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2021年长沙理工大学金融硕士考研真题及2022年考研参考书小乙

2021年长沙理工大学金融硕士考研真题及2022年考研参考书

【2022年金融硕士考研教辅图书】《金融硕士大纲解析》,首都师范大学出版社,2021年版《公司理财:考研笔记·习题详解·真题解析》,首都师范大学出版社,2021年版《金融学:考研笔记·习题详解及历年真题解析》,首都师范大学出版社,2019年版《金融硕士习题集》,首都师范大学出版社,2019年版以上是金融硕士考研权威辅导资料,当当、京东、天猫都可以买到。【2022年金融硕士考研温馨解析:考研失败的7大原因】(1)准备时间太晚:建议大三或者大二就开始准备,并且最好是大三就尝试考一次,但是大多数考生的复习时间也就是几个月,这么短时间,怎么能和准备了一两年的考上相比呢?(2)院校专业不合理:当然,很多考生也不知道怎么选择专业和院校,因为信息太少了,又缺乏相关的经验,这点可以咨询育明教育咨询师,由十余年考研咨询经验的高级咨询师(微信:136-9134-9140)给大家答疑解惑。(3)复习规划不合理:自上学以来,很多考生就是在家长和老师的安排下进行学习的,上大学以后大家就失去了学习安排的能力,导致考研不知道如何安排,这点可以根据育明一对一的复习进度进行解决。(4)缺乏复习技巧:很多辅导机构都会给大家讲解一些技巧,但是这些技能很难在考场上应用的,真正的技巧是要通过长时间的练习和备考磨炼出来的。(5)不懂答题技巧:育明教育每年都会聘请具有5年以上公共课和专业课阅卷经验的老师对学员进行一对一指导的,这点是育明教育高通过率的秘诀,要知道,很多题目都是主观题,你能回答上来和你能得高分是两码事。(6)没有复习重点:考研考的就是心态,很多考生往往容易贪多,再加上把握不住重点,所以,越往最后越是急躁,越是觉得需要记忆的内容多,其实核心问题就是没有掌握住重点。(7)对复试不够重视:尤其是MPAcc/MPA/MBA的考生,报考人大、北外、北语等院校的考生,现在复试的比例越来越高了,所以一定要重视复试,育明教育的复试保过班次,大家可以考虑。一、2022年长沙理工大学考研招生目录、招生人数二、2022年长沙理工大学考研参考书《国际金融新编(第五版)》,姜波克编著,复旦大学出版社出版,2012年。《证券投资学(第四版)》,吴晓求编著,人民大学出版社出版,2014年。《金融硕士大纲解析》,李国正,首都师范大学出版社,2021年版;《金融硕士习题集》,李国正,首都师范大学出版社,2019年版三、2022年考研真题、考研笔记、考研经验(育明学员回忆)长沙理工大学是一所以工为主,工、理、管、经、文、法、哲、艺等多学科协调发展,以本科教育为主体,具有博士后科研流动站、博士学位授予权和硕士生推免权的多科性大学。学校是全国先进基层党组织、湖南省文明标兵单位、湖南省依法治校示范学校。经过60多年的建设和发展,学校积淀了以“博学、力行、守正、拓新”校训和“铺路石精神”为内核的大学文化。学校紧紧依托行业,建成了水平较高、特色鲜明的本科教育教学体系。拥有国家级教学团队2个,国家级精品视频公开课程2门,国家级精品资源共享课程3门,国家级双语教学示范课程1门;国家级工程实践教育中心6个,国家级示范实验教学中心2个,国家级虚拟仿真实验教学中心2个;国家级大学生校外实践教育基地1个,教育部“卓越计划”校外实践教育基地1个;省级精品课程25门,省级大学生创新训练中心3个,省级创新创业教育中心4个,省级校企合作人才培养示范基地7个,校企合作创新创业教育基地6个,省级示范实验(实践)教学中心11个,省级虚拟仿真实验教学中心2个,省级仿真实验教学项目3个。学校先后获准为教育部“卓越工程师教育培养计划”试点学校,教育部“大学生创新性实验计划”“国家级大学生创新创业训练计划”项目实施学校。近五年,获得省级教学成果奖22项;大学生获得国家级各类学科竞赛和科技成果奖300余项,省级学科竞赛和科技成果奖1400余项。2022年考研复习规划(10000名成功学员的经验总结)第一阶段:信息收集及院校确定(3月—6月)了解考研信息、确定报考院校、明确专业课重点、夯实英语基础(尤其是单词、句型),这个时候,在选择院校和专业时必须慎重,不能自己想怎样就怎样,要听取专家的建议。育明教育咨询师都有5年以上咨询经验。第二阶段:考试重点明确(7月—9月)通过育明教育一对一指导明确专业课考试重点并做笔记、明确考研政治考点及难点、考研英语真题解析。第三阶段:明确重点并理解记忆(7月—9月)明确专业课考试重点并做笔记、明确考研政治考点及难点、考研英语真题解析。第四阶段:深入背诵考点、练习试题(9月—11月)开始背诵考点难点、练习考点试题。第五阶段:模式考试(11月—12月)每门课都进行4-5次模拟考试,并由育明教育聘请阅卷组成员进行指导和分析。第六阶段:复试、面试(次年3月—4月)通过育明教育复试保过课程,准备复习(笔试、面试等)。

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弘时清华考研|清美服装艺术设计考研近三年考研真题解析

01清华美院服装设计考研简介清华大学美术学院服装设计专业本科、研究生已开设多年,师资力量,国际合作资源、影响力、就业水平皆处于国内顶尖水平。同时服装设计目前是清华美院研究生专业中招生专业最多的一个大专业,近几年招生人数稳定在13人左右,不含染织方向,比那些招生人数仅1-3人的专业相比,名额多到简直是让人眼红。关键是说,其中95%以上都录取的是外校的同学。当然录取人数多,报考人数也自然不少,在报考人数众多,竞争如此之大的情况下,如何能拿到高分,脱颖而出,是很最最重要的事情。 研究生入学后第一年,多数同学(专硕)前往清华大学深圳研究生院进行为期1年的深度设计实践学习,与企业进行对接,进行落地设计实践。坦白讲,南方的服装品牌企业更多,更接近市场前沿,产业资源丰富,供应链极其发达,是服装设计学习的好地方。在入学第二年和第三年,每位研究生会具体选定细分专业导师,跟随各自导师进行专业细分学习,在自己的导师悉心指导下,完成自己的学业。大部分同学会回到北京。并且清华大学米兰艺术设计学院在意大利米兰正式挂牌。清华大学米兰艺术设计学院是清华大学全球化战略的重要组成部分,也是清华大学在欧洲最重要的海外教育基地。给在校的同学们提供了更多申请出国交换的机会。除此之外还有英国皇家艺术学院、意大利米兰理工大学、伦敦艺术学院、东京艺术大学、帕森斯学院,中央圣马丁学院等国外顶级院校的交换资源,利于开拓同学们的眼界,提升自我。想比如自己单独申请海外留学,这些资源确实是清华独有的。清华美院内外环境02清华美院服装设计考研导师及研究方向刘亚助教 设计学双硕士 研究方向2016 - 2018 英国皇家艺术学院 ( Royal College of Art, UK) /硕士2012 - 2015 清华大学美术学院染织服装艺术设计系/硕士2008 - 2012 清华大学美术学院染织服装艺术设计系/学士 服饰设计、现代纺织品设计综合交叉研究、装饰材料研究等教学主张如今,在强调跨学科、协同创新的时代背景下,现代纺织品设计立足于本学科的专业知识、技术、艺术,已经成为涉及时尚设计、工业设计、室内设计、材料设计、纯艺术等诸多领域的专业,其探讨的边界正在被不断扩大。立足于清华美院染织学科装饰图案学、工艺美术学的优良传统,未来将探讨内容分为:工艺(Graft)、身体(Body)、CMF(色彩材料研究)、纯艺术(Gallery)、空间(Space)、未来材料(Futures)6个研究方向。由此,现代纺织品设计的研究内容也将从原来单一的纺织品设计范畴变成现在多元的、整体的思维过程和设计研究。 贾京生教授 文学硕士 硕士生导师 博士生导师研究方向中国流行色协会理事、色彩教育委员会委员中国家纺艺术文化专业委员会委员、家纺用品流行趋势研究员劳动部家纺设计师职业考评员教育部高校文科计算机教指委艺术类委员会委员中国纺织协会工艺美术中级职务资格评审委员全国纺织品设计大赛暨理论研讨会评委中国大学生文科计算机设计大赛决赛评委北京服装学院民族服饰博物馆客座教授染织艺术设计、理论与历史研究教学主张对于染织艺术设计、理论与历史研究,必须以自然为本、以人为中心、以创造为重点、以审美为基础、以适用为最终目,为人们生活方式营造诗意、适意的栖息环境。以自然为本的设计研究,是可持续发展的、天人共存的、绿色设计研究;以人为中心的设计研究,是充分满足人性与人本需求的设计研究;以创造为重点的设计研究,是为人们创建新的生活方式的设计研究;以审美为基础的设计研究,是为人们生活营建审美意境的设计研究;以适用为最终目的设计研究,是紧密结合人们实际适用的设计研究。张红娟副教授 硕士研究生 研究方向室内纺织品文化及设计研究数码纺织品设计研究(机织、刺绣)教学主张室内纺织品是人们生活空间中不可或缺的实用品与装饰品,它集功能性、装饰性、文化性等多重特点于一身。对室内纺织品的文化及设计研究,意义在于满足社会需求,促进纺织行业的发展;梳理历史文脉,传承中国优秀的纺织文化;完善知识体系,充实、丰富中国室内纺织品设计及理论体系。 数码纺织品设计是随着科技不断发展出现的纺织设计中的新工艺技术,体现了时代发展的特色。对数码纺织品设计的研究主要是研究现代工艺技术在纺织设计中的运用,以及传统工艺与现代技术的相互影响。如:传统刺绣工艺与现代刺绣技术的相互借鉴、结合的方法。 梳理历史,重视当代,设计未来!杨建军副教授 文学硕士 研究方向传统装饰图案艺术研究天然染色材料与工艺研究教学主张1、为全面弘扬敦煌璀璨的传统装饰图案艺术,拟分门别类地按照历代的文化变迁将其纹样、色彩用途等所形成的特色和演变系统地加以分析、整理、展示,通过装饰图案再现历代风格特征。全面的为适应现代生活的环境艺术、室内装饰、染织服饰、轻工产品等艺术设计创新的需要,提供重要的具有中国传统文化含量的参考资料,为进一步发扬民族优秀传统文化和提高审美意识的艺术设计教学,提供重要的形象教材。2、研究的主要内容:古代文献及染色理论的研究;传统天然染料原材料的调研、发掘及收集;传统天然染色技术的寻访、记录和实验;传统染色图案的搜集、临摹、整理;新型天然材料及染色技术的尝试和开发;染色图案的创新设计。即本着以研究中国古代天然染色理论和技术、继承和发展优秀传统为宗旨,一方面大量研究文献,并参考和借鉴国内外同领域最新研究成果,从理论上进行广泛研究。另一方面,深入广大民间,实地寻访民间艺人和传统染色技术,搜集整理图案,并以文字、照片、绘制等形式详细记录、归纳,实际操作、实验,掌握不同天然染料的特点和染色技术。同时,结合现代纺织品生产和国际染色标准以及现代审美流行趋势,运用传统天然染色技术,实现创新的图案设计。王悦副教授 博士研究生导师研究方向清华大学美术学院哥本哈根皮草实验室主任北京市高等教育自学考试考试委员北京高等院校人物造型设计专业教学联盟委员IFTF国际皮草协会青年委员会理事中国服装设计师协会学术委员会会员 材料与服装设计及可持续发展研究服装艺术设计与传统手工艺教学主张在表现现代社会文明的同时,积极探寻传统造物思想与当代设计多元文化的有机结合,以对人和自然的关怀为艺术设计的目的和出发点,推崇和提倡一种可持续发展的生态文化观和价值观。研究中以服装作为媒介,探索以低耗高效的设计去创造服装的形态之美、公用之需、生态之效。这里所“设计”的不仅是服装与材料本身,更包括其“生命周期”的每一个环节与人、自然和社会的和谐共存之道。 李迎军副教授 硕士研究方向中国服装设计师协会学术委员会会员民族文化与服装设计研究教学主张中国悠久的历史与灿烂的文明不仅为当代设计师提供了取之不尽、用之不竭的灵感来源,也成为中国设计师在内心守候的精神家园。在当今高速运行的信息化社会,服装设计的发展又必须关注国际流行。民族、民间服饰文化与国际时尚是服装设计专业的两个端点。本研究方向正是以这两个关键点为基础,通过实践探索民族文化传统与国际流行的辩证关系。研究成果既为民族文化的传承与发展提供思路,也为世界服饰文化的丰富多样做出探索。贾玺增准聘副教授 硕士生导师 博士后研究方向中国服装设计师协会学术委员会委员中国博物馆协会服装专业委员会理事委员中国流行色协会会员全国考办艺术类专业规范和审定专家国家精品课程“中国服装史”主讲教师清华大学精品课程“中国服装史”主讲教师国际知名慕课EDX平台清华大学学堂在线“中国服装史”主讲教师《服装设计师》编委《东华大学学报(社科版)》编委《服装学报》审稿专家1、基于中国传统文化的服饰创新设计;2、服装品牌产品运营与企划管理;3、国际流行趋势与符号系统。教学主张以人为本、关注现实生活,汲取传统文化内涵、服装形制和审美范式,多元融合当代艺术造型语言,洞悉大众审美与消费习惯,利用国际流行时尚系统推动品牌传播和商业价值转化,探索时装设计风格的独特性与多样化。朱小珊副教授 文学学士 硕士生导师研究方向中国服装协会会员技术工作委员会执行委员;北京服装纺织行业协会设计师分会会员女装结构设计教学主张服装结构设计为服装设计专业重要的研究内容之一,它是由内至外解决服装造型问题的关键,研究结构设计的合理性,不仅是解决服装外部造型轮廓问题,同时,其内部空间与人体的关系,以及它们之间的协调关系,也都是值得深入研究和探讨的。无论是通过平面裁剪,还是立体裁剪来体现服装结构,都只是手段,而以艺术的角度通过结构来表达造型的完整性,以科学的角度通过结构来表达人体与服装关系的合理性,是服装造型设计中艺术与科学相交融的特点。张树新副教授 文学学士 硕士研究生导师研究方向北京工艺美术学会理事中国工艺美术学会纤维艺术专业委员会理事传统染织艺术研究 染织艺术设计与应用研究教学主张1、传统染织艺术研究:从中国传统染织工艺中具有实际应用意义的编织艺术、地毯艺术、天然染色艺术等工艺角度入手,对传统的染织工艺进行挖掘整理与开发应用。继承与发展传统染织技艺,将传统的染织工艺用于当下的社会建设中,对于今天的染织艺术事业的发展至关重要。 传统染织艺术的研究方法,是通过研究传统的编织艺术、地毯艺术的构成形式,及织物组织结构,材料特征,配色方法等工艺技艺,并结合人们的生活起居,设计出具有实用意义及审美意义的染织艺术品。 2、染织艺术设计与应用研究:从具有实际应用意义的室内纺织品艺术、服饰艺术等艺术形式入手,进行系统的设计研究与产品的开发应用研究。该研究对于今天的社会与生活具有现实意义。 染织艺术设计与应用研究的研究方法,是通过研究染织艺术的设计形式、材料结构及色彩规律等艺术特征,结合人们的生活方式,将艺术设计应用于现实生活的一种方法。张宝华副教授 硕士 系副主任 硕士研究生导师研究方向中国家用纺织品行业协会家纺艺术文化专业委员会委员中国家用纺织品行业协会设计师协会副会长中华全国工商业联合会纺织服装商会专家委员会委员 中国流行色协会第八届理事会理事(2009-2014)、色彩教育委员会委员NCS(Natural Color System)中国地区特约色彩专家印花纺织品设计研究教学主张纺织品印花设计是一门古老而又时尚的艺术设计形式。从东方到西方;从古老的民间传统印花工艺到现代的数码印花技术,跨越几千年的历史长河。从服装到家居,印花纺织品作为一种装饰艺术与人类紧密联系,同时印花纺织品作为传承历史、文化的符号之一,有着自身特殊的语言方式,具有重要的意义。 当今资讯的全球化带来了经济的全球化,因经济和产品消费带来了人文精神和生活价值的一体化。在这样一个全球化的背景下,人与人之间,设计与设计之间走得更近。同时,伴随着印花科技的发展,印花纺织品设计呈现出多学科交叉相容的趋势,应用领域不断延展。世界文化的不断交流,相互的文化“间隔”变得越来越小,但彼此各自的设计语言个性更加重要。通过研究印花纺织品设计,探索不同文化背景下印花纺织品的差异,通过调研、比较、分析等方式进而探求印花纺织品与艺术、科技、技术、历史、环境等方面之间的关系,进一步认知印花纺织品对当今社会和人的影响。臧迎春教授 博士 硕士研究生导师研究方向染织服装设计系主任清华米兰艺术设计学院执行院长英国东伦敦大学客座教授英国伯明翰城市大学博士生导师英国中央圣马丁艺术设计学院时装研究员香港理工大学博士答辩组导师全球化条件下的服装艺术设计教育研究、可持续发展与服装设计研究教学主张全球化市场的形成,使学习艺术设计的学生越来越多地跨越了国界,也对艺术设计教育提出了新的要求。当代的艺术设计教育者,要具有国际化的视野及引领国际艺术设计教育的理念,关注全球化市场的变化和对于人才的需求,了解并善于运用信息社会人文、科学技术的前沿成果,正视人类面临的挑战,研究人们生活方式的改变,掌握适应时代的新的教学方法。本人目前的研究,主要集中于全球化条件下的服装艺术设计教育领域,与诸多国际艺术设计教育界的专家合作,通过学术研讨、课程合作等方式进行信息交流与沟通,探讨前沿性的艺术设计教育观念和方法,并在国内外艺术设计高等院校的教学实践中加以验证和总结。可持续发展与服装设计研究主要是从服装设计的角度对于人类的生活方式进行思考和探讨,并在实践中寻找符合可持续发展理念的服装设计方式。杨静副教授 学士学位研究方向曾任清华大学艺术与设计实验教学中心常务副主任 曾任美院教务办副主任教育部高校文科计算机基础教学指导委员会美术类教学指导分委会委员北京高校艺术教育研究会理事北京高等教育自学考试服装材料学、服装CAD专家委员A:材料与服装应用及可持续发展研究; B:艺术与设计实验教学平台建设与管理教学主张材料是实现服装设计与穿着的“基本要素”,是科技与服装的联结点,是设计的艺术性与穿着的功能性融合体现于服装的载体,服装的创新发展越来越依靠材料的特性、风格、塑造力与变化性等,材料在很大程度上为服装的设计与穿着拓展了空间。“材料与服装”的研究更是科学与艺术相交叉的学科,是纺织材料、纺织工艺及染织设计与服装专业交叉、结合之点,对纺织、服装行业发展起着重要的作用。“材料与服装”是专业理论与实践应用紧密联系的研究方向,在学术研究、课程设计与课堂教学中注重“理论”的“应用”性,系统而全面地将材料的种类、结构、性能、风格等与服装的设计、工艺、穿着、使用等实际效果相关联,实现理论对应用的指导。服装设计已进入以材料取胜的时代,对材料的驾驭成为服装设计的焦点。材料的选择与运用本身就是一种设计,有时甚至是实现设计与创新的突破点。肖文陵教授 硕士生导师 硕士研究方向曾任染织服装艺术设计系主任 中国美术家协会服装设计艺术委员会秘书长中国服装设计师协会学术委员会主任委员北京市服装纺织行业协会设计师分会副会长深圳大学艺术设计学院客座教授西安工程大学服装与艺术设计学院 客座教授国际商业美术设计师协会中国地区专家委员会委员(ICAD)服装设计的程序和方法研究教学主张本课题的研究拒绝搬用一切先验的知识和方法论。研究的基本内容:基于特定的社会语境,厘清需求与造物、认知与设计、设计方法与被造物本质的内在联系。以本体为中心,剖析认知与设计的基本结构及特征,明确服装设计的相关知识内容及服装设计的逻辑和程序。在以上研究的基础上,进一步解析设计概念与被造物本质的关系,同时,探究在特定的社会背景下,建立有价值概念以及视觉化概念的基本结构、途径和方法。本课题的研究旨在建立一个可持续发展的服装设计创新体系。该体系的纵向结构能够充分体现需求与造物的闭合性和循环性关系,同时,其横向结构能够解释纵向结构的基本特征,并且,这种解释具有鲜明的指向性和唯一性。因此,其纵向结构相对稳定,而横向结构是动态的。横向结构解释的话语即是本课题研究的核心。吴波副教授 文学硕士研究方向北京市高等教育自学考试委员会 课程考试委员服装设计发展趋势 服饰配件设计教学主张目前我主要进行服装设计发展趋势和服饰配件设计的研究。通过研究、比较中外服装的设计规律、结构特点、穿着方式、制作方法、装饰手法等,对服装设计发展趋势进行总结。从服装与人体的内在联系,设计者与穿着者之间的互动关系等方面进行分析,探索非固定结构的着装模式,从而拓宽服装设计的思路。通过对服装的功能与形态的解析,探讨设计对人生活方式的影响与作用,拓展新的设计观念,并对服装设计的发展趋势作出一定的预测。从哲学、心理学等学科对服装设计的影响进行研究,于人们的日常行为、文化现象与社会现象中找寻服装设计发展的节点,使设计不流于表面形式,而是切中人们对服装的深层需要,在物质与精神两方面满足于人,服务于人。服饰配件设计主要研究设计包、鞋、首饰等的材质、造型、及其搭配方式等。从服装设计的审美规律出发,将服装和服饰作为一有机整体定义,从材料的绿色设计、再利用、材料再造、立体装饰手法、服装DIY等方面对服饰配件设计进行深入研究,使服饰配件和服装搭配的整体效果更趋完善,延长服饰配件的使用时间,倡导绿色时尚。鲁闽教授 硕士生导师研究方向文化部形象设计专家委员北京市城市形象设计专家委员北京市服装协会理事服装产品设计与品牌策划教学主张“市场第一”是服装设计的宗旨,服装产品不能脱离消费群和市场需求,这是设计的本质和关键所在。产品设计与品牌策划是服装企业发展的命脉,设计师只有依据市场的需求,结合企业产品文化进行有目的设计,才能取得市场和经济效益。根据不同品牌产品的定位进行市场调研,区分产品的消费人群以及企业产品结构,研发市场所需的产品。同时对品牌进行视觉形象和品牌风格的设计,逐步系统的完善品牌的整体风格,使企业产品在市场竞争中凸显优势。教学与学术活动必须结合社会实践,学生在课程所学知识应该在设计实践中,以此验证专业知识的可行性,为教学开拓更广阔的空间。艺术设计的训练是培养设计师的关键环节,但不是终极目标。设计与现实结合,在实际操作中培养设计创新意识和动手能力,形成设计产品的市场化和人才的实用性,这是我们这个时代必须重视的方向。李莉婷教授 硕士学位硕士研究生导师研究方向中国流行色协会第八届专家委员会委员中国流行色协会第八届理事会理事中国流行色协会色彩教育专业委员会副总干事文化部艺术人才中心专家委员中国轻工业联合会专家委员服饰色彩 色彩设计教学主张1、提出:服装色彩“级别”的概念论文《服装色彩的‘级别’》是在调查的基础上产生的。正式场合的服装色彩选择多为:藏蓝、黑、浅驼、深棕、浅灰等;非正式场合的服装色彩选择为:浅黄、橘、浅紫、粉红等;而介于二者之间的选择为深灰、铁锈红、橄榄绿等。这里我们不妨将它们划分为等级(“级别”仅是一个中性概念,并无褒贬之意):适合正式场合穿着的色彩为“高级色”,适合非正式场合穿着的色彩为“非高级色”,二者之间的色彩为“次高级色”。在今天看来,这种服装色彩的级别现象和认识还依然存在。2、提出:“服装设计从色彩开始”在本人的硕士论文《服装设计从色彩开始——分析与比较色彩在服装设计中的意义》中,将“从色彩开始设计”作为一种设计方法来提出,并与服装设计“从形入手”、“从面料入手”进行了比较与分析。将色彩的意义作为一种具体的方法加以提倡,是本人研究中的一个创新点。这一观点的论文(英文、中文)在国际和国内发表。田青教授 文学学士博士生导师研究方向中国家纺协会理事中国家纺协会设计师分会副会长;中国流行色协会理事;中国纺织服装教育学会理事传统染织艺术教学主张传统染织艺术是时代的象征、民族的象征,而非陈腐的包袱、博物馆里的唯一,与时俱进,生生不息地发展,是其生命的永恒的生命。传统与现代、传统与科技、传统与未来,是人类研究的永恒主题,特别是中国传统染织艺术有着辉煌的历史、璀璨的文化及可持续发展的理论观念,都是我们今天要研究、传承、创新、发展的,是使命也是责任。将教学与弘扬民族文化相结合,继承、创新,培养具有民族性又有国际性的复合人才,培养具有综合实力的原创型的设计人才。从我做起。李薇教授 硕士生导师留法访问学者研究方向中国服装设计师协会理论委员会理事中国民族服饰协会理事北京服装学院民族服饰博物馆艺术委员会顾问中国传统文化促进会服饰委员会主任委员服装艺术设计及理论研究(民族民间服饰及国际服装流行趋势研究,服装创新设计及理论研究)教学主张从传统文化入手,对传统服饰文化及服饰之外的载体和国际服装流行趋势等领域进行研究,形成多元素融合的服装创新设计观念及理论。李当岐教授 博士生导师研究方向曾任清华大学学位委员会副主任、艺术学分委员会主席亚洲时尚联合会中国委员会主席团主席中国服装设计师协会主席中国美术家协会服装设计艺术委员会主任中国工艺美术学会副理事长中国流行色协会常务理事北京市纺织服装协会常务理事中西方服饰文化比较研究教学主张从传统文化入手,对传统服饰文化及服饰之外的载体和国际服装流行趋势等领域进行研究,形成多元素融合的服装创新设计观念及理论。03清华美院服装设计考研报考分析SCHEDULE清美考研重要时间点&流程PS:以上信息参考历年美院官网通知,如有变动,我们将第一时间汇总告知大家2015-2020清华美院服装设计专业报考人数及录取数据2016-2020清华美院服装设计考研历年分数线清华美院服装设计专业考研总成绩计算办法计算公式计算公式:初试总分(满分500分)÷5×40%+专业设计或创作或工业设计项目策划(满分100分)×45%+面试(满分100分)×15%=最终分数ps:这套公式体现的一个特点是,即使初始分数高于对方几十分的差距,一套计算下来,初始部分的优势也会被缩小至几分差距,所以,复试才是重中之重,请大家重视起来从上面的公式可以得知,清华美院考研总成绩的计算方式就是一种导向,在初试过线的基础上,重视复试专业设计创作和面试,考察的方面涉及更多专业的知识和考生本人的出色设计素养。初试相当于是海选资格赛,卧虎藏龙的复试才是我们奋斗已久翘首以望的最后关卡。邹佳睿指导教师:张树新SUBJECT 清华美院服装设计考研考试科目考试过程分为两部分:即初始和复试初试:1.思想政治理论2.外语(英语、德语、法语、日语、俄语)3.中外工艺美术史及现代设计史基础4.专业设计基础复试:专业设计+专业面试(作品集)邱俞皓指导教师:贾京生STRATEGY 1.0清美服装设计专业科目初试攻略史论部分史论试题的试卷结构分为三大部分:1、8至10个基本名词解释,其中涵盖中工史4-6个,外工史和设计史各占2个,要求精确简练地解释专业名词,字数以100-200为准。2、4个简答题,涵盖中工史2个,外工史和设计史各占1个,可以当成是名词解释的字数扩增版,字数以200-300字为准,一般要求的简答在参考书书里会介绍得更为详细,大家不必过于担心。3、最后是论述三选一,会从三本参考书里进行选取,字数以1200-1800字为佳,少了不够看,多了写不完,这里提醒大家一定要重视历年真题。李佳靓指导教师:张宝华STRATEGY 2.0清美服装设计复试攻略清华美院的考研复试,从考试结构来说分为两部分:笔试和面试。从内容来说分为四部分:专业能力、面试、英语口语听力及口语、作品集。复试流程:考前第一天下午:先去清华美院招生办进行资格审查,检查内容包括初试成绩单、大学学生证(本人应届)、本科成绩单等等,官网也会发布通知。复试分为两天:第一天6小时笔试,9点-3点半。时间较长,中间会有半小时的休息用餐时间,大家要合理利用时间,切忌大意失荆州。第二天面试看人数安排时间,建议大家上午就去排队候场。然后复试完安排两次体检时间。复试内容解析:复试笔试内容和初试套路相似,内容和时间是初试的两倍。服装效果图至少要画到两个以上,画出平面款式图,选一个制版,并附上100字以上200字以内的设计说明,从总述、风格、款式、色彩、面料方面进行展开。面试是需要着重准备的,因为面试需要最为重要的东西 —— 作品集。复试面试的流程如下:自述5分钟 → 抽题 → 思考2分钟 → 答题3分钟 → 自由问答+英语口语听力10分钟。抽题采用二选一的模式,一般都是设计风格和当下的设计专业问题,一共10题,接下来会有负责英语问询的老师进行英语听力和口语测试。如果你的序号在后面还可以询问前面面试完同学的问题。最后是教授们进行自由问询,都是根据你的作品集来的,而且老师看了作品集,会对你心里有个数,所以我们必须再次强调,过了初试的同学们一定要对作品集上心。作品集需要我们提前自行排版、打印、装订好,要尽量展现专业优势和工作经验,平常练习的手绘作品若有较为精彩的也可以大量放进去,出色的手绘功底深得老师欢心。准备4-6本供老师传阅,一般60-80页,可以把大创项目或是本科期间帮老师做的项目内容放进去,跨专业的同学还可以适当放一些自己专业的作品,可以起到锦上添花的作用。服装设计方面可以准备4-5个系列(可以用大学作业,但必须有说服力),包括手绘和PS绘制的系列,展现自己对服装设计创作和绘制技法的熟练程度,自己要能阐述出自己系列作品的灵感、创作过程,此外成衣更是必不可少。白鸽指导教师:李莉婷05清华美院服装设计考研真题2018年2019年2020年未来考试趋势分析2019年视传—建筑2020年—动物—朱鹮2021年—植物、纹样??或者直接考察设计素描、设计色彩、创意思维、快题设计·····贾三川指导教师:李莉婷06清华美院服装设计考研建议针对史论如果设计史与美术史结合,也不是没有可能,国内目前部分院校的史论考试由设计史与艺术史结合,2021年如果清华美院再次改革,将美术史纳入考试范围,也是在情理之中。帮助考生制定全套复习解决方案、把握考试变化趋势、提高专业水平和应试技能、增强应试竞争力和提高成功机率,缩短考试周期和减少精力时间消耗,让你从激烈的竞争中脱颖而出,弘时考研状元笔记,考研抢分必备!在我们的系列视频中,不仅视频有图有分析。相配套的文本材料,跟随着视频内容一一对应详情!针对手绘建议一定要从素描、色彩、速写三大科入手,切勿投机取巧,更不要跨越基础学科直接进入马克笔训练,不积硅步无以至千里,清华美院导师组深谙人才成长之道,他们喜欢基础扎实的孩子,希望大家稳扎稳打!从设计造型,到创意思维,再到快题设计,环环相扣,当然重要的是还是方案设计,希望大家努力提高自身设计素养,达到清华美院考试要求!

红杏劫

2012年考研英语二真题

2012年考研英语二真题。Section I USE of EnglishDirections :Read the following text. Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)Millions of Americans and foreigners see GI.Joe as a mindless war toy ,the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be .To the men and women who 1 in World War II and the people they liberated ,the GI.was the 2 man grown into hero ,the pool farm kid torn away from his home ,the guy who 3 all the burdens of battle ,who slept in cold foxholes,who went without the 4 of food and shelter ,who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder .this was not a volunteer soldier ,not someone well paid , 5 an average guy ,up 6 the best trained ,best equipped ,fiercest ,most brutal enemies seen in centuries.His name is not much.GI. is just a military abbreviation7 Government Issue ,and it was on all of the article 8 to soldiers .And Joe? A common name for a guy who never 9 it to the top .Joe Blow ,Joe Magrac …a working class name.The United States has 10 had a president or vicepresident or secretary of state Joe.GI .joe had a11 career fighting German ,Japanese , and Korean troops . He appers as a character ,or a 12 of american personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of GI. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle 13 portrayde themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the 14 side of the warl, writing about the dirt-snow –and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were 15 or what towns were captured or liberated, His reports 16 the “willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men 17 the dirt and exhaustion of war, the 18 of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. 19 Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G.I. Joe was any American soldier, 20 the most important person in their lives.1. [A] performed [B]served [C]rebelled [D]betrayed2. [A] actual [B]common [C]special [D]normal3. [A]bore [B]cased [C]removed [D]loaded4. [A]necessities [B]facilitice [C]commodities [D]propertoes5. [A]and [B]nor [C]but [D]hence6. [A]for [B]into [C] form [D]against7. [A]meaning [B]implying [C]symbolizing [D]claiming8. [A]handed out [B]turn over [C]brought back [D]passed down9. [A]pushed [B]got [C]made [D]managed10. [A]ever [B]never [C]either [D]neither11. [A]disguised [B]disturbed [C]disputed [D]distinguished12. [A]company [B]collection [C]community [D]colony13. [A]employed [B]appointed [C]interviewed [D]questioned14. [A]ethical [B]military [C]political [D]human15. [A]ruined [B]commuted [C]patrolled [D]gained16. [A]paralleled [B]counteracted [C]plicated [D]contradicted17. [A]neglected [B]avoided [C]emphasized [D]admired18. [A]stages [B]illusions [C]fragments [D]advancea19. [A]With [B]To [C]Among [D]Beyond20. [A]on the contrary [B] by this means [C]from the outset [D]at that pointSection Ⅱ Reading comprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. answer the question after each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on his ecational ritual. Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has proced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student’s academic grade.This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.District administrators say that homework will still be a pat of schooling: teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see vey little difference on their report cards. Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students’ academic achievement, it should move to rece or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if homework does nothing to ensure that the homework students are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible for setting ecational policy, looks into the matter and concts public hearings. It is not too late for L.A. Unified to do homework right.21. It is implied in paragraph 1 that nowadays homework_____.[A] is receiving more criticism[B]is no longer an ecational ritual[C]is not required for advanced courses[D]is gaining more preferences22. L.A.Unified has made the rule about homework mainly because poor students_____.[A]tend to have moderate expectations for their ecation[B]have asked for a different ecational standard[C]may have problems finishing their homework[D]have voiced their complaints about homework23. According to Paragraph 3,one problem with the policy is that it may____.[A]discourage students from doing homework[B]result in students' indifference to their report cards[C]undermine the authority of state tests[D]restrict teachers' power in ecation24. As mentioned in Paragraph 4, a key question unanswered about homework is whether______. [A] it should be eliminated[B]it counts much in schooling[C]it places extra burdens on teachers[D]it is important for grades25. A suitable title for this text could be______.[A]Wrong Interpretation of an Ecational Policy[B]A Welcomed Policy for Poor Students[C]Thorny Questions about Homework[D]A Faulty Approach to HomeworkText2Pretty in pink: alt women do not rememer being so obsessed with the colour, yet it is pervasive in our young girls’ lives. Tt is not that pink is intrinsically bad, but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls’ identity to appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls’ lives and interests.Girls’ attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it is not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century: in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What’s more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses.When nursery colours were introced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolised femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children’s marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kins, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into children’s behaviour: wrong. Turns out, acdording to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularised as a marketing trick by clothing manufacrurers in the 1930s.Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a “third stepping stone” between infant wear and older kids’ clothes. Tt was only after “toddler”became a common shoppers’ term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or alts,into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences – or invent them where they did not previously exist.26. By saying "it is...the rainbow"(Line 3, Para.1),the author means pink______.[A]should not be the sole representation of girlhood[B]should not be associated with girls' innocence[C]cannot explain girls' lack of imagination[D]cannot influence girls' lives and interests27.According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours?[A]Colours are encoded in girls' DNA.[B]Blue used to be regarded as the colour for girls.[C]Pink used to be a neutral colour in symbolising genders.[D]White is prefered by babies.28. The author suggests that our perception of children's psychological development was much influenced by_____.[A]the marketing of procts for children[B]the observation of children's nature[C]researches into children's behavior[D]studies of childhood consumption29. We may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised to_____.[A]focus on infant wear and older kids' clothes[B]attach equal importance to different genders[C]classify consumers into smaller groups[D]create some common shoppers' terms30. It can be concluded that girls' attraction to pink seems to be____.[A] clearly explained by their inborn tendency[B]fully understood by clothing manufacturers[C] mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmen[D]well interpreted by psychological expertsText 3In 2010. a federal judge shook America's biotech instry to its core. Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades-by 2005 some 20% of human genes were parented. But in March 2010 a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable. Executives were violently agitated. The Biotechnology Instry Organisation (BIO), a trade group, assured members that this was just a “preliminary step” in a longer battle.On July 29th they were relieved, at least temporarily. A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision, ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed holb patents to two genss that help forecast a woman's risk of breast cancer. The chief executive of Myriad, a company in Utah,said the ruling was a blessing to firms and patients alike.But as companies continue their attempts at personalised medicine, the courts will remain rather busy. The Myriad case itself is probably not over Critics make three main arguments against gene patents: a gene is a proct of nature, so it may not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it; and patents' monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad's. A growing number seem to agree.Last year a federal task-force urged reform for patents related to genetic tests. In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case, arguing that an isolated DNA molecule “is no less a proct of nature... than are cotton fibres that have been separated from cotton seeds. ”Despite the appeals court's decision, big questions remain unanswered. For example, it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents of indivi al genes within it. The case may yet reach the Supreme Court.AS the instry advances ,however,other suits may have an even greater impact.companies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules-most are already patented or in the public domain .firms are now studying how genes intcract,looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug’s efficacy,companies are eager to win patents for ‘connecting the dits’,expaains hans sauer,alawyer for the BIO.Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO rtcently held a convention which included seddions to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed.31. it canbe learned from paragraph I that the biotech companies would like-----A. their executives to be activeB. judges to rule out gene patentingC. genes to be patcntablcD. the BIO to issue a warning32. those who are against gene patents believe that----A. genetic tests are not reliableB. only man-made procts are patentableC. patents on genes depend much on innovatiaonD. courts should restrict access to gene tic tests33. according to hans sauer ,companies are eager to win patents for----A. establishing disease comelationsB. discovering gene interactionsC. drawing pictures of genesD. identifying human DNA34.By saying “each meeting was packed”(line4,para6)the author means that -----A. the supreme court was authoritativeB. the BIO was a powerful organizationC. gene patenting was a great concernD. lawyers were keen to attend conventiongs35. generally speaking ,the author’s attitude toward gene patenting is----A. criticalB. supportiveC. scornfulD. ObjectiveText 4The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning. Before it ends, it will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young alts. And ultimately, it is likely to reshape our politics, our culture, and the character of our society for years.No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster. Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways; they had become less materialistic and more financially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others. In limited respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off. At the very least, it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending.But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S. ,lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms. Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and classes.Income inequality usually falls ring a recession, but it has not shrunk in this one,. Indeed, this period of economic weakness may reinforce class divides, and decrease opportunities to cross them--- especially for young people. The research of Till Von Wachter, the economist in Columbia University, suggests that not all people graating into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graated in better times; it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.In the internet age, it is particularly easy to see the resentment that has always been hidden winthin American society. More difficult, in the moment , is discerning precisely how these lean times are affecting society’s character. In many respects, the U.S. was more socially tolerant entering this resession than at any time in its history, and a variety of national polls on social conflict since then have shown mixed results. We will have to wait and see exactly how these hard times will reshape our social fabric. But they certainly it, and all the more so the longer they extend.36.By saying “to find silver linings”(Line 1,Para.2)the author suggest that the jobless try to___.[A]seek subsidies from the govemment[B]explore reasons for the unermployment[C]make profits from the troubled economy[D]look on the bright side of the recession37. According to Paragraph 2,the recession has made people_____.[A]realize the national dream[B]struggle against each other[C]challenge their lifestyle[D]reconsider their lifestyle38. Benjamin Friedman believe that economic recessions may_____.[A]impose a heavier burden on immigrants[B]bring out more evils of human nature[C]Promote the advance of rights and freedoms[D]ease conflicts between races and classes39. The research of Till Von Wachther suggests that in recession graates from elite universities tend to _____.[A]lag behind the others e to decreased opportunities[B]catch up quickly with experienced employees[C]see their life chances as dimmed as the others’[D]recover more quickly than the others40. The author thinks that the influence of hard times on society is____.[A]certain [B]positive[C]trivial [D]destructivePart BDirections: Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the left column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEERT 1.(10 points)“Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here,” wrote the Victorian sage Thomas Carlyle. Well, not any more it is not.Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen out with its favourite historical form. This could be no more than a passing literary craze, but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach the past: less concerned with learning from forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain. Today, we want empathy, not inspiration.From the earliest days of the Renaissance, the writing of history meant recounting the exemplary lives of great men. In 1337, Petrarch began work on his rambling writing De Viris Illustribus – On Famous Men, highlighting the virtus (or virtue) of classical heroes. Petrarch celebrated their greatness in conquering fortune and rising to the top. This was the biographical tradition which Niccolo Machiavelli turned on its head. In The Prince, the championed cunning, ruthlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice, as the skills of successful leaders.Over time, the attributes of greatness shifted. The Romantics commemorated the leading painters and authors of their day, stressing the uniqueness of the artist's personal experience rather than public glory. By contrast, the Victorian author Samual Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers , instrialists and explores . "The valuable examples which they furnish of the power of self-help, if patient purpose, resolute working and steadfast integrity, issuing in the formulation of truly noble and many character, exhibit," wrote Smiles." what it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself" His biographies of James Walt, Richard Arkwright and Josiah Wedgwood were held up as beacons to guide the working man through his difficult life.This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographies on the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte. These epochal figures represented lives hard to imitate, but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority than mere mortals.Communist Manifesto. For them, history did nothing, it possessed no immense wealth nor waged battles: “It is man, real, living man who does all that.” And history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle. As such, it needed to appreciate the economic realities, the social contexts and power relations in which each epoch stood. For: “Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly found, given and transmitted from the past.”This was the tradition which revolutionized our appreciation of the past. In place of Thomas Carlyle, Britain nurtured Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm. History from below stood alongside biographies of great men. Whole new realms of understanding — from gender to race to cultural studies — were opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lost societies. And it transformed public history too: downstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs.Section Ⅲ Translation46. Directions: Translate the following text from English into Chinese.Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2.(15 points)When people in developing countries worry about migration,they are usually concerned at the prospect of ther best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world ,These are the kind of workers that countries like Britian ,Canada and Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graates .Lots of studies have found that well-ecated people from developing countries are particularly likely to emigrate .A big survey of Indian households in 2004 found that nearly 40%of emigrants had more than a high-school ecation,compared with around 3.3%of all Indians over the age of 25.This "brain drain "has long bothered policymakers in poor countries ,They fear that it hurts their economies ,depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities ,worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new procts for their factories to make .Section Ⅳ WritingPart A47.Directions:Suppose you have found something wrong with the electronic dictionary that you bought from an onlin store the other day ,Write an email to the customer service center to1) make a complaint and2) demand a prompt solutionYou should write about 100words on ANSERE SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter ,Use "zhang wei "instead .Part B48. Directions:write an essay based on the following table .In your writing you should1) describe the table ,and2) give your commentsYou should write at least 150 words(15points)某公司员工工作满意度调查2012年考研英语二答案Section I USE of English1.【答案】B【解析】从空后的句子“他们解放的人们”可以看出,空前的句子表示的应该是参加了第二次大战的男人和女人。只有serve有“服兵役”的意思,所以选B。其他都不符合题意。2.【答案】B【解析】空内信息应该是与hero“英雄”意思相对,后面的分句说他背井离乡,经历了很多苦难,显然这里应该是说由普通人平凡人(common man)成长为英雄,所以选B。3.【答案】A【解析】本题考查的是词语的搭配关系,承担战争带来的负担,应该用动词bear或shoulder,所以这里选A,bore。4.【答案】A【解析】necessities表示“生活必需品”,空外信息food和shelter(食物和住宿)这些就是维持生存最起码的条件。Facilities是设备设施,commodities商品,properties财产,均不符合题意。5.【答案】C【解析】not…but,“不是,而是”表转折,不是自愿兵,也没有高的报酬,而是一个普通人。所以选C。6.【答案】D【解析】这道题主要考查介词的搭配。根据up______(the best trained, bestequipped, fiercest, most brutal).enemies可以知道是起来反抗敌人,所以选D选项against。7.【答案】C【解析】GI。在军事上是Government Issue 的缩略语,所以,GL。这个符号就是象征着这个全称Government Issue。选C。8.【答案】A【解析】该句意思为,GI。这个符号出现在给士兵分发的所有物品上,hand out “分发,发放”符合题意。Turn over “移交”,bring back“带回”,pass down“传承,一代一代传下来”在句意上都说不通。9.【答案】C【解析】空所在句子的语境为:Joe是个普通名词,一个从未爬到社会顶层的人的名字。Manage表示再怎么经过努力,最终也未获得成功,所以选C。10.【答案】B 【解析】结合第9题的分析可知,空所在句子实际上是进一步举例说明Joe没有取得大的成就:从来都不曾出现叫做Joe的总统、副总统、国务卿。根据句意只能选never,B。11.【答案】D 【解析】本题考察词汇辨析。空所在的语境为:GI .Joe有_ _ 的军旅生涯,曾和德国,美国以及韩国的军队作战。由此语境确定选D,其他几项均不符合题意。12.【答案】B 【解析】本题考察词汇辨析。空所在语境为:他身上体现着美国人的某些特色,或身上结合了美国人的诸多特性。结合语境,可知作者想表达在他身上有很多美国人的典型特色,因而选B。13.【答案】C 【解析】本题考察词汇辨析。空所在语境为:Pyle _ _ 的士兵也本色出演了该片。结合上句对Ernie Pyle的介绍,可知为一战地记者(warcorrespondent),确定答案C。14.【答案】D 【解析】本题考察词汇辨析。 空所在语境为:Pyle擅长报导战争的_ _面,报导这些浑身是尘土,积雪以及泥浆的士兵。Pyle报导重在士兵而非战争上,因而可确定他关注的应更多的是人性。所以选D。15.【答案】D 【解析】本题考察词汇辨析。本题承接上题, 表达: Pyle并不关注士兵行军多少里,或是占领或解放了多少地方。Gain有推进(一段)距离的意思,故选D。16.【答案】A 【解析】本题考察词汇辨析。空所在语境为:他的报导与Bill Maulden的是_____的。紧接的一句话揭示了本题的答案,两者都(Both men)。由此可确定两人的报导应是类似的。因而,选A。“counteracted”表示“抵制,中和,对抗 ”,plicated表示“ 复制,重复”,“ contradicted”表示“反驳,与 ... 矛盾”。17.【答案】C 【解析】本题考察逻辑搭配。空所在语境为:两者都_ 战争的丑恶,以及所带来的损耗。”由上题可知道,Pyle更加注重战争中的士兵,因而他不可能是忽略(neglected),避免(avoided)或是钦佩(admired)战争所带来的这一些负面的东西,因而本题选C。18.【答案】B 【解析】本题由冒号后多表达的咖啡,香烟,威士忌,住的地方,还睡觉的地方,有好的觉可以睡与前面所说的前面dirt, exhaustion of war形成鲜明的对比。故选B19.【答案】B 【解析】本题考察介词的用法。空所在语境为:_ _ 印度,法国,以及其他国家,G.I. Joe可以是任何美国士兵。结合文章表达,应是对于这些人而言。因而,确定答案B。20.【答案】D【解析】本题考察逻辑搭配。空所在语境为:G.I. Joe是他们生命中最重要的人。原题四个选项分别表示on the contrary“ 正相反”; [B] by thismeans“用这种方式”;[C]fromthe outset“从一开始”;[D]atthat point表示“就那点(方面)来说”。D为最佳答案。Section II Reading Comprehension21.【答案】A【解析】文章首段首句指出“家庭作业一直不受学生,还有许多家长的欢迎,特别是到了最近几年,家庭作业还遭到了人们的不屑。”后面的内容则是简单提出美国各学区对于家庭作业的作为,引出L.A.Unified针对家庭作业所指定的政策。该题题干问的是“根据文章首段,目前家庭作业…”,关键词是家庭作业,因此答案从首句就能判断出来,题干的nowadays对应原文中的in recent years, 所选答案则是对“it has been particularly corned。”的同义改写,故答案选A。22.【答案】C【解析】文章第二段首句明确说到“这项政策的制定是为了解决贫困家庭的学生在完成家庭作业中可能遇到的困难。”这与题干所问“制定该政策的主要原因”以及“贫困学生”就对应起来了,故答案选C。23.【答案】A【解析】文章第三段第二句指出,“如果家庭作业仅占分值的10%,学生很容易少做一半的家庭作业,在他们的成绩单上也不会有什么差别。”“家庭作业仅占分值10%”这是L.A.Unified 制定出的家庭作业政策的内容,因此,从这句话可以看出有了这项政策,既然成绩单上不会有区别,学生就会选择少做一半的家庭作业,这个意思对应选项为A。24.【答案】B【解析】题干关键词“a key question unanswered ”对应第四段的首句“the policy addresses none of thetruly thorny questions about homework。”而这个问题的具体内容则是从“if”开始说明,因此这道题要解出正确答案,需要对后面的内容进行分析,“如果学区认为家庭作业对应学生的学业不重要,学区应致力于减少或者删除家庭作业,使家庭作业不起任何作用;相反,如果家庭作业重要,它应该在学业中占重要的一部分。”从这两句的内容中,我们可以简单归纳出,L.A.Unified所指定的这项政策到目前为止还未对家庭作业对于学生学业是否有重要作用给出确定答案,故答案选B。25.【答案】D【解析】这篇文章开篇指出家庭作业的弊病,随即提出美国各学区对此做出的努力,以L.A.Unified所指定的政策为例,说明这项政策在各方面的作为,如第三段末尾说“The policy imposes aflat, across-the-board rule”,第四段首句说“这项政策并未解决任何关于家庭作业的棘手问题”,看出作者对于这项政策实际是持否定态度的,因此答案B可以排除;而C选项说的是“关于家庭作业的棘手问题”,文章中虽然提到这个“棘手问题”,但并非主要阐述,最终落脚点还是在关于家庭作业的政策上面,因此C选项排除;A选项的错误在于“错误解读”,文章是对政策进行客观解读,错误的是政策本身,而非解读。D选项考生可能不选的原因在于对“approach”一词的内涵意义不够理解,approach一词本意是接近,靠近,方法,它引申出来就是策略的意思,与文章中的policy内涵一致,故答案D为正确选项。26.【答案】A【解析】题干的意思是“通过说‘粉色是彩虹中多么微小的一小部分’,作者的意思是 。根据文章第一段第三行,but作为连词表示后面的内容是对前面内容的否定,but之前的意思是说“粉色本身并不是不好”,而后买面的“such a tiny slice of”是指“是彩虹中多么微小的一部分”,由此可以得出,粉色并不代表女孩童年生活的全部。所以,选A。27.【答案】B【解析】题干是要根据文章第二段,判断哪个是对颜色理解正确的选项。根据文章第二段第一句话,前半部分是说“女孩对于粉色的关注看起来好像是不可避免的,不知怎么的,就跟存在与她们的基因里一样”,but之后是对前者的否定,所以很明显,A项是错误的。根据第二段的第7行,pink was actuallyconsidered the more masculine colour,可以得出,C选项错误。对于D选项,根据第二段第4、5行,可以得知,儿童穿白色是属于以前的情况,并非现在的事实,而D选项的时态是指一般现在时,时态不符合。根据文章8行,9行,可以得知,blue symbolisedfemininity,可以得知,蓝色曾经被认为是女孩子的颜色,符合文章题意。所以,选B。28.【答案】A【解析】题干“作者认为我们对于儿童心理发展的看法,多受____的影响。”从原文第三段的首句“我之前没有意识到,我们对孩子们所固有特性的认知深受市场趋势的支配,包括我们对他们心理发展的核心看法”,这一句可以明显看出相关儿童市场及其产品在左右人们对二年同心理发展的看法上所起的重要作用。而B、C、D均曲解了原文的意思,故本题正确答案为A29.【答案】C【解析】题干“从第4段我们可以看出,给出商店的建议是___” 选项A“关注婴儿和稍大一些的孩子的衣服”,回顾原文,第4段第1句话讲的是“为了增加销路,厂家应该开创在婴儿衣服和稍大一些的孩子衣服之前的一些商机”,而并没说是要“关注两者的衣服”,故A错误;B“把不同性别放在同等重要的地位”,此说法原文中并未提及,原文第4段只是在最后一句说道“分割市场最简便的方法之一就是来扩大性别之间的差异性”,故B错误;D“创造一些购买者的术语”,作者只是举出了一个“购买术语”的例子,但这不是作者的建议,真正是的建议是C,故C为正确答案。30.【答案】C【解析】题干“我们能推断出,女孩们对粉色的着迷看起来是___”文章最后两段都在探讨市场和厂家对人们看法和观念的诱导,因此C选项正合题意,其他选项都不正确。31.【答案】C【解析】文章首段首句提到“In2010, a federal judge shook America's biotech instry to its core。”,即2010年,联邦的一项决定震惊了美国的生物科技产业。 后面接着提到,这项决定是“genes wereunpatentable”,意思是与基因相关的项目不能够获得专利权,而“executives were violently agitated”,由agitated(愤怒的)可以推断出正确答案为C,即生物科技产业希望与基因相关的项目能够获得专利权。32.【答案】C【解析】文章第三段提到了反对基因相关的项目能够获得专利权的三个理由。第一个是,基因是自然的产品;第二个是,基因获得专利会压制创新;第三个是,基因专利的垄断会限制基因测试。故正确答案为C,即反对者们会认为与基因相关的专利应该更多的依赖于创新。答案A文中没有提及,答案D与反对者的第二个理由相一致,答案B属于过渡推断。33.【答案】A【解析】文章第五段中提到“Firms are now studying how genes interact, looking for correlations thatmight be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug's efficacy”,即各大公司目前正在研究基因之间的相互作用,寻找它们之间的相关性,从而通过这些相关性推断疾病产生的原因或预测药物的有效性。而Hans Sauer解释到各大公司渴望赢得专利权的原因是“connecting the dots”,这与上句话提到的“疾病之间的相互作用和相互联系”相呼应,故而选A。答案B属于偷换概念;答案C和D在文中没有提到。34.【答案】C【解析】文章最后一段提到了BIO最近要召开的一个会议。“Each meeting was packed”,这句话中的“packed”的原义为“打包,包装”,而在此句中的意思是:挤满,塞满。即会议挤满了人,从而反映了大家对基因专利的关注,故真确答案为C。答案A与题干无关;答案B属于主观臆断;答案D是干扰项,训练律师只是这次大会的一部分内容,以偏概全。35.【答案】D【解析】从整体上看,作者不仅提到了希望获得基因专利全的生物科技产业为此所作出的努力,同时也提到了反对者反对的理由,文章第四段进一步提到了基因获得专利过程中遇到的实际问题。故而,作者多基因专业的态度是客观的,即答案D。36.【答案】D【解析】题目定位在段首句。所以应该是整段意思的概括。第二句说,失业虽然很痛苦,但也从很多方面带来好处。冒号后面具体说他们从观念上,生活方式上发生了改变。所以选择D。A、B均为无关选项,C选项中说makeprofit,是侧重指获得经济利益,所以与原文不符。37.【答案】D【解析】第二句冒号后面:他们不再那么追求物质,经济上更节俭;同时意识到其他人在努力奋斗,即D选项中reconsidertheir lifestyle,重新审视他们的生活方式。A项有干扰性,但文中说“将我们从梦想中唤醒”,所以不对。B、C没有提到。38.【答案】B【解析】定位在第三段第二句开始。 接下来一句通过关键词mean-spiritedand less inclusive ,B选项正是该句的改写,故为正确答案;A属于过度推理;C、D意思明显弄反了39.【答案】D【解析】定位在第四段第三句冒号后面:高等学府的毕业生能够很快调整自身,达到未遭遇危机时的状态。D选项与之含义相符。C明显不对,“notall people graating into a recession see their life chances dimmed”表明,不是所有的毕业生都认为前途渺茫。B项无中生有。A与原文相反。40.【答案】A【解析】由最后一句可知,“they certainly will reshape it”表示困难时期的一定会对社会产生影响的,所以certain与之相符。由最后一段无法看出是positive还是destructive,所以B、D均不正确。A项是“无足轻重的”,明显不对。41.【答案】A【解析】本题答案锁定在第三自然段,第二行讲到“Petrarchbegan...highlighting the virtue of classical heroes” 即彼特拉克在他的书中强调古典英雄的美德。答案A与此是完全对应的。42.【答案】D【解析】此题定位于第三自然段第五行,重点理解词组“turn on its head” ,意思为“to change sthcompletely”,所以说尼可洛,马基雅维利的观点与彼特拉克的观点是相反的,开启了了解历史伟人的新局面。43.【答案】G【解析】此题定位于第四自然段的第四行,“Self-help as acatalogue of the worthy lives of engineers, instrialists and explorers”, 塞缪尔·斯迈尔斯在他的书《成事在己》里面讲到了工程师,实业家,探险家的有意义的生活,G与此是对应的44.【答案】C【解析】此题定位于第五自然段第三行,“these epochal figuresrepresented lives hard to imitate”,托马斯,卡莱尔描述了一些穿越苦难的划时代的人物。C对应了此答案。45.【答案】E【解析】此题定位于第六自然段第五行,“history should be thestory of the masses and their record of struggle”,答案E与此句是完全对应的。46.【参考译文】发展中国家的人们为移民忧虑时,他们通常担忧的是离开自己国家去去硅谷或发达国家的医院和大学的最优秀、最聪明的群体的前景。这些劳动者正是像英国、加拿大、澳大利亚这样的国家通过赋予受过大学教育者以特权的移民法想要吸引的人群。很多研究发现,来自发展中国家的那些受到良好教育的人们极有可能选择移居他国。2004年对印度家庭开展了一项广泛的调查,结果显示约40%的移民受过高中以上的教育。相比而言,在所有年龄超过25岁的印度人中,受过高中以上教育的人数比例只有约3.3%。“人才流失”一直困扰着贫穷国家的政策制定者们。他们担心这会对本国的经济造成损害,造成国家急需的技工的流失。这些技术人员可能曾在他们的大学教学,也可能曾在他们的医院工作,或者曾经构想出智能化的新产品让他们的工厂去生产。【解析】今年翻译话题是贫穷国家的人才流失问题,话题内容比较好理解,从而在很大程度上降低了翻译的难度。但还是有几个地方有的同学可能会比较困惑。1)文章第一句的主句需要我们去认真思考下。“they are usually concerned at the prospect of their best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world”这句话中concern at 的宾语是prospect。看到“of”我们要立即想到“A of B”翻译为“B的A”在这里,A指的就是“prospect”,关键就是找出B指代的是什么。而这一点恰恰是本句理解的难点B指的是 “their best and brightest”翻译为 “他们中最优秀、最聪明的(群体)”。2) 第一段第二句话关键在于对两个that引导的从句的理解。第一个that从句作定语修饰workers,第二个that作定语修饰rules。这里是考研英语中经常出现的一个考点:从句的嵌套。对于这样的句子我们的关键在于准确找到先行词,根据一个句子如果有N个连词就必定有N+1个动词的原则来切分开长句。3)“brain drain” 这个词组是在报刊杂志中经常出现的,意思是“人才流失”。这个词语通过上下文逻辑应该能大概猜出它的意思,但是在考研考场上,尤其是在完成了阅读和作文后很多同学可能已经耗费了大量的体力和脑力,对于这个单词的猜测可能会很费力,甚至会放弃。这个说明我们再平时的学习过程中应该注意积累这样的热点词汇。4)“They fear that it hurts their economies, depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who”对于这个句子的理解关键在于对于“depriving”之后成分在句子结构中作用的理解。Deprive本意是剥夺,在这里很显然不适合直译。我们根据逻辑关系可以翻译为“技工的流失”。“clever”这个单词很简单,同学们都认识,在这里翻译为“聪明的”很显然说不通,clever除了“聪明的”还有“精巧”之意,再结合这里说的是技术工人的重要性,我们可以翻译为“智能的”Section IV Writing47.小作文【参考范文】Dear Sir or Madam,I am writing this letter to make a complaint about the quality of the electronic dictionary I bought from your store the other day。The reason for my dissatisfaction is that I found the electronic dictionary can’t reach my satisfaction. In the first place, the outlook is quite different from what it is placed online. In addition, the number of the vocabulary contained in it is too small. I’d like to buy an electronic dictionary with a large vocabulary。I appreciate it very much if you could change another satisfying one for me. And I would like to have this matter settled by next Friday. Thank you for your consideration and I will be looking forward to your favorable reply。Yours sincerely,Zhang Wei48.大作文【参考范文】Here demonstrates a table with regard to the degree of satisfaction on work of staff in a company ranging from three different age groups, under 40, 40 to 50, and above 50 respectively. Specifically speaking, people in their forties are least satisfied with their present work situation at the rate of 64.0%. In comparison, people over 50 are most satisfied with their current situation at 40.0%. A noticeable figure is that half the staff under the age of 40 have no idea about their conditions。There prove to be a number of reasons accounting for it. First and foremost, it has something to do with the structure of staff’s age, especially with their working and life experience in which they play a pivotal role. What is more, this social issue is likely to be intertwined with the organization of the company where they serve。In line with my personal thinking, there are two major factors that should be taken into account seriously. On one hand, the general people concerned should enhance their awareness in this respect. What is more, the relevant company should increase the benefits for their employees. Only if these measures are adopted effectively can people work in peace and content and companies benefit most。

凌曙

2021年西北大学考研真题及2022年考研参考书

目录一、2022年金融硕士考研招生目录、招生人数二、2022年金融硕士考研参考书三、2021年金融硕士考研真题、考研笔记、考研经验总结四、2022年金融硕士考研答题技巧指导五、2022年金融硕士考研复习规划【2022年金融硕士考研教辅图书】《金融硕士大纲解析》,首都师范大学出版社,2021年版《公司理财:考研笔记·习题详解·真题解析》,首都师范大学出版社,2021年版《金融学:考研笔记·习题详解及历年真题解析》,首都师范大学出版社,2019年版《金融硕士习题集》,首都师范大学出版社,2019年版以上是金融硕士考研权威辅导资料,当当、京东、天猫都可以买到。【2022年金融硕士考研温馨解析:考研失败的7大原因】(1)准备时间太晚:建议大三或者大二就开始准备,并且最好是大三就尝试考一次,但是大多数考生的复习时间也就是几个月,这么短时间,怎么能和准备了一两年的考上相比呢?(2)院校专业不合理:当然,很多考生也不知道怎么选择专业和院校,因为信息太少了,又缺乏相关的经验,这点可以咨询育明教育咨询师,由十余年考研咨询经验的高级咨询师给大家答疑解惑。(3)复习规划不合理:自上学以来,很多考生就是在家长和老师的安排下进行学习的,上大学以后大家就失去了学习安排的能力,导致考研不知道如何安排,这点可以根据育明一对一的复习进度进行解决。(4)缺乏复习技巧:很多辅导机构都会给大家讲解一些技巧,但是这些技能很难在考场上应用的,真正的技巧是要通过长时间的练习和备考磨炼出来的。(5)不懂答题技巧:育明教育每年都会聘请具有5年以上公共课和专业课阅卷经验的老师对学员进行一对一指导的,这点是育明教育高通过率的秘诀,要知道,很多题目都是主观题,你能回答上来和你能得高分是两码事。(6)没有复习重点:考研考的就是心态,很多考生往往容易贪多,再加上把握不住重点,所以,越往最后越是急躁,越是觉得需要记忆的内容多,其实核心问题就是没有掌握住重点。(7)对复试不够重视:尤其是MPAcc/MPA/MBA的考生,报考人大、北外、北语等院校的考生,现在复试的比例越来越高了,所以一定要重视复试,育明教育的复试保过班次,大家可以考虑。一、2022年西北大学考研招生目录、招生人数一、学校简介西北大学肇始于1902年的陕西大学堂和京师大学堂速成科仕学馆。1912年始称西北大学。1923年改为国立西北大学。1937年西迁来陕的国立北平大学、北平师范大学、北洋工学院和北平研究院等组成国立西安临时大学,1938年改为国立西北联合大学,1939年复称国立西北大学。新中国成立后为教育部直属综合大学。1950年复名西北大学。1958年改隶陕西省主管。1978年被确定为全国重点大学。现为首批国家“世界一流学科建设高校”,国家“211工程”建设院校、教育部与陕西省共建高校。在长期的发展历程中,西北大学形成了“发扬民族精神,融合世界思想,肩负建设西北之重任”的办学理念,汇聚了众多名师大家,产生了一批高水平学术成果,培养了大批才任天下的杰出人才,享有良好的学术声誉和社会声望,被誉为“中华石油英才之母”“经济学家的摇篮”“作家摇篮”。学校现有太白校区、桃园校区、长安校区三个校区,总占地面积2360余亩。学校现有24个博士学位授权一级学科、36个硕士学位授权一级学科、17个专业学位授权类别。现有1个一级学科国家重点学科(涵盖5个二级学科)、4个二级学科国家重点学科和1个国家重点(培育)学科,22个博士后科研流动站。学校1个国家重点实验室、1个国家工程技术研究中心,1个国家创新人才培养示范基地,3个国家国际科技合作基地,3个国家地方联合工程研究中心,3个国家级高等学校学科创新引智基地,1个省部共建国家重点实验室培育基地,1个省部共建协同创新中心,7个国家级实验教学示范中心,1个国家级虚拟仿真实验教学中心,7个国家级人才培养基地并设有国家大学生文化素质教育基地,54个省部级理工类科研基地和22个省部级人文社科研究基地。学校现有国家级高层次人才117人,其中中国科学院院士4人。学校先后获得国家自然科学奖一、二等奖,国家技术发明奖二等奖,国家科技进步奖二等奖,“长江学者”成就奖一等奖、中国专利金奖等重大科技奖励。学校十分重视对外科技文化交流,已与美、英、法、德、日等20余个国家及地区的100余所大学、科研机构建立了友好合作关系。《大英百科全书》曾将西北大学列为世界著名大学之一。二、2021年报考说明为方便考生报考我校硕士研究生,现将报名有关事项说明如下:(一)报名参加全国硕士研究生招生考试的人员,须符合下列条件:1.中华人民共和国公民。2.拥护中国共产党的领导,品德良好,遵纪守法。3.身体健康状况符合国家和招生单位规定的体检要求。4.考生学业水平必须符合下列条件之一:(1)国家承认学历的应届本科毕业生(含普通高校、成人高校、普通高校举办的成人高等学历教育等应届本科毕业生)及自学考试和网络教育届时可毕业本科生。考生录取当年入学前(具体期限由招生单位规定)必须取得国家承认的本科毕业证书或教育部留学服务中心出具的《国(境)外学历学位认证书》,否则录取资格无效。(2)具有国家承认的大学本科毕业学历的人员。(3)同等学力人员报考须满足条件①、③或②、③:①国家承认学历的本科结业生;②获得国家承认的高职高专毕业学历后满2年(从毕业后到录取当年9月1日,下同)或2年以上;③六门以上大学本科主干课程成绩证明(原件),并在公开出版(带cn号)的学术刊物上以第一作者发表与报考专业相近的论文一篇。同等学力考生不得跨学科报考,复试时须加试两门大学本科主干课程。(4)已获硕士、博士学位的人员。在校研究生报考须在报名前征得所在培养单位同意。(二)报名参加全国专业学位硕士研究生招生考试的,按下列规定执行:1.报名参加法律(非法学)专业学位硕士研究生招生考试的人员,须符合下列条件:①符合(一)中的各项要求。②报考前所学专业为非法学专业(普通高等学校本科专业目录法学门类中的法学类专业[代码为0301]毕业生、专科层次法学类毕业生和自学考试形式的法学类毕业生等不得报考)。2.报名参加法律(法学)专业学位硕士研究生招生考试的人员,须符合下列条件:①符合(一)中的各项要求。②报考前所学专业为法学专业(仅普通高等学校本科专业目录法学门类中的法学类专业[代码为0301]毕业生、专科层次法学类毕业生和自学考试形式的法学类毕业生等可以报考)。3.报名参加工商管理硕士、公共管理硕士专业学位硕士研究生招生考试的人员,须符合下列条件:①符合(一)中1、2、3的各项要求。②大学本科毕业后有3年或3年以上工作经验的人员;或获得国家承认的高职高专毕业学历后,有5年或5年以上工作经验,达到与大学本科毕业生同等学力的人员;或已获硕士学位或博士学位并有2年或2年以上工作经验的人员。4.报名参加法律(非法学)、法律(法学)、工商管理、公共管理以外的其他专业学位硕士研究生招生考试的人员,须符合(一)中的各项要求。(三)报名参加单独考试的人员,须符合下列条件:1.符合(一)中1、2、3的各项要求。2.取得国家承认的大学本科学历后连续工作4年以上,业务优秀,已经发表过研究论文(技术报告)或者已经成为业务骨干,经考生所在单位同意和两名具有高级专业技术职称的专家推荐,定向就业本单位的在职人员;或获硕士学位或博士学位后工作2年以上,业务优秀,经考生所在单位同意和两名具有高级专业技术职称的专家推荐,定向就业本单位的在职人员。3.我校法学(民商法学方向)、公共管理(行政管理方向)、化学工程与技术(化学工程、制药工程方向)、计算机科学与技术(计算机应用技术方向)、软件工程、城乡规划学、世界史(中东研究所)等专业可设置单独考试。(四)报考“退役大学生士兵”专项硕士研究生招生计划的考生,应为高校学生应征入伍退出现役,且符合硕士研究生报考条件者(“高校学生”指全日制普通本专科(含高职)、研究生、第二学士学位的应(往)届毕业生、在校生和入学新生,以及成人高校招收的普通本专科(高职)应(往)届毕业生、在校生和入学新生)。(五)2021年我校进行非全日制招生的专业有:文物与博物馆、工商管理、公共管理。原则上非全日制硕士研究生招收在职定向就业人员。二、2022年西北大学考研参考书《货币金融学》(第九版),米什金著,中国人民大学出版社,2011年。《投资学》(美)博迪等著,汪昌云等译,机械工业出版社,2012年版《金融硕士大纲解析》,李国正,首都师范大学出版社,2021年版;《金融硕士习题集》,李国正,首都师范大学出版社,2019年版。三、2022年西北大学考研真题、考研笔记、考研经验(育明学员回忆)2020年西大金融专硕复试分数线349,本来九月份招生简章写的招40人,因为疫情扩了15人,收55人,最终70人进复试,复试录取比1:1.3。我是看的复试书目,结合初试书目,背诵知识点,同时整理时事热点。复试的专业课题是抽取作答,题目不是很难,掌握好初复试指定书目的知识点就没问题,同时可能会结合时事热点。四、2022年考研专业课答题技巧根据历年育明教育参加过阅卷的辅导老师的反馈,很多学生一看就没有在考前模拟过,乱涂乱画、字迹很差。这样非常影响学生的分数,尤其是英语作文和政治主观题部分。因此,有三点必须记住:不能涂改、多分段、字迹一定要工整。1、名词解释(1)名词解释一般答100字左右,在A4纸上约3行,每行30-40字。(2)名词解释三段论答题法:定义——》背景、特征、概念类比——》总结/评价。第一,回答出名词本身的含义。一般都可以在书本找到。第二,从名词的提出的背景、它的特征、相似概念比较等方面进行简述。第三,总结,可以做一下简短的个人评价。(3)育明考研温馨提示:第一,名词解释一般位于试卷的第一部分,很多考上刚上考场非常的兴奋,一兴奋就容易下笔如流水,一不小心就把名词解释当成了简答题。结果后面的题目答题时间非常紧张。第二,育明考研咨询师提醒大家,在回答名词解释的时候以150-200字为佳。按照每个人写字的速度,一般需要5分钟左右。2、简答题(1)育明考研名师解析:简答题一般来说位于试题的第二部分,基本考察对某些重要问题的掌握程度。难度中等偏低。这就要求考生在复习的时候要把课本重要问题梳理清楚,要比较扎实的记忆。一般来说书本看到5遍以上可以达到记忆的效果。当然,记忆也要讲究方法。(2)育明考研答题攻略:简答题定义框架答题法定义——》框架 ——》总结第一,先把简答题题干中涉及到的最重要的1-2个名词进行阐述,类似于“名词解释”。很多人省略了这一点,无意中丢失了很多的分数。第二,按照要求,搭建框架进行回答。回答要点一般3-5条,每条150-200字。第三,进行简单的总结。(3)育明考研温馨提示第一,在回答简答题的时候,一定要有头有尾,换言之,必须要进行核心名词含义的阐释。第二,在回答的时候字数一般在800-1000为佳,时间为15-20分钟。3、论述题(1)育明考研名师解析论述题在考研专业课中属于中等偏上难度的题目,考察对学科整体的把握和对知识点的灵活运用,进而运用理论知识来解决现实的问题。但是,如果我们能够洞悉论述题的本质,其实回答起来还是非常简单的。论述题,从本质上看,是考察队多个知识点的综合运用能力。因此,这就要求我们必须对课本的整体框架和参考书的作者的写书的内部逻辑。这一点是我们育明考研专业课讲授的重点,特别是对于跨专业的考生来说,要做到这一点,难度非常大。(2)育明考研答题攻略:论述题三步走答题法是什么——》为什么——》怎么样第一,论述题中重要的核心概念,要阐释清楚;论述题中重要的理论要点要罗列到位。这些是可以在书本上直接找到的,是得分点,也是进一步分析的理论基点。第二,要分析目前所存在问题出现的原因。这个部分,基本可以通过对课本中所涉及的问题进行总结而成。第三,提出自己合理化的建议。五、2022年考研复习规划(10000名成功学员的经验总结)第一阶段:信息收集及院校确定(3月—6月)了解考研信息、确定报考院校、明确专业课重点、夯实英语基础(尤其是单词、句型),这个时候,在选择院校和专业时必须慎重,不能自己想怎样就怎样,要听取专家的建议。育明教育咨询师都有5年以上咨询经验。第二阶段:考试重点明确(7月—9月)通过育明教育一对一指导明确专业课考试重点并做笔记、明确考研政治考点及难点、考研英语真题解析。第三阶段:明确重点并理解记忆(7月—9月)明确专业课考试重点并做笔记、明确考研政治考点及难点、考研英语真题解析。第四阶段:深入背诵考点、练习试题(9月—11月)开始背诵考点难点、练习考点试题。第五阶段:模式考试(11月—12月)每门课都进行4-5次模拟考试,并由育明教育聘请阅卷组成员进行指导和分析。第六阶段:复试、面试(次年3月—4月)通过育明教育复试保过课程,准备复习(笔试、面试等)。

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21长春师范大学学科英语考研考试情况独家解析

很多21学科英语考研的小伙伴们都对考研这件事抱着很大的憧憬,尤其是在择校上。择校是考研人踏上考研之旅的第一步,可能直接关系到你能否考研成功。所以,很多同学都一直徘徊在几个院校之间,迟迟下不了决定。择校确实得要考虑清楚才行,要多方面地进行权衡。下面,优加考研小编就给大家讲讲长春师范大学学科英语考研的考试情况,看看它是否是你心中的理想院校哦。  一、院校介绍一、院校介绍长春师范大学坐落在美丽的北国春城——长春,是吉林省重要的基础教育、学前教育师资及应用型高级专门人才培养基地,是具有博士学位授权点的省属师范大学,更是一所拥有悠久办学历史和光荣革命传统的高等学府。学校前身为1906年(光绪三十二年)创建的官立长春师范传习所,是吉林省师范教育的发祥地。百余年来,在不同的历史时期,学校先后易名为长春府学堂、长春县立师范学校、吉长道立师范学校、吉林省立第二师范学校(简称二师)、长春师范学校。1958年市政府在长春师范学校基础上建立长春师范专科学校,1981年学校获批为长春师范学院,2013年更名为长春师范大学。总之,长春师范大学是吉林省属师范大学,而且长春师范大学的学科英语是不排斥跨考的,非英语专业的同学也可以报考长春师范大学。二、历年招生情况大家应该会比较关注招生的情况,那这里我给大家详细列一下!1、招生方向及计划招生人数长春师范大学学科教学(英语)招生单位是外国语学院,2020年长春师范大学学科教学(英语)分为全日制和非全日制招生,全日制学科教学(英语)拟招生人数为7人(其中全日制“农村学校教育硕士师资培养计划”拟招生人数为3人),非全日制学科教学(英语)拟招生人数为2人,具体的招生目录如下:2、历年分数线及录取情况三、考试科目及参考书目1、考试科目1)初试科目长春师范大学学科教学(英语)全日制和非全日制初试科目都为【101】思想政治理论;【204】英语二或【202】俄语或【203】日语;【333】教育综合;【844】英语教学专业基础。2)复试科目长春师范大学学科教学(英语)的复试科目为英语教学论和基础英语,同等学力加试科目为英美文化和英汉互译与写作。A、复试复习资料:《英语语言学导论》(第二版),杨忠,中国人民大学出版社,2012年版。《英语教学法教程》(第二版),王蔷,高等教育出版社,2006年版。英语专业八级或相当水平的试题。B、同等学力加试的复习资料:《实用翻译教程(英汉互译)》(第三版),冯庆华,上海外语教育出版社,2010年版。《英美文化基础教程》,朱永涛,外语教学与研究出版社,1991年版。《英语教学法教程》(第二版),王蔷,高等教育出版社,2006年版。2、专业课参考书单四、收费标准及奖助学金政策1、学制及学费长春师范大学学科教学(英语)专硕全日制学制为2年,学费10000元/年;“农村学校教育硕士师资培养计划”研究生学制4年,学费共计22000元(前三年4000元/人/年,第四年10000元/人);非全日制学制为3年,学费7000元/年。2、奖助体系长春师范大学硕士研究生奖助学金体系主要包括国家奖学金、学业奖学金、国家助学金、校级奖学金、研究生“三助一辅”岗位津贴等等。1)国家助学金:全日制硕士生6000元/年.生2)国家奖学金:全日制硕士生20000元/年.生3)学业奖学金:每生6000元4)全日制研究生校级奖学金:最高额度为每生3000元5)助研、助教、助管岗位津贴:每生每年5000元,按十个月支付五、就业情况近三年长春师范大学硕士研究生就业率一直保持在90%以上,大部分毕业研究生的就业集中在高等教育单位、中初教学单位、事业单位、企业单位等,部分硕士研究生考取国内、外知名院校的博士研究生。

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阅读理解真题解析:Cereals and Legumes: A Partnership谷物和豆类:伙伴关系

托福阅读理解真题解析:Cereals and Legumes: A PartnershipCereals are flowering grasses that sprout, flower, seed, and die in the space of a year, which is why gardeners refer to them as annuals. Grown for their seeds or kernels, cereals are excellent sources of energy: although they lack some amino acids, as well as calcium, vitamin A, and vitamin C, they provide starch and oil, and in some cases, considerable amounts of protein. [▇] Once ripe, the kernels are relatively easy to store, and they retain their nutrients for a long time. [▇] Even the stalks of cereals are useful as animal food, as bedding in stables and barns, and as a building material. A major drawback with cereals is that they depend on the soil for nitrogen. [▇] Without fertilization they eventually exhaust the fields they are growing in, but despite this, two cereals (wheat and barley) were the very first plants to be domesticated (grown for human use); and a third (rye) may have been cultivated, or even domesticated, at about the same time. Today, cereal crops including wheat, rice, maize, sorghum, millet, and oats provide most of the calories in the human diet.Like cereals, legumes are annuals. Some legumes are grown for animal fodder. Many other legumes, however, are cultivated for their seeds, which ripen in pods. The seeds are rich in B vitamins and iron, contain on average two times the protein but less starch than cereals, and can be eaten, sometimes pods and all, while they're still green. (Snow peas and green beans are familiar examples.) Legumes are characterized by a long period of sequential ripening, ring which a single plant may have ripe pods, green pods, and flowers, all at the same time, which means that a stand of legumes can be harvested again and again over several weeks. Like cereals, legumes can be dried and stored for later use (the pods open easily when dry), and again like cereals, legumes provide food for both people and animals. However, legume plants add nitrogen to the soil, so when they are grown in the same fields as cereals, they can replace much of the nitrogen the cereals have depleted.Growing cereals and legumes together is good for the fields, and eating them together is good for the farmers. In order to build and maintain body tissue, people need protein or more specifically, the amino acids in protein. Some amino acids are synthesized in the alt human body, but eight essential ones cannot be and have to come from food. Although all eight are present in animal protein, plant proteins are usually missing one or two. When cereals and legumes are eaten together, they provide all eight of the essential amino acids, a fact that the ancestors of early agriculturalists undoubtedly understood at least on a practical level and their descendants took advantage of that knowledge. In Asia, rice, wheat, and barley were grown along with soybeans; in India rice was paired with hyacinth bean, black gram, and green gram; in the African savanna, pear millet and sorghum were domesticated along with cow pea and Bambara groundnut; and in the New World, maize and Phaseolus beans in Central America and maize and groundnuts in South America were the bases for agriculture. Cereals and legumes are technically dry fruits (they have a hard dry layer around their seeds).Early agriculturalists also experimented with growing succulent fruits like apples, olives, grapes, and melons, but most of these were brought into domestication much later than cereals and legumes, and in most cultures they've always been supplementary foods rather than staples. Many of them are propagated vegetatively asexually by using a plant part such as a bulb or cutting rather than sexually through seeds, so they are more complicated to grow than cereals and legumes, and this may account for their typically late addition to agricultural assemblages. It should be noted, however, that recent research in Israel suggests that figs may have been domesticated at a site near Jericho in the Jordan Valley at about the same time as the first experiments with cereals and legumes, and some archaeologists believe that in New Guinea, tubers may have been domesticated long before other crops were imported.1.According to paragraph 1, all of the following are advantages of cereals EXCEPT:A.They provide large amounts of energy when consumed.B.They store easily and retain nutrients for a long time.C.They provide considerable amounts of calcium, vitamin A, and vitamin C.D.20They have multiple uses, including as bedding or building material.2.According to paragraph 1, a major disadvantage of cereals is that theyA.cannot be used as animal foodB.must be planted in a different field every yearC.take a long time to ripen before they can be used or storedD.use up all of the nitrogen in a field unless fertilizer is used3.According to paragraph 2, one way in which legumes differ from cereals is that legumesA.are a better source of starchB.contain far more proteinC.take much longer to ripenD.must be dried before being stored4.According to paragraph 2, all of the following statements about legumes are true EXCEPT:A.Legumes have pods that help seeds ripen quickly.B.Legumes contain a lot of iron and B vitamins.C.Legumes return nitrogen to the soil.D.Legume plants can be harvested many times ring a growing season.5.Paragraph 3 supports which of the following ideas about amino acidsA.Amino acids are not proced by the human body and must be obtained from food.B.Certain amino acids that people need for building and maintaining body tissue cannot be acquired from plant proteins.C.When legumes or cereals are consumed alone, they do not provide all of the essential amino acids.D.Legumes are missing many more of the eight essential amino acids than cereals are.6.In paragraph 3, why does the author discuss crops grown in Asia, India, the African savanna, and the New WorldA.To show how widely the understanding of the benefits of combining legumes and cereals was appliedB.To suggest that it was most effective for the same crops to be grown year after year in many parts of the worldC.To emphasize that proteins that come from plants were recognized as valuable in many parts of the worldD.To demonstrate that a wide variety of very different cereals and legumes could be grown together7.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Many of the cereals and legumes can be propagated asexually through offshoots, cuttings, tubers, bulbs and corns or sexually through seeds, which are less complicated to grow.B.Fruits were typically domesticated later than cereals and legumes, possibly because they tend not to be propagated through seeds and are thus more complicated to grow.C.Plants that are propagated sexually through seeds are generally much less complicated to grow than asexually propagated plants are.D.In addition to being propagated asexually, rather than sexually through seeds, many fruits can be added and grown later in the season than cereals and legumes.8.Paragraph 4 supports which of the following ideas about the figs that may have been domesticated in the Jordan Valley near JerichoA.Their early domestication casts doubt on the idea that succulent fruits were grown much later than cereals and legumes.B.They were a more important crop to inhabitants of the Jordan Valley than cereals and legumes were.C.They are closely related to the plants domesticated in New Guinea before other crops were imported.D.They are much easier to grow than any other succulent fruit.9.Look at the four squares [▇] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?Although they must be replanted each year, they can be grown for a variety of uses. Where would the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.10.Directions: An introctory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This questions is worth 2 points.A.Cereals, annual flowering grasses with usable stalks and nutritious seeds that dry and store well, were the first domesticated plants, but they must be grown with legumes to preserve soil nitrogen.B.Legumes contain a large amount of protein and, when they are eaten with cereals, provide all the amino acids essential to humans.C.Both the seeds and stalks of wheat and barley were eaten by early agriculturalists, who needed to take in enough nutrients and calories to work the fields.D.Planting cereals and legumes together sped up their growing period, which meant that they could both be harvested many times over a period of several weeks to several months.E.Because soil conditions in New Guinea and the Jordan Valley made it difficult to grow cereals such as wheat and barley, these regions began to cultivate figs and tubers instead.F.Cereals and legumes were typically domesticated well before succulent fruits, which are harder to cultivate, and became staples in early agricultural societies.文章大意:谷物和豆类:伙伴关系谷物是开花的草,在一年的时间内发芽,开花,播种并死亡,这就是为什么园丁将其称为一年生。谷物因其种子或果仁而生长,是极好的能量来源:尽管它们缺乏某些氨基酸以及钙,维生素A和维生素C,但它们提供淀粉和油脂,在某些情况下还提供大量的蛋白质。一旦成熟,籽粒就相对容易存储,并且可以长时间保留营养。甚至谷物的茎也可用作动物食品,马s和谷仓的垫料以及建筑材料。谷物的主要缺点是它们依赖土壤中的氮。如果没有施肥,他们最终会耗尽他们所生长的田地,尽管如此,最早要驯化的两种谷物(小麦和大麦)(供人类使用);大约在同一时间种植或驯化了三分之一(黑麦)。如今,包括小麦,水稻,玉米,高粱,小米和燕麦在内的谷物作物提供了人类饮食中的大部分卡路里。像谷物一样,豆类是一年生的。一些豆科植物被用作动物饲料。然而,还种植了许多其他豆科植物的种子,这些种子在豆荚中成熟。种子富含B族维生素和铁,平均蛋白质含量是谷物的两倍,但淀粉含量却比谷物少,可以食用,有时甚至是豆荚,也可以食用,而它们仍然是绿色的。(豌豆和青豆是常见的例子。)豆类的特征在于长时间的顺序成熟,在此期间,一棵植物可能同时具有成熟的豆荚,生豆荚和花朵,这意味着它们的架子几周内可以一次又一次收获豆类。像谷物一样,豆类可以干燥并储存以备后用(豆荚在干燥时很容易打开),再次像谷物一样,豆类既为人又为动物提供食物。然而,一起种植谷物和豆类作物对田间有好处,而一起食用对农民来说也有好处。为了建立和维持人体组织,人们需要蛋白质,或更具体地说,蛋白质中的氨基酸。在成年人体内,某些氨基酸是合成的,但八种必需氨基酸不能而且必须来自食物。尽管所有八种均存在于动物蛋白中,但植物蛋白通常会缺失一两种。当谷物和豆类一起食用时,它们提供了全部8种必需氨基酸,这一事实使早期农业学家的祖先无疑至少在实践上有所了解,而他们的后代则利用了这一知识。在亚洲,稻米,小麦和大麦与大豆一起种植。在印度,大米搭配了风信子豆,黑克和绿克。在非洲大草原上,将梨粟和高粱与cow豆和班巴拉花生一同驯化。在新世界中,中美洲的玉米和菜豆以及南美洲的玉米和花生是农业的基础。谷物和豆类从技术上讲是干燥的水果(它们的种子周围有一层硬的干燥层)。早期的农业学家还尝试了种植多汁的水果,例如苹果,橄榄,葡萄和甜瓜,但是其中大多数都比谷物和豆类植物晚得多地被驯化了,在大多数文化中,它们一直是辅助食品,而不是主食。它们中的许多是通过使用鳞茎等植物部分进行无性繁殖,而不是通过种子进行有性繁殖,因此,与谷物和豆类相比,它们的生长更为复杂,这可能是由于它们通常在农业组合中的添加较晚。但是,应该指出的是,以色列最近的研究表明,无花果可能是在约旦谷杰里科附近的一个地点与第一次谷物和豆类实验的大约同一时间被驯化的,一些考古学家认为,在新几内亚。刘凯老师独家解析:1.答题解析:答案:C。注意题干要选错误的。Grown for their seeds or kernels, cereals are excellent sources of energy(对应A); Once ripe, the kernels are relatively easy to store, and they retain their nutrients for a long time(对应B); Even the stalks of cereals are useful as animal food, as bedding in stables and barns, and as a building material(对应D); Grown for their seeds or kernels, cereals are excellent sources of energy: although they lack some amino acids, as well as calcium, vitamin A, and vitamin C, 这里说cereals缺乏这些营养,而C说有,矛盾,选C。2.答题解析:答案:D;A major drawback with cereals is that they depend on the soil for nitrogen. Without fertilization they eventually exhaust the fields they are growing in,D为此说法的转述。HOWEVER之前侧重讲legumes和cereals共同点(但也有讲不同点),HOWEVER之后强调了一个不同点:一个消耗氮气一个补充氮气。3.答题解析:答案:B;(注意描述的对象是legumes)The seeds are rich in B vitamins and iron, contain on average two times the protein but less starch than cereals, and can be eaten, sometimes pods and all, while they’re still green.B对。A说法反了,starch含量更低,不是better。选项C易错,虽然阅读材料中提到Legumes are characterized by a long period of sequential ripening,但是它只能说明legumes的特点是long period of sequential ripening, 并没有提及是与cereals 的不同点,因此不选C. 托福阅读不要随意infer.4.答题解析:答案:A;The seeds are rich in B vitamins and iron(对应B), However, legume plants add nitrogen to the soil, so when they are grown in the same fields as cereals, they can replace much of the nitrogen the cereals have depleted.(对应C), Legumes are characterized by a long period of sequential ripening, ring which a single plant may have ripe pods, green pods, and flowers, all at the same time, which means that a stand of legumes can be harvested again and again over several weeks(对应D)5.答题解析:答案:C;本题为supports引导的推断题。Some amino acids are synthesized in the alt human body, but eight essential ones cannot be and have to come from food.有的可以合成,有的必须靠饮食,说明A错,还是可以合成一些的。关于B,原文说Although all eight are present in animal protein, plant proteins are usually missing one or two. When cereals and legumes are eaten together, they provide all eight of the essential amino acids,原文说的两种植物一起饮食摄入,营养就全了,B说法肯定不对。D毫无体现。C对,因为原文的意思就是两者一起相互补充就全了,单一种是不行的,C对。6.答题解析:答案:A;举这些例子作为论据,是为了论证前面的论点:When cereals and legumes are eaten together, they provide all eight of the essential amino acids, a fact that the ancestors of early agriculturalists undoubtedly understood at least on a practical level and their descendants took advantage of that knowledge.当谷物和豆类一起食用时,它们提供了所有的八种必需氨基酸。毫无疑问,早期农业学家的祖先至少在实践层面上了解这一事实,他们的后代利用了这一知识。即A,其余均不对。7.答题解析:解析B。这句话讲了这些植物比cereals and legumes引入的更晚的原因:要通过拼接,无性生殖。只有B准确表达了原句中因和果的两点。tend not to be propagated through seeds,即为无性生殖(无需种子)。8.答题解析:解析A。前面说开始种植cereals and legumes早于其他植物。最后一句转折说figs几乎和cereals and legumes同时开始种植,即否定了“开始种植cereals and legumes早于其他植物”。A为此的一个转述和概括。其余选项无依据。9.答题解析:解析A。根据这句话,前面应讲了must be replanted each year相关的意思,而后面应是具体展开they can be grown for a variety of uses:即具体说哪些用途。A之前有个annuals。A之后几句话分别说了用途,如A之后一句讲了提供能量,再之后一句讲了多种用途。10.答题解析:选ABF。C的说法全文无提及。D说Planting cereals and legumes可以加快生长,几个星期到几个月里多次被收获。全文没有提到。E原文也没有讲。A为一二三段的概括,B为第三段的概括,F为第四段主要内容,有同学可能会觉得段末有转折因而不对,但请注意虽然最后一句讲的是反对意见,但加了typically对此说法也加了一定的限制。刘凯老师介绍刘凯,男,蒙古族,黑龙江省齐齐哈尔人。本科为哈尔滨师范大学英语系,硕士为北京理工大学。2010年赴美国宾夕法尼亚大学交流学习;2013年美国亚利桑那大学访问学者;2015年澳大利亚新南威尔士大学ESL研修;2018年加州理工学院语言学双学位获得者;2019年赴澳大利亚麦考瑞大学交流习;GRE托福考试全球高分获得者;荣获长江商学院EMBA。北京市优秀青年教师,北京市级重点高中示范校骨干教师,多年高中一线执教经验,高三年级把关教师,多次参与东城区模拟试题命题工作,教学理念先进,教学成果突出,多篇教学论文获市区级奖项。多篇文章发表在《中国教育报》《中国考试》《北京教育》等报刊上。多次参加高考阅卷工作,参与人民教育出版社、北京教育出版社、外研社等各类高考教学用书的编写工作,有丰富的备考经验,国际核心期刊发表多篇论文。教育部课题研究员,参与国家十二五课题计划,并作出突出贡献,参与初中、高中各年级区级试题的命制,多次承担区级和市级研究课任务。北京市科技英语优秀指导教师,所带学生在各级英语口语、作文竞赛中多次获奖;将扎实的英语基本功和严谨的学术思想作为教学的基础,课堂上善于寓教于乐,信息量大,内容丰富,使学生在和谐的课堂气氛下欣赏英语、享受英语、掌握英语、运用英语。2009-2012年期间,多次受邀在北京广播电台主持英语高考大纲解析及英语新课程改革节目,学术功底深厚,兼具偶像派与实力派特点,教风亲切洒脱,诙谐幽默,思维开阔,屡有奇思妙想,善于引导学生学以致用,对高考动向把握极其准确,深受学生和家长欢迎。尤其擅长英语语法和单词记忆法。海外生活学习十年,社科人文类学科偏爱者;10年雅思教龄,知名教师培训师;指导上万考生快速冲刺雅思写作、阅读,平均分数7.5分;独创“段落清空”、极简化“针对检索式”阅读法等众多高效技法;每年雅思考试均在10次以上;均分8+;真题回忆准确度97%以上;贴近西式思路和语言指导学生写作;善于帮助学生突破学术写作思维瓶颈。讲授科目有长难句、翻译、四六级考试、阅读和写作;在2014、2015、2017、2019四年考研中,接受其培训的所有考生中有近万名考生取得高分。带给学生的不只是考分的提高,更多的是对英语领悟和感知的突破。纯正的英音、独到的见解、睿智的思维和轻松幽默的语言,为其赢得了广大学生的认同和喜爱。资深考研培训讲师;英语四六级考试天团高级讲师;雅思阅读、雅思写作培训主讲名师;六级考试阅卷组成员;深谙命题规律和解题套路,对英语的学习规律和方法见解独特。呼吁国人学习英语的态度:重复是记忆之母。用听,用看,用心去触摸每个单词,你便会有好的记忆。中国人要学好英语就要有一点点变态。上课特点:课堂从不需点名,却无人缺席教学理念:英语教师很幸运也有责任与学生一同叩响世界之门

大桥下

小时候为了验证圣诞老人是不存在的,做的一些测试

The Father Christmas conspiracy has been an integral part of festivities for generations. Children writing their ever-growing list of gifts they hope to receive and parents playing along with the act. You can even track Santa and his sleigh online as he delivers presents across the world.圣诞老人的阴谋是几代人庆祝活动中不可或缺的一部分。孩子们在写他们希望收到的礼物清单,家长们也参与其中。你甚至可以在网上追踪圣诞老人和他的雪橇,看他在世界各地送礼物。I remember believing in Santa when I was a very young girl. However, as I grew older. I learned many that "proved" his nonexistence. Always by nature, I was determined to use to decide whether Santa Claus was .The first test when I was 5, I decided that if I all night on Christmas Eve, I could see if Santa really came down the chimney. , that was a useless . I fell asleep that year, and when I woke up, I saw a wrapped present under the .At the age of 7, I came up with another test to see if Santa was real. That year, I didn't send out my Christmas letter to Santa because I wanted for Christmas, but this turned into a plot. By then, I knew Santa wasn't real, but I wanted enough to support this. That year was , because on Christmas Eve, my mother dragged me to our local Wal-Mart and led me around the toy section. I to say a word, but did let my eyes on a ballet set. I that "Santa" wouldn't know what I wanted because he shouldn't be able to read my . However, my mother would know everything that caught my eyes in the store. If I got the ballet set the next morning. I would have my evidence. On Christmas morning, there was the ballet set, sitting under the tree again. I didn't use it much, my mother ended up returning it a few days later. She Santa was generous enough to leave a receipt. That was the end to my task to discover the existence of Santa.1.A: theories B: choices C: situations D: facts2.A: curious B: typical C: cautious D: desperate3.A: data B: exam C: tricks D: tests4.A: generous B: wise C: merciful D: real5.A: worked B: succeeded C: happened D: failed6.A: stayed up B: kept up C: called up D: made up7.A: Instead B: However C: Therefore D: Otherwise8.A: effect B: suggestion C: attempt D: struggle9.A: roughly B: beautifully C: clearly D: tidily10.A: tree B: bed C: chimney D: table11.A: everything B: anythingC: nothing D: something12.A: hardly B: alreadyC: never D: usually13.A: idea B: intentionC: evidence D: experience14.A: amazing B: interestingC: strange D: annoying15.A: hated B: refused C: hesitated D: tried16.A: try B: focus C: put D: call17.A: hoped B: explained C: argued D: figured18.A: purpose B: mind C: opinion D: eyes19.A: As B: IfC: Although D: As soon as20.A: admitted B: thoughtC: claimed D: promised【知识归纳】1.一组常用动词短语call up打电话;keep up保持;stay up熬夜;make up构成;focus on聚焦于;try on试穿; put on穿上; call on号召。2. 上下文对照,抓关键词。解完型填空题时,单独看一句话是找不到正确答案的,需要阅读下句或者若干句才能明白。所谓上下对照,即在上文和下文中找到与正确答案相同的关键词。因此,在做题时要边读边在大脑中储存上下文信息的能力,捕捉关键词。比如43小题D考查名词。A. data数据;B. exams考试;C. tricks诡计;D. tests测试。下文The first year of tests 45 when I was 5一句中有提示,故答案选D。考点:考查日常生活类阅读刘凯老师解析于参考答案:1. D;正确率: 79%, 易错项: B2. A;正确率: 75%, 易错项: B3. D;正确率: 85%, 易错项: B4. D;正确率: 80%, 易错项: B5. C;正确率: 69%, 易错项: D6. A;正确率: 83%, 易错项: C7. B;正确率: 86%, 易错项: D8. C;正确率: 73%, 易错项: B9. B;正确率: 79%, 易错项: C10. A;正确率: 71%, 易错项: B11. C;正确率: 77%, 易错项: D12. B;正确率: 83%, 易错项: C13. C;正确率: 85%, 易错项: A14. B;正确率: 68%, 易错项: C15. B;正确率: 77%, 易错项: D16. B;正确率: 79%, 易错项: C17. D;正确率: 64%, 易错项: B18. B;正确率: 75%, 易错项: C19. A;正确率: 67%, 易错项: C20. C全文试题分析:本文主要是介绍了作者小时候为了验证圣诞老人是不存在的,而做的一些测试。【刘凯老师说:本文是一篇记叙文;主要是介绍了作者小时候很相信圣诞老人的存在,但随着年龄的增长,了解了更多的事实,知道了其实圣诞老人是不存在的。为了验证圣诞老人是不存在的,作者做了一些测试。5岁年圣诞前夕,准备熬夜见证圣诞老人,结果睡着了。7岁那年,明知圣诞老人是不存在的,但还是要找到依据,便拒绝告知自己究竟想要什么礼物,最终妈妈从我的眼神中看出了我的心思.从此我便结束了这种测试。】刘凯老师独家解析:1. 结合句意,“我”知道了许多证明他不存在的事实(fact)。theory 意为“理论”,choice 意为“选择”,situation 意为“情况;处境”,均不符合文意。故正确答案为D。2. 结合文意,总是好奇的(curious)天性使“我”决定自己去验证圣诞老人是否存在。typical 意为“典型的”,cautious 意为“谨慎的”,desperate 意为“绝望的;不顾一切的”,均不符合文意。故正确答案为A。3. 结合第二段第一句中 The first test 及文意,“我”决定用实验(test)去判定圣诞老人是否是真的。data 意为“数据”,exam 意为“考试”,trick 意为“伎俩;恶作剧”,均不符合文意。故正确答案为D。4. 结合文意,“我”决定用实验去判定圣诞老人是否是真的(real)。generous 意为“大方的”,wise 意为“智慧的”,merciful 意为“仁慈的”,均不符合文意。故正确答案为D。刘凯老师独家解析:5. 结合文意,第一个实验发生(happen)在“我”5岁的时候。work 意为“工作”,succeed 意为“成功”,fail 意为“失败”,均不符合文意。故正确答案为C。6. A项,stay up “熬夜”。B项,keep up “保持”。C项,call up “打电话给;召集”。D项,make up “组成;化妆;编造”。结合文意,“我”决定如果“我”在平安夜整晚熬夜(stay up),“我”就可以看到圣诞老人是否真的从烟囱上下来了。故正确答案为A。7. 结合下文中 I fell asleep that year 可知,作者的第一个实验失败了。结合句意,然而(however),那是一次没用的尝试,与上文之间为转折关系。instead 意为“相反地”,therefore 意为“因此”,otherwise 意为“否则;另外”,均不符合文意。故正确答案为B。8. 结合文意,那是一次没用的尝试(attempt)。effect 意为“影响”,suggestion 意为“建议”,struggle 意为“挣扎;努力”,均不符合文意。故正确答案为C。9. 结合文意,当“我”醒来的时候,“我”看见一个包装得很漂亮(beautifully)的礼物在树下。roughly 意为“粗糙地”,clearly 意为“清晰地”,tidily 意为“整齐地;整洁地”,均不符合文意。故正确答案为B。10. 结合文章最后一段倒数第四句中 under the tree again 和常识可知,“我”看见一个包装得很漂亮的礼物在树(tree)下。bed 意为“床”,chimney 意为“烟囱”,table 意为“桌子”,均不符合文意。故正确答案为A。刘凯老师独家解析:11. 结合文意,那一年“我”没有寄圣诞信给圣诞老人,因为“我”圣诞节不想要任何东西(nothing)。注意 want nothing = don't want anything。everything 意为“所有东西”,anything 意为“任何东西”,something 意为“某物”,均不符合文意。故正确答案为C。12. 结合文意,到那个时候,“我”已经(already)知道圣诞老人不是真的,但“我”还想要证明一下。hardly 意为“几乎不”,never 意为“永不”,usually 意为“通常”,均不符合文意。故正确答案为B。13. 结合句意,“我”已经知道圣诞老人不是真的,但是“我”想要足够的证据(evidence)去证明这一点。idea 意为“想法”,intention 意为“意图”,experience 意为“经历;经验”,均不符合文意。故正确答案为C。14. 结合文意,那一年很有趣(interesting),因为在平安夜,妈妈把“我”拖去了“我们”当地的沃尔玛超市并且带着“我”在玩具区玩。amazing 意为“令人惊异的”,strange 意为“奇怪的”,annoying 意为“令人恼火的”,均不符合文意。故正确答案为B。15. 结合句意,“我”不愿(refuse)说一个字,但是“我”确实让“我”的眼睛盯着一个芭蕾套装。hate 意为“讨厌”,hesitate 意为“犹豫”,try 意为“尝试”,均不符合文意。故正确答案为B。16. 结合句意,“我”不愿说一个字,但是“我”的确让“我的”眼睛集中(focus)在一个芭蕾套装上。try 意为“尝试”,put 意为“放”,call 意为“喊,叫”,均不符合文意。故正确答案为B。17. 结合文意,“我”认为(figure)“圣诞老人”不会知道“我”想要什么,因为他应该读不懂“我”的心思。hope 意为“希望”,explain 意为“解释”,argue 意为“争论”,均不符合文意。故正确答案为D。18. 结合文意,“我”认为“圣诞老人”不知道“我”想要什么,因为他应该读不懂“我的”心思(mind)。purpose 意为“目的”,opinion 意为“观点”,eye 意为“眼睛”,均不符合文意。故正确答案为B。19. 结合文意,因为(as)“我”并不经常使用它,几天后“我”妈妈把它退货了。if 意为“如果”,although 意为“虽然”,as soon as 意为“一……就……;尽快”,均不符合文意。故正确答案为A。刘凯老师独家解析:20. 结合文意,她声称(claim)“圣诞老人”很大方地留下了收据。admit 意为“承认”,think 意为“认为”,promise 意为“许诺”,均不符合文意。故正确答案为C。Although many empathised with the child and his mother for how the truth was revealed, some raised the question whether at age eight, the boy should know the truth already.尽管许多人同情这个孩子和他的母亲,因为真相是如何被揭露的,但也有一些人提出了这样一个问题:这个男孩在8岁的时候是否应该知道真相。I’m sure we all have our unique experiences of how we were told.我相信我们都有自己独特的被告知的经历。Told that the man you’d seen in the garden center was a random employee in a suit and fake beard. Told that the movies had lied.他告诉我你在花园中心看到的那个人是随便找的,穿着西装,留着假胡子。被告知电影在撒谎。Told that the shiny new bike was not magically constructed by elves and instead was hastily put together on Christmas eve by your dad.告诉你那辆闪闪发亮的新自行车不是精灵们用魔法制造的,而是你爸爸在平安夜匆忙组装的。I don’t remember when I stopped believing in Father Christmas. So I guess it wasn’t too traumatic whenever or however I found out.我不记得什么时候我不再相信圣诞老人了。所以我想,无论何时,无论如何,我发现这件事都不会造成太大的创伤。刘凯老师介绍:刘凯,男,蒙古族,黑龙江省齐齐哈尔人。本科为哈尔滨师范大学英语系,硕士为华中师范大学汉语言文学。美国亚利桑那大学访问学者,澳大利亚新兰威尔士大学ESL研修。2018年加州理工学院语言学双学位获得者。北京市优秀青年教师,北京市级重点高中示范校骨干教师,多年高中一线执教经验,高三年级把关教师,多次参与东城区模拟试题命题工作,教学理念先进,教学成果突出,多篇教学论文获市区级奖项。教育部课题研究员,参与国家十二五课题计划,并作出突出贡献,参与初中、高中各年级区级试题的命制,多次承担区级和市级研究课任务。北京市科技英语优秀指导教师,所带学生在各级英语口语、作文竞赛中多次获奖;刘凯老师将扎实的英语基本功和严谨的学术思想作为教学的基础,课堂上善于寓教于乐,信息量大,内容丰富,使学生在和谐的课堂气氛下欣赏英语、享受英语、掌握英语、运用英语。曾多次参加高考阅卷工作,参与人民教育出版社、北京教育出版社、外研社等各类高考教学用书的编写工作,有丰富的备考经验,国际核心期刊发表多篇论文。2009-2012年期间,多次受邀在北京广播电台主持英语高考大纲解析及英语新课程改革节目,学术功底深厚,兼具偶像派与实力派特点,教风亲切洒脱,诙谐幽默,思维开阔,屡有奇思妙想,善于引导学生学以致用,对高考动向把握极其准确,深受学生和家长欢迎。尤其擅长英语语法和单词记忆法。海外生活学习十年,社科人文类学科偏爱者;10年雅思教龄,多家知名机构教师培训师;指导上万考生快速冲刺雅思写作、阅读,平均分数7.5分;独创“段落清空”、极简化“针对检索式”阅读法等众多高效技法;每年雅思考试均在10次以上;均分8+;真题回忆准确度97%以上;贴近西式思路和语言指导学生写作;善于帮助学生突破学术写作思维瓶颈。讲授科目有长难句、翻译、四六级考试、阅读和写作;在2014、2015、2016、2017四年考研中,接受其培训的所有考生中有近万名考生取得高分。资深考研培训讲师;英语四六级考试天团高级讲师;雅思阅读、雅思写作培训主讲名师;六级考试阅卷组成员;深谙命题规律和解题套路,对英语的学习规律和方法见解独特。带给学生的不只是考分的提高,更多的是对英语领悟和感知的突破。纯正的英音、独到的见解、睿智的思维和轻松幽默的语言,为其赢得了广大学生的认同和喜爱。高考志愿规划师(2019.03);家庭教育讲师(2018.09);生涯规划师(2019.02);国家素质拓展师(2019.01);高考政策解读名师(2018.03)

其于宗也

阅读理解真题解析:The Genetic Material遗传物质的鉴定

托福【TOEFL】阅读理解真题解析:The Identification of the Genetic MaterialThe history of biology is filled with incidents in which research on one specific topic has contributed richly to another, apparently unrelated area. Such a case is the work of Frederick Griffith, an English physician whose attempts to prevent the disease pneumonia led to the identification of the material in cells that contains genetic information the information that determines an organism's characteristic structure. In the 1920s, Griffith was studying the bacterium Streptococcus pneumonia, or pneumococcus, one of the organisms that cause pneumonia in humans. He was trying to develop a vaccine against this devastating illness. He was working with two strains of the bacteria pneumococcus. A bacterial strain is a population of cells descended from a single parent cell; strains differ in one or more inherited characteristics. Griffith's strains were designated S and R because, when grown in the laboratory, one proced shiny, smooth (S) colonies or groups of bacteria, and the other proced colonies that look rough (R).When the S strain was injected into mice, the mice became diseased. When the R strain was injected, the mice did not become diseased. Bacteria of the S strain are virulent (able to cause disease) because they are surrounded by a protective jelly-like coating that prevents the mouse's immune defense mechanisms from destroying the bacteria before they can multiply. The R strain lacks this coating.With the hope of developing a vaccine against pneumonia, Griffith injected some mice with heat-killed S pneumococci. These heat-killed bacteria did not proce infection. Griffith assumed the mice would proce antibodies to the bacteria that would allow them to fight the virulent form if they were exposed to it. However, when Griffith inoculated other mice with a mixture of living R bacteria and heat-killed S bacteria, to his astonishment, the mice became ill with pneumonia. When he examined blood from these mice, he found it full of living bacteria many with characteristics of the virulent S strain. Griffith concluded that, in the presence of the dead S pneumococci, some of the living R pneumococci had been transformed into virulent S-strain organisms.Did this transformation of the bacteria depend on something the mouse did to the bacteria? No. It was shown that simply putting living R and heat-killed S bacteria together in a test tube yielded the same transformation. Next it was discovered that a cell-free extract of heat-killed S cells also transformed R cells. (A cell-free extract contains all the contents of cells, but no intact cells.) This result demonstrated that some substance called at the time a chemical transforming principle from the extract of S pneumococci could cause a heritable change (a change that could be passed on to future generations) in the affected R cells.From these observations, some scientists concluded that this transforming material carried heritable information, and thus was the genetic material that scientists had been searching for. The identification of the transforming material was a crucial step in the history of biology, accomplished over a period of several years by Oswald Avery and his colleagues at what is now Rockefeller University. They treated samples of the transforming extract in a variety of ways to destroy different types of substances proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids and tested the treated samples to see if they had retained transforming activity. The answer was always the same: If the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) in the extract was destroyed, transforming activity was lost; everything else could be eliminated without removing the transforming ability of the extract. As a final step, Avery, with Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty, isolated virtually pure DNA from a sample of pneumococcal transforming extract and showed that it caused bacterial transformation.In retrospect, the work of Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty, published in 1944, was a milestone in establishing that DNA is the genetic material. However, at the time, it had little impact on scientists' view about the physical basis of inheritance. The genetic material had to encode all the information needed to specify an organism, and the chemical complexity and diversity of proteins were known to be impressive. So ring the first half of the twentieth century, the hereditary material was generally assumed to be a protein. Nucleic acids, by contrast, were known to have only a few components and seemed too simple to carry such complex information.1.The word “apparently” in the passage is closest in meaning toA.seeminglyB.surprisinglyC.relativelyD.previously2.According to paragraph 1, Griffith experimented with strains of the pneumococcus bacteria because he wanted to discover which of the followingA.A strain of bacteria that could be used to develop a vaccineB.How bacterial strains developed under laboratory conditionsC.Why the strains of bacteria differed in appearanceD.Which bacterial strains were most infectious in humans3.Why does the author provide the information that The R strain lacks this coatingA.To provide an example of variations within strains of pneumococcus bacteriaB.To explain why the R strain is not able to cause diseaseC.To suggest that the R strain has other ways to defend itself from immune defense mechanismsD.To explain why mice became diseased when injected with the R strain4.According to paragraph 3, why did Griffith conclude from his experiment injecting both R and S strains pneumococci into mice that some of the R strain bacteria transformed into disease-causing S strain pneumococciA.All the living bacteria he found in the blood of the injected mice were S strain bacteria.B.He already knew from earlier experiments that R strain pneumococci sometimes transform into S strain pneumococci.C.He could tell from examining the bacteria under a microscope that some indivial pneumococci cells had characteristics of both the S and R strains.D.He observed living cells in the mice's blood with S strain characteristics, but the only living cells injected were R strain pneumococci.5.According to paragraph 4, why was Griffith's experiment repeated in a test tubeA.To provide additional support for the transformation of R-strain into S-strain pneumococciB.To establish whether or not the transformation of R cells was caused by something the mouse's body didC.To determine why the S-strain pneumococci somehow survived if they were in the presence of the R-strainD.To test the results of adding a cell-free extract to the mixture6.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.This result showed that the chemical transforming principle in S pneumococci was passed on to future generations of S pneumococci.B.After exposure to the cell-free extract from the S pneumococci, R pneumococci strain cells acquired the ability to transform themselves into S pneumococci.C.The transformation of R cells by a cell-free extract of S pneumococci demonstrated the existence of a chemical transforming principle that brought about heritable change.D.This transformation showed that the characteristics that the S pneumococci possess are superior to the characteristics of R pneumococci.7.According to paragraph 5, why did Oswald Avery and his colleagues treat the transforming extract in a variety of destructive waysA.They hoped to destroy the virulent part of the transforming extract.B.They wanted to identify the substance responsible for the transforming activity.C.They wanted to identify which methods would destroy particular substances in the transforming extract.D.They needed to determine which treatments were most successful in destroying DNA.8.According to paragraph 6, why did scientists continue to believe that the hereditary material was a proteinA.Scientists thought that the research of Avery and his colleagues provided insufficient information about the nature of DNA.B.Scientists believed that only proteins were complex enough to carry genetic information.C.Scientists thought Avery and his colleagues had little understanding of the physical basis of inheritance.D.Scientists ignored important milestones that indicated the chemical complexity of DNA.9.Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the transformed R-strain pneumococciA.They had acquired the genetic information for procing a protective coating.B.They were unable to cause transformation in other strains of pneumococci.C.In the presence of heat-killed R-strain bacteria, they lost their virulence.D.They did not multiply as quickly as nontransformed cells did.10.Directions:An introctory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This questions is worth 2 points.Marine and other organisms are classified as homeotherms if they maintain a constant body temperature and as poikilotherms if their body temperature matches that of the environment.A.From the 1920s through 1944, researchers used pneumococcus bacteria to discover the properties of DNA because the bacteria was relatively simple, having only two strains.B.Frederick Griffith discovered that a nonvirulent strain of bacteria could be transformed into a virulent strain by being exposed to dead cells from the virulent strain.C.By selectively destroying various substances in the cells of pneumococci bacteria, Oswald Avery and his colleagues identified DNA as the substance that caused bacterial transformation.D.Oswald Avery injected the combination of heat-killed, virulent cells and nonvirulent cells into mice because he hoped this would lead to a vaccine for pneumonia.E.Avery and his colleagues were able to isolate Griffith’s transforming principle by injecting mice with the extract that contained the transforming principle.F.Scientists did not initially recognize the importance of the discovery that DNA could cause genetic transformation because the hereditary material was assumed to be a protein.文章大意:The Identification of the Genetic Material遗传物质的鉴定生物学史上充斥着许多事件,在这些事件中,对一个特定主题的研究为另一个显然无关的领域做出了丰富的贡献。这种情况是英国医生弗雷德里克·格里菲斯(Frederick Griffith)的工作,他试图预防肺炎疾病,导致鉴定出细胞中含有遗传信息的物质,而遗传信息决定了生物的特征结构。在1920年代,格里菲斯(Griffith)研究了肺炎链球菌(streptococcus pneumonia)或肺炎球菌,这是一种引起人类肺炎的生物。他正在尝试开发一种针对这种破坏性疾病的疫苗。他正在研究两种肺炎球菌细菌。细菌菌株是由单个亲本细胞衍生的细胞群;菌株在一个或多个遗传特征上有所不同。格里菲斯当将S菌株注射到小鼠中时,小鼠患病。当注射R株时,小鼠没有患病。S菌株的细菌具有毒性(可导致疾病),因为它们周围有一层保护性的果冻状涂层,可防止小鼠的免疫防御机制在细菌繁殖之前破坏细菌。R应变缺乏该涂层。为了开发抗肺炎疫苗,格里菲斯(Griffith)向一些小鼠注射了热灭活的肺炎链球菌。这些经热杀死的细菌没有产生感染。格里菲斯(Griffith)认为,小鼠会产生针对细菌的抗体,如果它们暴露于这种毒性形式下,它们将能够对抗这种毒性形式。但是,当格里菲斯给其他小鼠接种活R细菌和热杀死的S细菌的混合物时,令他惊讶的是,这些小鼠患了肺炎。当他检查这些小鼠的血液时,发现其中充满了许多具有强毒S菌株特征的活细菌。格里菲斯得出结论,在死去的肺炎链球菌的存在下,一些活的肺炎链球菌已被转化为有毒力的S菌株。细菌的这种转化是否取决于小鼠对细菌的作用?不能。仅将活的R和热灭活的S细菌放到试管中就能产生相同的转化。接下来,发现无细胞的热杀死的S细胞提取物也转化了R细胞。(无细胞的提取物包含细胞的所有内容,但没有完整的细胞。)该结果表明,某些物质在当时被称为肺炎链球菌提取物的化学转化原理,可能引起遗传性变化(这种变化可能是在受影响的R细胞中传递给子孙后代。从这些观察中,一些科学家得出结论,这种转化材料具有可遗传的信息,因此是科学家一直在寻找的遗传材料。转化材料的鉴定是生物学史上至关重要的一步,由奥斯瓦尔德·埃弗里(Oswald Avery)和他现在的洛克菲勒大学的同事在几年中完成。他们以各种方式处理了转化提取物的样品,以破坏蛋白质,核酸,碳水化合物和脂质等不同类型的物质,并测试了所处理的样品,看它们是否保留了转化活性。答案始终是相同的:如果提取物中的DNA(脱氧核糖核酸)被破坏,转化活性就会丧失;在不去除提取物转化能力的情况下,所有其他一切都可以消除。作为最后一步,Avery与Colin MacLeod和Maclyn McCarty一起从肺炎球菌转化提取物样品中分离了几乎纯净的DNA,并表明它引起了细菌转化。回想起来,1944年出版的Avery,MacLeod和McCarty的工作是确立DNA是遗传物质的里程碑。但是,当时它对科学家关于继承的物理基础的观点影响不大。遗传物质必须编码指定一种生物所需的所有信息,并且已知蛋白质的化学复杂性和多样性令人印象深刻。因此,在二十世纪上半叶,遗传物质通常被认为是一种蛋白质。相比之下,已知核酸仅具有少量成分,似乎太简单而无法携带如此复杂的信息。刘凯老师解析:1.答案:A;答题解析:表示表明上的,似乎的,即A。【题干为:文章中“显然”一词的意思最接近于】选项:A.seemingly /simli/ adv. 看来似乎;表面上看来;B.surprisingly /sprazli/ adv. 惊人地;出人意料地;C.relatively /reltvli/ adv. 相当地;相对地,比较地;D.previously /privisli/adv. 以前;预先;仓促地。2.答案:A;答题解析:He was trying to develop a vaccine against this devastating illness. He was working with two strains of the bacteria pneumococcus.【他试图研发一种疫苗来对抗这种毁灭性的疾病。他研究的是两种肺炎球菌】对应A。这一段讲的就是介绍,此人原本为了解决一种疾病结果发现了基因。3.答案:B;答题解析:第一句话说了S可以导致疾病,而R不可以。后面两句话解释原因,因为S可以抑制免疫系统,故B对。4.答案:D;答题解析:加热的S被杀死应不能致病,R也不能,结果死亡的S和存活的R两者混合却导致了致病,检测下来,发现其血液含S的特征。5.答案:B;答题解析:是不是因为老鼠做了什么事情导致了上一段所说的结果呢?后面的研究就是在排除这种可能性。比如不用老鼠而直接用试管。6.答案:C;答题解析:原句讲的是S的一些物质可以导致R在遗传特性方面的变化,只有C有此意。其余选项均不对,如A说的是S到S,方向就不对。7.答案:B;答题解析:本文的试验到处充满了科学方法,近似控制变量法。本段开头说The identification of the transforming material was a crucial step in the history of biology【转化材料的鉴定是生物史上的一个关键步骤】,此段就是在讲具体确定the transforming material的过程。每种物质去除一下,看是否影响transforming activity,就是看他是否起作用(如去除某物质后transforming activity不影响,则说明其无作用,如去除后transforming activity有影响,则说明其起作用)。8.答案:B;答题解析:细节题。相关原文:The genetic material had to encode all the information needed to specify an organism, and the chemical complexity and diversity of proteins were known to be impressive【遗传物质必须编码指定一种生物所需的所有信息,而且已知的蛋白质的化学复杂性和多样性令人印象深刻】(impressive可以理解为足以引起人重视的). So ring the first half of the twentieth century, the hereditary material was generally assumed to be a protein. Nucleic acids, by contrast, were known to have only a few components and seemed too simple to carry such complex information.【所以在20世纪上半叶,遗传物质通常被认为是一种蛋白质。相比之下,已知的核酸只有很少的成分,而且似乎过于简单,无法携带如此复杂的信息】即Nucleic acids没有chemical complexity and diversity,而protein有chemical complexity and diversity,可以作为遗传物质,B为此说法的概括。9.答案:A答题解析:此题注意题干并非说第几段,所以可能来自任意一段。第二段和第三段讲了原文说S和被杀死的R结合时可以发生遗传效应产生a protective coating,第四段论证了造成遗传的物质是DNA,第五讲论证了DNA中起作用的物种是蛋白质。既然R可以遗传,那它必然有遗传信息,A对。其余选项均得不到支持,如C选项根据原文应该是retain而非lost。10.答案:B C F答题解析:A选项because the bacteria was relatively simple, having only two strains.【因为这种细菌相对简单,只有两种菌株】原文无提及,且当时用pneumococcus bacteria只是在attempts to prevent the disease pneumonia,为了治病,根本不知道遗传物质的存在。之后才知道DNA。所以也不可能在这个阶段就discover the properties of DNA。D选项错在不是Oswald Avery而是Griffth注射入老鼠体类(第三段)希望研发治疗方案,Oswald Avery在第五段才出现,他的研究是为了发现DNA还是其他物质造成了遗传,并非研究治病,也不是注射入老鼠体内。E选项说Avery通过对老鼠注射什么物质可以提取(isolate) transforming principle的这个说法原文无支持。没有说注入老鼠。B为第三段的概括。C为第五段的概括。F对应第六段,Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty提出DNA作为遗传物质时,学者认为主要是蛋白质起作用,Nucleic acids下的DNA没人重视。刘凯老师介绍刘凯,男,蒙古族,黑龙江省齐齐哈尔人。本科为哈尔滨师范大学英语系,硕士为北京理工大学。2010年赴美国宾夕法尼亚大学交流学习;2013年美国亚利桑那大学访问学者;2015年澳大利亚新南威尔士大学ESL研修;2018年加州理工学院语言学双学位获得者;2019年赴澳大利亚麦考瑞大学交流习;GRE托福考试全球高分获得者;荣获长江商学院EMBA。北京市优秀青年教师,北京市级重点高中示范校骨干教师,多年高中一线执教经验,高三年级把关教师,多次参与东城区模拟试题命题工作,教学理念先进,教学成果突出,多篇教学论文获市区级奖项。多篇文章发表在《中国教育报》《中国考试》《北京教育》等报刊上。多次参加高考阅卷工作,参与人民教育出版社、北京教育出版社、外研社等各类高考教学用书的编写工作,有丰富的备考经验,国际核心期刊发表多篇论文。教育部课题研究员,参与国家十二五课题计划,并作出突出贡献,参与初中、高中各年级区级试题的命制,多次承担区级和市级研究课任务。北京市科技英语优秀指导教师,所带学生在各级英语口语、作文竞赛中多次获奖;将扎实的英语基本功和严谨的学术思想作为教学的基础,课堂上善于寓教于乐,信息量大,内容丰富,使学生在和谐的课堂气氛下欣赏英语、享受英语、掌握英语、运用英语。2009-2012年期间,多次受邀在北京广播电台主持英语高考大纲解析及英语新课程改革节目,学术功底深厚,兼具偶像派与实力派特点,教风亲切洒脱,诙谐幽默,思维开阔,屡有奇思妙想,善于引导学生学以致用,对高考动向把握极其准确,深受学生和家长欢迎。尤其擅长英语语法和单词记忆法。海外生活学习十年,社科人文类学科偏爱者;10年雅思教龄,知名教师培训师;指导上万考生快速冲刺雅思写作、阅读,平均分数7.5分;独创“段落清空”、极简化“针对检索式”阅读法等众多高效技法;每年雅思考试均在10次以上;均分8+;真题回忆准确度97%以上;贴近西式思路和语言指导学生写作;善于帮助学生突破学术写作思维瓶颈。讲授科目有长难句、翻译、四六级考试、阅读和写作;在2014、2015、2017、2019四年考研中,接受其培训的所有考生中有近万名考生取得高分。带给学生的不只是考分的提高,更多的是对英语领悟和感知的突破。纯正的英音、独到的见解、睿智的思维和轻松幽默的语言,为其赢得了广大学生的认同和喜爱。资深考研培训讲师;英语四六级考试天团高级讲师;雅思阅读、雅思写作培训主讲名师;六级考试阅卷组成员;深谙命题规律和解题套路,对英语的学习规律和方法见解独特。呼吁国人学习英语的态度:重复是记忆之母。用听,用看,用心去触摸每个单词,你便会有好的记忆。中国人要学好英语就要有一点点变态。上课特点:课堂从不需点名,却无人缺席教学理念:英语教师很幸运也有责任与学生一同叩响世界之门

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2021年英语专业四级词汇讲解和历年真题答案——才聪考研

关注我!高频词汇(6次以上)Word List 1passage [psd] n.(文章等)一段,一节;通过,穿过;通道,走廊【例句】①They were denied passage through the occupied territory. 他们被禁止穿越占领区。②It was a long and stormy voyage, and they made me work my passage without pay, as a common sailor. 漫漫的旅途风狂雨暴,他们让我以工代票,干普通水手的活儿。(2016-TEM 4)【搭配】work one’s passage以做工抵船费question [kwestn] n.问题;议题;质疑‖ v. 怀疑;询问【例句】①Her sincerity is beyond question.她态度诚恳,毋庸置疑。②I was questioned by the police for six hours. 警方把我盘问了六个小时。【派生】questionable adj.可疑的,有问题的【搭配】call sth. in/into question 对某事物表示怀疑‖in question 正被考虑或讨论‖out of the question 不值得讨论的;不可能的‖out of question 没问题sentence [sentns] n.句子;判决,宣判‖ v. 宣判,判决【例句】Too short a sentence, we fear, will create contempt for the law. 判刑太短,我们担心会导致蔑视法律。(2016-TEM 4)【搭配】sentence sb. to death 判某人死刑‖life sentence 无期徒刑‖death sentence 死刑financial [fannl] adj.财政的;金融的【例句】Getting a child into university was the fulfillment of a lifelong dream. It represented upward social and financial mobility. 让孩子能够上大学就像是完成了一生的心愿。这代表了社会地位和财政状况的提升。(2012-TEM 4)statement [stetmnt] n.声明;陈述;报表,清单【例句】The questions are very similar to the personal statement you submitted with your CV. 这些问题和你随同简历提交的个人陈述类似。(2016-TEM 4)【搭配】make a statement 陈述;作供security [skjrt] n.安全;保障;抵押品;证券,债券【例句】An Olympics security plan, five years in the making, is taking shape in Vancouver this week. 这周,一项耗时5年制定的奥运安全计划于温哥华成形。(2012-TEM 4)【搭配】in security 安全地award [wd] n.奖,奖品;仲裁‖ vt. 授予,奖给;判定【例句】Three university departments have been awarded $600,000 to develop good practice in teaching and learning. 三所大学获得六十万美金的奖励以展开教学实践。available [velbl] adj.有空的;可利用的;可得到的;可见到的【例句】Nowadays, a cellphone service is available to everyone, everywhere. 如今,一个面向所有人,所有地区的手机服务出台了。(2009-TEM 4)【搭配】available for 可用于……的;对……有效的‖available from 可向……购买【派生】availability n.可用性;有效性;实用性complete [kmplit] adj.完全的,彻底的;完整的;全部的;完成了的,结束的‖ v.完成;使完整,使完备;填写(表格),填充【例句】He is a complete scholar. 他是个无懈可击的学者。【搭配】complete with 包括,连同【派生】completed adj.完整的;完全的‖completion n. 完成,结束;实现contact [kntkt] n.接触;联系;关联‖ vt. 接触;联系【例句】We stare at our phone when we want to avoid eye contact. 我们想要避免目光接触时,就会盯着手机看。(2014-TEM 4)【搭配】be in contact with/bring into contact with和……接触/有联系‖ come(get) into contact...接触到……‖lose contact with...同……失去联系【助记】con(共同)+tact(接触)→联系account [kant] n.账户;报告;叙述‖ vi. 说明,解释【例句】The strange has no money but that million-pound bank-note, and no way to account for his being in possession of it. 这位外乡人除了一张百万英镑的大钞以外一无所有,而且他还没法证明这张大钞就是他的。(2016-TEM 4)【搭配】account for 解释,说明‖on account of 因为,由于‖on no account 决不‖take into account 重视;考虑【派生】accountable adj.有责任的;可解释的‖accounting n. 会计,会计学;帐单‖accountant n. 会计人员,会计师‖accountability n. 有责任,有义务broadcast [brdkɑst] n.广播(节目)‖ vt. 广播,播放【例句】The BBC will have to change, because the broadcasting world around it is changing. BBC将不得不进行变革,因为周围的广播世界正发生变化。【派生】broadcasting n.播放;广播节目interview [ntvju] n.接见;采访;面试‖ vt. 接见;采访;对某人进行面试【例句】Will you be the only members of the interview panel there then? 你会是那个面试小组的唯一成员吗?(2016-TEM 4)【搭配】have an interview with sb. 会见某人【派生】interviewer n.接见者;采访者‖interviewee n. 被接见者;被采访者doctor [dkt(r)] n.医生,大夫;博士‖ v. 医治;修理;改编【例句】I doctored my standard speech for the small-town audience. 我把我的标准讲演修改一下以讲给小城市听众听。【搭配】doctor oneself自我治疗【派生】doctoral adj.博士的amount [mant] n.总数;数量,数额‖ v. 合计;相当于,等于【例句】If any amount of stress is left unchecked, many things can occur within the body, including energy drain.如果有任何的压力不处理,体内就会出现很多反应,包括精力衰竭。(2014-TEM 4)【搭配】amount to (数量上)达到;(意义上)等于international [ntnnl] adj.国际的,世界的‖ n. 国际比赛;国际性组织麻烦大家关注+点赞,谢谢!!本文由【才聪学习网】原创,关注我了解更多考试资料!

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“猿辅导系”产品分析(1):快思考、慢决策的「粉笔网」

随着互联网行业的迅速发展,很多互联网教育公司迅速崛起,本文以猿辅导产品粉笔网为例,透过产品看本质,从互联网教育社区到互联网教育平台的转型中思考教育赛道的“快思考”“慢决策。在风云变幻的教育赛道中,充斥着大量的涌入者,教育行业经历过这些涌入者的野蛮生长,见证过他们的辉煌,也见证过他们的落幕。有人说教育行业是个“慢”行业,对待自己的用户要精耕细作,才能更好的解决用户的需求。可是近些年互联网行业的蓬勃发展,很多公司却在几年的时间快速地崛起了,甚至大有赶超老牌教育机构的势头。那教育行业中的“快”与“慢”究竟要如何衡量呢?猿辅导的联合创始人李鑫认为教育赛道要“快思考”“慢决策”。而“猿氏家族系列文章,将围绕猿辅导的产品矩阵,透过产品看本质,参透教育行业中的“快与慢”之道。一、产品背景粉笔网归属于北京粉笔蓝天科技有限公司,同属猿辅导系,创立于2012年8月。粉笔网曾经由李勇创办,定位是互联网教育社区,不过由于点评类学习社区的定位未能走通,在2013年关闭。2014年华图名师张小龙加入公司,重新确立互联网教育平台的业务模式。粉笔网重新起航,并在2019年上半年做到了营收8.2亿元,注册用户超过1400万人。粉笔网是猿辅导系的第一次试水教育行业,虽然有波折,但是却直接催生了猿题库,揭开了猿辅导的教育篇章。二、产品历程1. 李勇时代的初尝试2012年,从网易门户事业部离职的李勇进行了关于教育行业的第一次创业,将目标对准了教育行业的点评学习社区。尽管2013年11月粉笔网关闭,但是本次尝试却有着相当重要的意义,这是“猿”氏家族的第一次“快”思考,决定停止粉笔网业务。而这背后折射出的深度思考,则值得我们每个产品人细细品味。下面我们就来复盘一下吧~李勇要做一件什么样的事情呢 ?2012年的互联网,3G网络蓬勃发展,推动着移动互联网的进步,这一年的7月,微博服务月度覆盖人数超过 2.9 亿。人和人之间通过网络更多的联系到了一起,线下社区中人人分享所见所闻的行为也被搬到线上,线上的隐蔽性和便利性更是催生了人们在线上的聚集。有人的地方就有江湖(哦,不对,是需求),人和人之间的联系靠的是什么呢?——是内容,是习惯,是价值。如果一个人有需求,而另一个人又可以满足他需求的内容,那么供求关系就产生了。人与人之间也就产生了联系。李勇看中了人们对学习资源的需求,同时也看好微博这种连接人和人的方式,于是开启了一场满足此需求的探索。此时粉笔网的产品定位是:线上学习资源点评互动社区。他们的目标用户是:具有KOL属性的老师和希望通过互联网找到学习资源的学生。首先,何为社区?从社会学的角度看,是指由网民在电子网络空间进行频繁的社会互动形成的具有文化认同的共同体及其活动场所。也就是说,社区里面的人需要找到彼此的认同感,并有可持续留存的需求点。此时的粉笔网是如何满足用户的认同感的呢?从老师层面,认证的老师可以分享自己的学习资源,引发学生的讨论并为自己的课程引流。从学生层面,网站上线的时候包括四六级,考研,雅思,托福,公务员考试,摄影,吉他,瑜伽,潜水,高尔夫,司法考试等50多个学科,并且有422名认证的老师。生活中可接触的多种教育场景学生都可以在粉笔网这样的一个网络社区找到资源,并发表自己的看法。那么,似乎这样看来,在这个社区中的人都得到了彼此的认同感,这样的项目为什么会被李勇叫停了呢?我们看看这样的社区在其他的产品上是否也可以存在,比如微博,知乎,豆瓣。如果豆瓣做了一个这样的学习资源分享功能,作为豆瓣的细分用户是会停留在豆瓣上,还是粉笔网呢?社区中的人都是有圈子属性的,也就是说豆瓣的用户大概率还是会停留在豆瓣上。从用户的角度分析:首先是教师,什么样的教师需要在粉笔网获得认同感呢?金牌教师,或者新东方等教育机构头部名师是不需要到一个新的网站上寻找认同感的,他们自身已经带有流量属性了,他们的精力是有限的,只能在有限的时间内服务定量的学员,所以他们会选择自己时间的最佳利益导向,在自己的自增流量上就可以满足他们的利益需求了。而真正需要在一个新的平台上寻找流量为其个人品牌进行推广的老师输出的内容质量又没法保证。其次是学生。学生群体无论是成人群体还是大学生,都是很看重学习效率和学习效果的,如果在教育行业中,想要留住大学生和成人群体,其产品必然是满足这两点其一甚至是两点都满足的。针对学习效率,粉笔网满足学生的学习效率了吗,学生想要马上掌握一个知识点,30天拿下四六级,粉笔网的社区可以吗?恐怕仅仅以PDF文件分享的形式满足不了。针对学习效果,粉笔网分享的学习资料能保证质量高于学生报的正价班吗?从成本的角度去思考,粉笔网需要付出极大的成本才能保证粉笔网上教师提供的学习资料质量足够高,去满足学生学习效果的诉求。学习本身是逆人性的,当一个人选择去学习的时候,一定是目的性极强的,满足不了他的目的,其他围绕这个目的衍生的次级需求都成了伪需求。其实教育社区不是不能做,在做这个社区之前首先要清楚教育的本质,如何提供一个教育场,让教师和学生都找到彼此的需求点,这样的教育社区才能持续存在下去。在这样的一个教育社区中,教师和学生的关系一定是强相关的,首先是教师可以传道授业解惑给学生并可以获得利益分成,学生通过教师传授的知识可以解决学习效率和学习效果的痛点。然后在这样的关系中衍生出的场,才有可能做成教育社区,形成各自推动的循环。2. 张小龙的“口碑为王”2013年叫停粉笔网后,李勇将教育的发力点聚焦在了题库上面,切中学生群体的学习效果需求,以此来开拓新的教育疆土。随着华图名师张小龙的加入,粉笔网被重新启用,产品重新定位成人在线培训业务,除了主营的公务员考试,同时拓展有事业单位招聘、教师招聘、考研、财会、英语四六级、法考、建造、公开课等多个领域。粉笔网此时的模式是以题库为发力点,逐渐建立学生和平台的强大关系。粉笔网还利用技术手段实现智能批改功能,并提供免费题库,供用户查阅学习,利用网络直播,进行线上授课,同时提供实物图书、试卷以及客户服务。张小龙时代的粉笔网更聚焦自研和用户体验。要想保证稳定优质的教学质量,自研是一条必由之路。相对的,自研也是一条痛苦且漫长的路。更何况,在2015年,市场上同时有很多家在做自研题库的产品。我们公司也有自己的题库,做题库有这样一个特点,技术门槛不高,任何一家有研发和内容资源的都可以做,但是题库做到100%题目内容正确很难,同样的,用户使用题库的体验提升1%也很难。举个例子,一个题型如果用户就是不会,你给推相似题,如果只是替换题目中的数字和文字,用户就会抱怨还是不懂,用户想要什么样的相似题呢?用户不会告诉你,你要自己去针对题型去设计,去思考,这是个很慢的过程。这样的问题放在了以题库为其核心价值的粉笔网会被放到无限大,是使用钱快速的进行题库推广而对题库内容降低标准保证快速上线,还是做慢一点提高行业壁垒。张小龙必须选择一个,所幸,张小龙选择了一条决定粉笔网价值观的决定:以用户体验和产品内容为为粉笔网的首要任务。张小龙通过这种慢而重的方式,走出了一条口碑为王的道路。3. 粉笔网没有销售部门做过教培行业的都知道,课销是整个公司产品闭环的重要一部分,没了这个部分,想要用户自发的去进行产品付费,对产品的质量和用户对产品的信任要求是很高的。关于口碑,张小龙曾经举个例子,是关于通过率的:很多教培机构会宣传通过率在80%以上,因为在考试类行业里,通过率是刚性指标。如果教培机构这样宣传其通过率,一旦用户报班后发现通过率跌到了20%,用户就会和其他人说这个机构有多不靠谱。而粉笔网在宣传中不会虚假宣传通过率,甚至还会和用户普及通过率超过80%是不可能的。长期去看,用户会发现粉笔的判断是对的,真诚的,自然用户也选择信任粉笔网,同时也赢得了口碑。良好的口碑源于用户的信任,用户的信任是以持续的良好用户体验为判断标准的。对用户愈敬畏,产品才会具有良好用户体验。4. 关于粉笔网的线下之路探索2019年,国考招录人数锐减,从去年招录2.8万人骤减到1.4万人,这意味着千军万马过的独木桥又窄了一半,粉笔网想要保持用户的持续增长又要保持口碑,势必要调整布局,探索新的用户增长入口。而在公考领域,虽然粉笔网的笔试占着线上的绝对优势,但是面试环节大部分用户更愿意选择线下的面授班。因为面试的重要程度使得用户更愿意选择面对面这样稳定且体验最好的方式。并且,如果采用在线大班授课的方式,盗版的问题很难解决,线下的场景成为粉笔网不得不做的下一步。粉笔网目前已经开设了30多个线下教学中心,采用线上和线下课程相结合,用线上理论打基础、线下高效封闭训练、线上名师陪跑到考前的系统性教学。粉笔网这种线上线下结合的学习方式,更符合公考群体的实际情况,而将线上线下环节串联起来,则将成为粉笔网下一站需要探索的方向。三、总结“猿”氏家族的第一个产品粉笔网是那么有代表性,虽然现在我们对“猿”氏家族的印象都是猿辅导、猿题库、小猿搜题等产品,可是粉笔网的产品历程,却奠定了整个“猿”系的产品基调——“快思考”:针对选择的赛道要持续思考产品的价值,不断自我反省。“慢决策”:确保每一个决定都是经过充分考虑的。粉笔网的经历,也触发了我们的深思:产品的业绩不好,真的是我们表现层做的不够吗,我们有没有深入去了解我们用户的需求?针对我们的产品,漂亮的用户增长数据真的是我们活下去的必要条件吗?我们产品有没有服务好我们的存量用户?今天,你的产品践行【极致口碑】了吗?不同公司,有着不一样的场景,上面的问题也有着不尽相同答案,希望通过本文,能为各位看官提供一个不一样的看问题角度。本文由 @云胡不喜 原创发布于人人都是产品经理,未经许可,禁止转载。题图来自 Unsplash,基于CC0协议