适的。那时我想,朱先生之所以这样讲,是因为他对我的能力缺乏信心。那么,我就应该做出一些让老师看得上的工作。第一个学年末,朱先生布置的作业题目是“大历元年后之杜甫”,告诉我们要尽量自己写,又补了一句“虽然拿别人的抄来也是会给分数的。”后面这半句友善的提醒,我总觉得应该是对我的能力缺乏信心。所以,那个夏天我就对自己有一定的要求,希望自己能在学术上拿出一些独特的东西。把几种杜甫的传记看过后,我觉得始终无法回答的一个问题是:杜甫在自己生命的最后五年突然离开成都草堂沿江东下,走了一个奇怪的“之”字形,究竟是什么目的?旧书的解说认为,杜甫是因为严武已死,蜀中将乱,于是避难而东下。但我总觉得不是这样。于是,我就掐天掐月地计算杜甫的行程,同时把杜甫在行程前后的所有诗歌仔细阅读、比较……最终,我分析出的看法是:杜甫离开成都草堂后的第一个目的地是进京,在峡中的停留只是出于偶然改变主意。那次作业,我交给朱先生三篇文章,虽然第二、三篇文章可以说毫无新意。第一篇文章探讨杜甫离蜀的真相,第二篇是讲杜甫离开成都草堂后的思想变化,第三篇是讲杜甫晚年诗歌的艺术成就。第一篇文章在交了作业的五年后,发表在了《复旦学报》1984年第一期上,改题目为《杜甫为郎离蜀考》,原稿后来收录在了复旦出版社出版的“三十年集”系列丛书之一《敬畏传统》里。我相信,朱先生看了这篇文章后会理解,我把从宋代以来对杜甫的基本论述给否定了,在这个关键点上系统地提出了新的认识。这次作业,朱先生在一定程度上是认可的。朱东润先生题字我这样做论文的方法,其实都是受老师的启发和熏陶。当时我受到的一个最直接的启发就是:发表的文章要能够让老师看得上,能够达到老师所期待的水准。现在我也会这样跟学生讲:写文章,要把读者做一个假设的推定。如果把文章的对话者定位为一个学术大师的话,你的文章就会写得很小心,而且从选题到表述都会拿捏一个合适的分寸;如果你随意写自己的感受,并不会有太多的收获。在后来做学位论文的过程中,我换了几个不同的方向。我曾经交给老师一篇关于欧阳修的《欧阳修著述考》。朱先生看到以后说了一句:“像你这样做学位论文,三年大约是不够的。”从这句话中我能体会出,朱先生还是认可我在这个题目上所花的精力的。作为研究欧阳修的第一步,把欧阳修所有著作做彻底的整理和界定,还是有意义的。朱先生为人的方式确实和别人有些不同,他不太当面表扬学生。当他觉得我的文章还不错的时候,只会对我说:“问题挖得很深”,然后再加一句,“有些文句不太通顺”或者“还有些错别字”,“文章还有些夹生”。对于学生发表文章,朱先生抱持的态度是:你们写的文章,如果自己觉得合格,就投到刊物上去,我不帮你们推荐的;如果你们担心自己人微言轻,写的文章别人可能不会注意,就应该通过自己的努力提高自己的水平,而不是寄希望于别人的推荐。因此我觉得,自己从学术的起步阶段跌跌撞撞地走过来,其中有一两篇文章还能够入老师的“法眼”,是自己的一种幸运。至于说要在学术上走出道路来,那是非常辛苦的事情。与朱东润先生不同,王运熙先生真的可谓是“见善必举”。当时,作为古典文学教研室主任的王先生,负责给我们古代文学专业的六个研究生上课,而且是到学生宿舍给我们上课的。王先生上课的方式是:我们六个研究生坐在桌子的中间,王先生坐在旁边床的角落里,拿出练习本,把准备的东西讲给我们。当时王先生讲的东西是最基本、最直接的。讲文献学,他主要讲《汉书·艺文志》《隋书·经籍志》《四库提要》等。王先生始终认为,他在复旦也遇到了很多好的老师,但自己一生的学术所受影响最深的是《四库提要》。这是他的心得之言。通过读《四库提要》,可以知道学术源流以及每一本书流传的过程,最重要的是,从中可以学到自学的态度——“公正平允”,也就是中正折衷之论。王运熙先生历史方面,王先生主张要读《史记》和《资治通鉴》。当时我们还受到一个特别的影响,就是来自蒋天枢先生的说法:《史记》是绝不能读标点本的,要读金陵书局本。好在那时复旦图书馆的书我们都可以借,所以就借出金陵书局本的《史记》来读。每天晚上十点半灯熄了,我们就在走廊里借走廊的灯读。哲学方面,王先生主张我们读《论语》《孟子》《庄子》《老子》,还要知道一点佛、道的内容,这部分看起来简单,其实是中文学习入门所需最基本的部分。王先生见到学生好的地方会表达出赞赏,也会主动地帮我们把文章投出去。我写的第一篇文章缘于看到了《南京师范大学学报》中孙望先生辑佚出来的《全唐诗补逸》选录,我当时的方法是,用上海书店《佩文韵府》索引的部分,一个词一个词地去查,查证哪些是《全唐诗》里有的,哪些是没有的……写出了一篇三千多字的文章。王先生看到后说:“这样的文章应该已经可以发表了”,但又说了一句:“孙望先生我是认识的,你这个文章应该寄给孙先生看一看。”孙先生很快就回信了。王先生说:“既然孙先生已经接受了你的意见,这个文章就不合适发表了。”那篇文章,我到现在也没有发表。研究生二年级上学期时读夏承焘先生的《唐宋词人年谱》,我觉得对于温庭筠生平的考证还有重新斟酌的必要,仔细分析以后发现,主要是关于温庭筠生年的那首诗《感旧陈情五十韵献淮南李仆射》的赠送对象——“淮南李仆射”到底是谁?因为对一些基本文献的解读不同,所以同一首诗的赠送对象会出现很大的解释空间。夏承焘先生认为是李德裕,因此对温庭筠生年的考订是812年。我认为赠送的对象是李绅,由此把温庭筠的生年往前推了十二年,即801年。这是我发表的第一篇长文,在研究生期间就发表了,叫《温庭筠早年事迹考辨》。对于这篇文章,王先生看了之后说:“这样的文章作为学位论文已经够了。”朱先生也看到了,说:“文章写得还不错”,然后又加了一句“内容还有些夹生”,夹生的意思是饭还没完全烧熟。后来,刘学锴《温庭筠全集校注》中引了我的这篇文章,同时有一些细节方面的纠订。虽然当时能够发表一篇文章还是很高兴的,但我也逐渐认识到,一个人的学术之成熟最重要的体现就在于:分寸之拿捏和把握。当年我在学生时期写的文章,确实有一点任意解释和过度阐发,这是学术不成熟的一种表现。一次,陈允吉先生在路上碰到我,对我讲了一句话:“你写东西不要老去驳别人,抠别人的问题。一个人在学术上要站得住,还是要靠自己的东西。”这个话我是听得进去的。因为我也知道,这样的文章在一定程度上还是站在别人的肩膀上写的,真正要写能“让自己站起来”的东西,会很难。自己学术空间的开拓真正我自己学术空间的开拓,应该说是在唐诗的考证方面。工作中的陈尚君,1987年七十年代末至八十年代初,中国的唐代文学研究发生了很大的变化,具体是以傅璇琮先生的《唐代诗人丛考》为代表的,主要是把陈寅恪和岑仲勉两位前辈治唐史的方法援入了对唐代文学的研究和对唐诗的考订。傅先生的研究方法受法国社会学派的影响很深。根据丹纳《艺术哲学》里的观点,伟大作家的出现一定是一种群体性现象,而二、三流的艺术家常常会被人们忽略。然而,如果要理解一个时代的艺术氛围、文学氛围,对二、三流艺术家的研究同样是非常重要的。傅先生的工作当年引起特别关注的点就在于,对唐代前中期一群二三流诗人生平和诗歌写作的具体考订。传统的唐诗研究主要是从唐诗里学习章法、句法以及诗的写法——读诗是为了学诗,这也是自唐宋以来一直到明清时期文学研究的主流。五六十年代以后,中国学术界占主流的看法受到苏联“作家作品论”的影响,比较注重思想艺术成就,对作品的解释有时会相对比较含糊。因此,傅先生当时所提倡的有些做法,我觉得是可以吸收的。一个很偶然的机缘,我发现1982年出版的《全唐诗外编》中还有很多诗并没有做很好的辑录和考订。在《全唐诗外编》出版之前,我给孙望先生去过信,把我发现的一些唐人佚诗的线索也告诉了他,他也愿意收进去,但并没有来得及在书出版前订补进去。那时我就有一个困惑:为什么前人已经做了那么多工作,清代甚至倾皇家之力来编《全唐诗》,后续又有多位名家对《全唐诗》做了订补……为什么我手上还会有一些唐人的佚诗存在?我当时的体会是,唐人诗文亡佚的过程,正如同一颗陨石从天上掉下,分裂成无数碎块来到人间。曾经在目录学课上我受到一个最直接的启发是:通过历史上的书目了去解古人在古代曾经做过哪些书,通过《四库全书》《中国丛书综录》等书,去了解有哪些书保存到了现在,同时把这两种目录相比较,就会发现有哪些书失传了,以及失传的书有可能通过哪些途径保存了下来。唐诗最基本的阅读途径,是读唐诗的选本和唐人的文集,但我带着用目录学方法来掌握群籍的思路,做唐人诗歌的辑佚和考证,把所有存世的典籍作为考查的对象。那时年纪轻、精力好,真的翻了许多种书。我记得非常清楚,我在自己1983年结婚那一个月的前后,还写了一篇文章叫《〈全唐诗〉误收诗考》,考出了六七百首《全唐诗》里收录的非唐人所作的诗,后来重新修改了一稿,于1985年发表在了《文史》第24期。这篇文章算是我独立在一个专题里从最基本的文献开始所做的研究。之所以写这篇文章是因为,做唐诗辑佚就应该对唐诗中前人的种种错误加以梳理,以避免自己犯同样的错误。当然,做这么大的题目,单凭我自己的学术根底是不够的,也借助了各种各样的工具书,比如台湾学者昌彼得、王德毅等编撰的《宋人传记资料索引》。我在图书馆发现这本书后,就拿来和《全唐诗》的作者索引逐个对读,发现线索后再逐一去追踪,这样就能发现有哪些宋人的诗被误收入了《全唐诗》。陈尚君《全唐诗补编》,中华书局1992年10月版就是在这样的过程中,我独立地做出了自己的著作《全唐诗续拾》。1985年2月第一次交稿时有2000多首诗,后来中华书局退改,让我再修订《全唐诗外编》,书出版就到了1992年。因为那个时候出书很难,何况还是这样一个会引起学术界关注的题目,所以这本书的出版让我觉得很荣幸。当然,这部书是在前数码时代做的,在当时的条件之下只有那么多方法,书中必然还会有一些问题。尤其现在古籍可以检索了,许多问题更容易发现。做这样的工作,有几点很重要。第一点,也是最重要的一点:通过熟悉目录学以掌握群籍,把所有前人有的书作为文学研究可以参照的文献来阅读和利用。第二点:文史结合,在“人、事、时、地、书”这五个层面上把读过的书和已有的书的内容进行网格化,同时进行定位。在这方面,文史没有界线,是打通的。我觉得,我的考证对读过的书里涉及到的作家和作品的年代、地点、人物归属、书的定位等,和前人的考证相比都更为用气力追求精致和准确。第三点:对一切文献都持怀疑的态度,不盲目轻信。在这一点上,我也是受到了一些学者的深刻影响。比如陈垣有一本书叫《陈垣史源学杂文》,其中就说到他的治学格言:勿信人言,人皆诳汝也。也就是说,我们在学习的过程中,一切都要经过自己的目验和判断,不盲从于别人所说的话。“不觉老之将至”《全唐诗补编》做完以后,我又做了《全唐文补编》。从个人心得来讲,《全唐文补编》比《全唐诗补编》的学术质量要好很多,当时反复校勘的文本,校样的改动都是密密麻麻。这之后我又做了《旧五代史新辑会证》……这样的工作进行到一定程度后,大概从90年代末开始,我逐渐感受到古籍数码化的实现以及由此带来的现代学术的根本性变化。因此,最近的二十年,我处于一种在彷徨中坚决跟上时代节奏的状态。陈尚君《全唐文补编》,中华书局2005年9月版现在我手上还有两部书。其中一部是逯钦立先生《先秦汉魏晋南北朝诗》的增订本,原本是我在2006至2008年做的,当时还不习惯也不放心用电脑,做的纸质文本。但因为原来还有一部分没有定稿,最近我又在做电子文本,回过头去看纸质文本,质量还算不错,问题仍然很多。所以,我准备把原来的纸质文本重新做一遍,形成新的电子文本,再交给中华书局去出版。另外一部是《全唐诗》,是我下决心在最近的十来年全心全力做的一项工作。虽然还没有完全定稿,存在的问题依然多如牛毛,但大端的东西都已经摆定了,我就先交给出版社去审读。就在昨天,一个复旦的研究生告诉我,他家的族谱中有一百多首唐诗,给我发了过来。我看了,居然还是可靠的,真的很惊人!唐人的诗歌,在我开始读书的时候就总觉得文章已经被前人做尽了,作为后生已经没有机缘作出超越前人的东西了,但几十年下来会觉得,只要开拓思路,掌握方法,同时付出代价,不畏艰辛,居然有上万篇诗文的新发现,巳经发表几百篇,仍然可以写许多内容一新的文章,真是学术天地无限开阔。这里我也要特别说明,传统的学术在向现代转型的过程中,现代科技,包括文本的检索、世界图书资源的公开等,都给我们带来无穷的机缘;但传统学术之中的一个重要原则并没有改变——书要人来读。读的书到一定量以后,才能有质的提升。也就是说,只有在读了一定量的书之后,才能判断文本,理解文本,解说文本。这几年,我在做《全唐诗》全部文本的校对,做完之后不禁深切地感慨,现在的学术环境对于一个真正要做学术的年轻人来讲,有无限可以开拓的空间。好的题目很多,问题是你自己能不能达到一定的认识和水平来掌控这样的题目。现在的电子文本所具有的可以不断修改、不断累积、不断更新的方式,对于传统学术来讲是非常之珍贵的。比如白居易诗的校勘,前人已经做过大量的工作,我就把得到的所有文本在一个文件里反复不断地去校对修改。以前要是听说某人的文章修改了八到十次,就佩服得不得了,而现在我手上这个白居易的文本已经至少改过一万次以上了。我几乎每天都会打开那个文本,发现的新东西就做改进。这就是现在的写作方式。所以,不是我能超越前人,而是我在掌握了现代手段之后能够比前人做得更好。但是在这中间,除了要靠检索,一切都还必须靠目验,这点原则并没有改变。而且,对复杂文献的判断和解读是需要自己的学术积累达到一定程度才能够实现的。这几年,我的另外的一个变化在于尝试了一些新的东西,包括在特定场合之下的发言、纪念性的文章、悼念前辈朋友的文章、为一些专栏写的文章等。举个例子,我以前从来不写鉴赏性质的文章,2015年被华东师范大学的胡晓明教授“缠住”,不得不给《历代女性诗词鉴赏词典》写鉴赏文章,拖了许久,总算给他写出了二十篇左右。其实,写了之后才发现,自己居然还是能够做这个事情的。这样忽然兴致盎然,尝试了给《文史知识》等报纸杂志写专栏,今年也是第五年了,已经交了大概两百篇左右的文章,居然还得到不错的反响。六十多岁还能有学术的转型,确实有些出乎意料之外。也许自己还有更多的能力可以被发掘,年龄应该不是问题,这大概就是所谓的“不觉老之将至”吧。来源:澎湃新闻