2考研英语题型

课程介绍：本课程主要是针对考研英语（二）阅读六大题型的精讲，内容包括，考研英语阅读六大题型的考试目的，做题方法以及真题演练部分。从英语（二）10年考研英语真题当中精心挑选典型例题，通过典型例题对考研英语六大题型进行深度的剖析和讲解，旨在帮助同学们对英语（二）的阅读理解有正确的认识和理解，在考试中取得高分。课程内容：英语（二）阅读理解主旨题英语（二）阅读理解细节题英语（二）阅读理解态度题英语（二）阅读理解词义题英语（二）阅读理解例证题英语（二）阅读理解推理题适用人群：（1）英语（二）的所用考生（2）尤其适用于四级没过，基础薄弱同学（3）尤其适用于文章读不懂，单词不认识的同学

考研英语很重要，那我们如何去准备呢？首先考研er要了解自己考的是英语一还是英语二。虽然英语一、英语二都会考察完形填空、新题型、作文、阅读理解、翻译，但是在翻译题以及作文上存在分值上的差异。英语一中的翻译题是翻译5个句子（每个句子2分），英语二中的翻译题是翻译一整篇文章（整篇文章15分）。英语一中的作文是漫画作文，分值是20分，英语二中的作文是图表作文，分值是15分。其次考研er要根据考研英语的各个题型进行有计划地复习，下面研学长便给大家介绍一下应如何对考研英语的各个题型进行准备：一，完形填空完形填空主要考察的是句法关系以及逻辑关系。英语不同于汉语，英语是非常重视形式的语言，也就是更加强调句子的完整性，主谓宾各个成分之间的搭配关系（主语和谓语之间的搭配关系以及定语和其相应名词、从句间的修饰关系等等），这就是完形填空要考察的句法关系。那么对于句法关系我们应如何如何去攻克呢？研学长认为考研er首先应明确完形填空题考察的是哪一种句法关系，如果一道完形填空题考察的是动词的词义辨析，那么考研er就要找到动词的发出者以及动词的承受者，然后代入动词看一下搭配是否合适。以此类推如果一道完形填空题考察的是名词的词义辨析，那么就将相应的名词代入，看一下搭配是否合适。其次完形填空可能会通过两个方面来考察逻辑关系，一方面是通过逻辑关系词来进行词义辨析，另一方面是根据词义辨析来选择逻辑关系词。如果一道完形填空题考察的是逻辑关系，那么考研er就要找到题干中的逻辑关系词和选项中的逻辑关系词，逻辑关系词可以给考研er提供找到正确答案的线索。2，阅读理解攻克阅读理解的关键在于对单词的记忆和对长难句的分析。对单词的记忆考研er可以用词根词缀法来攻克。对长短句的分析考研er除了需要掌握基本的语法长难句的知识，还需要掌握规避长难句的方法。如何规避长难句呢？举两个例子来说，如果考研er遇到让步状语从句，考研er只需关注让步状语从句中不含逻辑关系词的部分，其他部分可以忽略不看；如果长难句是虚拟语气，那么考研er也可以忽略不看，因为在考研阅读的文章中的事实性、观点性的语言才是考研er需要重点掌握的内容。规避长难句的关键在于掌握化繁为简的技巧，这个研学长官网上有具体的讲解，考研er可以在百度上搜索“研学长”去研学长官网上查看。3，新题型新题型的技巧性比较强，考研er不需要花费大量的时间去练习，只需掌握相关的技巧就好。这些技巧在研学长官网上也有具体的讲解。4，翻译关于考研英语的翻译，考研er要注意翻译的准确性和通顺性。翻译的基础在于单词以及长难句，如今刚刚将入7月，考研er只需打好单词以及长难句的基础，后期研学长官网上会发布一些翻译技巧，考研er熟练掌握这些翻译技巧，考研英语的翻译题拿到1—8分不成问题。5，作文考研英语中的作文的得分点在于语言多样（将低级词汇变成高级词汇）和句式多变（将简单句写成多变的复合句以及倒装句等特殊句式）。这都有一定的规律可循，考研er可以对研学长官网上公布的历年考研英语答案卷中的的范文进行总结，形成自己的模板及写作风格。考研各个题型的准备都有各自的规律，希望考研er可以效率以及针对性的学习，最后能够取得理想的分数。

2021考研英语大纲于9月10号新鲜出炉。英语新题型部分基本没有变化。建议同学们好好的去分析找到解题的思路和方法，尤其对于英语二的同学，若方法得当，新题型部分基本能得满分。下面文都考研小编来和大家分享新题型的复习方法（英语一和英语二都适用）。（1）考纲规定考查考生对于连贯性、一致性等语段特征以及文章结构的理解。（2）题型分类英语一新题型包含三类，小标题对应、选句填空和排序题；英语二新题型包含两类，小标题对应、多项对应题。（3）答题时长：15分钟以内（4）解题策略①小标题对应（小标题）第一步：根据direction里的about后的内容或文章大标题或者首段首末句，判断文章主旨；第二步：浏览小标题，划出关键词；第三步：阅读41-45题对应段落的首句、末句、转折句等进行匹配，选不出来可跳过，等全部做完在回来选择，确定选出的答案可划掉，以免重复选择。②选句填空题（完型填句）第一步：观察41-45题前后的特殊词、代词指代和明显的逻辑关系；第二步：精读首段或41题前面的句子，寻找文章主旨或预测下文；第三步：阅读每一个选项的前半句或者首句，寻找匹配线索；第四步：针对空格瞻前顾后，匹配答案。先易后难做题。③排序题（段落排序）第一步：首段未给出的段落，先判读首段。首段已给出的段落精读首段，寻找文章主旨或预测下文；第二步：观察各段的首尾句的代词指代和明显逻辑关系； 第三步：阅读每一个选项的首句，寻找解题线索；第三步：利用线索词，进行段落之间的排序。④多项对应（信息匹配）第一步：标记段落号；第二步：浏览答题框左侧专有名词或者定位线索词，带回原文定位；第三步：浏览答题框右侧选项，划出关键词；第四步：进行原文定位句与选项的匹配。

众所周知，考研英语对于准备考研的小伙伴来说至关重要。而考研英语满分是100分，时间是180分钟。平均下来，就是需要我们在18分钟内完成10分的题目。除去涂卡的时间，大概就是需要15分钟完成10分的题目。在考研英语这几大提醒中，阅读又占据了英语的大概半壁江山，传统阅读就占到40分。所以阅读的得分情况对于我们英语过线或者拿到高分都至关重要，我们应该非常重视阅读这一题型。那在备考过程中我们如何来快速而准确的完成我们的阅读题目，取得理想的分数呢？下面我们就考研英语阅读六种题型的解题技巧做个梳理和归纳总结。一、题型分析首先，我们应该从考研英语阅读的体裁进行分析，大部分阅读的文章属于议论文。那议论文的核心结构就是论点和论据两部分。阅读题目的题型主要有以下六种： ① 主旨大意题（对中心论点的考查）；② 段落推断题（段落论点的考查）；③ 例证题（论点和论据关系的考查）；④ 态度题（作者或者文章某人对某事物的观点态度的考查）；⑤ 词义句意题（对某个词或者句子意义的考查）；⑥ 细节题（对文章某个细节事实信息的考查）。明确了阅读题的六大题型，我们就可以针对每个题型来梳理和归纳每类题的解题思路和技巧了。二、六大题型解题思路不同的题型考查的重点不一样，所以每类题型的解题思路也会有差异。下面我们来想归纳一下该六大题型的解题技巧，给同学们的阅读解题提供思路和方法。① 主旨大意题主旨大意题识别：该题是针对文章中心的考查。我们做阅读题目的第一步永远是识别题目。主旨大意题的识别比较简单：题干中出现title,subject, mainly about/discuss/The text intends to tell us ...等这些字眼的时候，我们要能识别出来是主旨大意题；而且在题目位置的设定上，主旨大意题一般都在最后一题。解题思路：一、通过读题干解主旨大意，一共有三种方法，分别是：1）通过题干中反复出现的普通表达及同义词来解；2）首末题干解；3）题干中的态度倾向来解。二、通过文章确定答案：1）看文章开头，围绕转折寻找文章中心；2）看看是否是“抛砖引玉”引出文章中心；3）通过文章首句判断文章中心。（注：需要提醒的是这三种读题干解主旨大意题的方法是有顺序的。永远是优先考虑第一种，第一种不能有效解题的时候在再考虑第二种，然后第三种。通过读题干我们可以解出一部分主旨大意题，还有一部分主旨大意题我们不能通过读题干解出来，这时我们可以采用第二类。第二类也是遵循同样的顺序，优先考虑第一种，有无明显转折，没有转折，再看是否是抛砖引玉，最后看首句）最后定位信息和选项进行信息匹配，选出答案。② 段落推断题段落推断题识别：1）题干中infer/imply/indicate/learn from/suggest等标志词2）某段discuss/conclude....3）Which of the following is true according to Para X ?解题思路：由于段落推断题主要是对段落论点的考查，经常考查的段落论点的位置常在段落的转折处、段首和段末出现。所以我们的解题思路是：先看段落有无明显的转折，没有明显转折再看段首，段首不能解题，再看段末。最后进行定位处信息与选项信息进行匹配，那个信息匹配度最高，哪个是我们的答案。③ 例证题例证题识别： 1）题干中example/case/story.... is to show/demonstrate/illustrate...相关字眼的；2）位置识别：把题干信息放回原文，发现信息是例子，间接判断。解题思路：识别后，用题干中的例子信息进行原文定位，（既然是例证题，所以例子作为论据是证明论点的）然后在定位的例子前找例子证明的观点信息，然后把观点信息和选项信息进行匹配，匹配度最高为答案。④ 态度题态度题识别：1）题干中有attitude,view, opinion, feel等词2）选项中是四个态度词解题思路：由于考研阅读的文章大部分来自于西方权威学术议论文，这就限定了在这样的文章中作者不能随意表达自己的观点态度。有一些态度可以表达，有一些态度不可表达。可以表达的态度：1)“正”态度，即积极、正面的态度：agree/support/positive/appreciation/...2) “负”态度，即消极、负面的态度：disagree/ oppose/ negative/critical/skeptical... 3) “中”态度，即客观的态度：objective/impartial...不可以表达的态度：1）歧视类：biased/discriminate/prejudice... 2) 冷漠类：indifference/uninterested/interested/concerned... 3)不清楚：unclear/ambiguous/uncertain... 4) 情感过于强烈，肯定或否定：enthusiastic/strongly/absolutely... 5) 容忍类：tolerance/inlgent...那么我们态度题解题思路就是识别后，先排除不可以表达的态度词，然后再用题干信息定位，通过定位信息中的态度词或者论述来判断相应的态度倾向。 ⑤ 词义句意题词义句意题识别：“某个词或句子”is closest in meaning/probably means...解题思路：先用“某个词或句子”回原文进行定位，定位到信息以后，通过上下文的逻辑关系来推测词义句意。我们常考的逻辑关系可以大致分为两大类：语义的一致（包括并列、总分、论点和论据）和语义的相反（转折、让步和对比）。如果没有明显的逻辑关系，我们还可以通过定位信息的感情色彩帮助我们推测词义句意。⑥ 细节题细节题识别：排除前五大题型，剩下的就是细节题。解题思路：细节题是对文章细节信息的考查。我们的解题步骤是：1）利用题文同序进行模糊定位，缩小解题范围； 2）利用关键词进行精准定位，锁定解题信息。（注：关键词可以分为题干中关键词和选项中关键词，优先考虑题干中关键词进行精准定位，可能涉及到题干中存在唯一关键词或者多词并用作为关键词；如果题干中没有有效信息定位，我们可以通过选项中关键词来一一定位）；3）定位好信息后，把定位信息与选项信息进行匹配，哪个信息匹配度最高，哪个是答案。三、总结归纳以上就是我们针对考研阅读六大题型的识别和解题思路进行的梳理和总结。在这里再温馨提示一下：① 在做阅读的过程中，我们优先看题干有没有主旨大意题，如果有，可以先解决主旨大意题；② 在做不论哪个题型时，我们的第一步永远是识别题目。因为每种题型的解题思路都是不同的，所以我们必须先识别，再选择该题目相应的解题思路和方法； ③ 解题思路了解后，最重要的是我们利用真题进行实战演练，熟练掌握每个题型的解题技巧。希望我们总结的考研阅读的六大题型解题思路能对大家的解题提供帮助，为大家的考研梦助力，最后祝大家能够实现自己的考研梦，加油。

【新东方名师：考研英语二高分秘笈】由新东方英语名师王树振老师主讲，主要分为四个部分：命题规律、解题步骤、解题方法和高分技巧，内容详实，方法实用，能够帮你快速掌握考研英语（二）各种题型的超级解题方法和应试技巧，在最短的时间内，考研英语（二）轻松过线考高分！本专栏每天更新内容，因此，购买前一定要先点击关注英语名师王树振，然后再购买，不错过更新内容，购买后记得私信数字9给王老师，领取包括练习题在内的全套PDF资料，可打印长期保存。大家好！欢迎来到王老师的考研英语（二）超级提分课堂！曾经有童鞋问王老师：考研英语（一）和考研英语（二）有区别吗？当然有，而且还有很大的区别！大家一定要弄清楚，千万别再糊涂了，那些忽悠要参加考研英语（二）的童鞋，按照考研英语（一）的模式来备考的考研英语辅导专家，实在太可恶了！下面，且听王老师从考试题型、题目难度和适用考生类别等方面进行说明：一、考试题型不同二、题目难度不同三、适用考生类别不同大家既然知道了考研英语（一 ）和考研英语（二）的区别，在今后的备考过程中，就要千万注意了！《新东方名师：考研英语（二）高分秘笈》专栏课程由新东方英语名师王树振主讲，特别适合想要在短时间内快速提升考研英语（二）成绩的你，即使你英语零基础，也不怕！王老师从事英语教学10余年，拥有丰富的教学经验，独创了融合单词速记、语法趣学和高分技巧在内的WGT三位一体英语超级学习法，是国内英语教学和英语考试领域的知名专家。本套专栏课程能够帮助你迅速掌握考研英语（二）的超级解题方法和应试技巧，在最短的时间内决胜考研英语（二），轻松过线考高分！因为——1. 专栏内容包含了考研英语（二）所有题型规律的概括和总结，集最新真题分析与讲解练习于一体。王老师在多年的实践教学中专门总结了一套针对考研英语（二）的超级解题方法和应试技巧，能够帮你在最短的时间内，快速通过考研英语（二），轻松过线考高分！2. 王树振老师非常了解考研英语（二）历年的命题规律，以及考生在复习备考和临场答题时遇到的各种问题，因此专门总结出了一套高效的解题方法与应试技巧，实践效果非凡。3. 本套专栏课程按照考研英语（二）的考试题型顺序编写，能够帮助你迅速进入实战状态，在最短的时间内快速掌握考研英语（二）的超级答题方法和应试技巧，决胜考研英语（二），轻松过线考高分！曾经——利用这套超级解题法，我帮助了无数想要过线考研英语（二）的童鞋，帮他们如愿以偿，不但能过线，还考了高分，进入了理想的学府。现在——哪怕英语零基础，也可以利用这套超级解题法，提高答题正确率，考研英语（二），轻松过线考高分！如何通过高分模板提高书面表达得分，怎么找到阅读理解的关键词和标记词……所有的一切，都汇集在了这个专栏里。授之以鱼，不如授之以渔。在这套专栏课程里，新东方英语名师、WGT三位一体教学法创始人——王树振老师会把这套针对考研英语（二）各种题型的高分技巧传授给你，帮你快速通过研考英语（二），轻松过线考高分！在这套专栏课程里，新东方英语名师会带你在最短的时间内，快速掌握考研英语（二）的命题规律、解题方法和应试技巧，考研英语（二）轻松过线考高分！从此，在英语学习的道路上，越走越顺利！精彩预告：我们下节课会讲超级答题法的第一部分，考研英语（二）“英语知识应用”的快速提分技巧！本专栏每天更新，更多精彩内容，敬请关注订阅哦！

2020考研英语一真题及答案【完整版】！【完形】Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast. 1 a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can 2 it. Yet as we report now. The food police are determined our health. That this 3 should be rendered yet another quilty pleasure 4 to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a public worming about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6 high temperatures. This means that people should 7 crisping their roast potatoes, reject thin -crust pizzas and only 8 toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such adarmlist advice? 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no 10 evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is 11 to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof 12 the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is 13 to follow the FSA advice. 14 it was rumourded that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 15Doubtless a piece of boiled feef can always be 16 up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the York shire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? 17 ,the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods 18 , but rece their lifetime intake.However its 19 risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective. Constant health scares just 20 with no one listening.1. [A]In [B]Towards [C]on [D]Till2. [A ]match [B]express [C]satisfy [D]influence3.[A]patience [B]enjoyment [C]surprise [D]concem4.[A]intensified [B]privileged [C] compelled [D]guaranteed5. [A]issued [B]received [C]ignored [D]cancelled6. [A] under [B]at [C]for [D]by7. [A]forget [B]regret [C]finish [D] avoid8. [A]partially [B]regularly [C] easily [D]initially9. [A]Unless [B]Since [C]If [D]While10.[A] secondary [B]extermal [C] conclusive [D] negative11.[A]insufficient [B]bound [C]likely [D]slow12.[A]On the basis of [B]At the cost of [C] In addition to [D]In contrast to13.[A]interesting [B]advisable [C]urgent [D]fortunate14.[A]As usual [B]In particular [C]By definition [D]After all15.[A]resemblance [B]combination [C] connection [D]pattern16.[A]made [B]served [C]saved [D]used17.[A]To be fair [B]For instance [C]To be brief [D]In general18.[A]reluctantly [B]entirely [C] graally [D] carefully19.[A] promise [B] experience [C]campaign [D] competition20.[A]follow up [B]pick up [C] open up [D]end up答案（1-20）1. on2. match3. enjoyment4. intensified5. issued6. at7. avoid8. easily9. while10. conclusive11. bound12. on the basis of13. advisable14. after all15. connection16. served17. to be fair18. entirely19. campaign20. end up【阅读】Section III Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK "town of culture" award. The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for Zozl. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in220m of investment and an avalache of arts, out not to be confined to cities.Britain' town, it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Livorpool in 2008. "A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows that will follow-village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badly run "year of culture"washes in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community. The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.A "town of culture" could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town's peculiarities-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.21. Cooper and her colleagues argue that a "town of culture" award could [A] consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.[B] promote cooperation among Britain's towns.[C] increase the economic strength of Britain's towns.[D] focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22. According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as [A] a sensible compromise.[B] a self-deceiving attempt.[C] an eye-cotching bonus.[D] an inaccessible target.23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it [A] endeavours to maintain its image.[B] meets the aspirations of its people.[C] brings its local arts to prominence.[D] commits to its long-term growth.24. Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present [A] a contrasting case.[B] a supporting example.[C]a background story.[D] a related topic.25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?[A] Skeptical[B] Objective[C] Favourable[D] Critical答案（21-25）21.D focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22.B a self-deceiving attempt.23.D commits to its long-term growth.24.B a supporting example.25.C Favourable.Text2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money, Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the proction of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing instry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers proced in the world, made profits of more than f 900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than f 210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research;both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every pay walled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms; either freely available from the moment of publication,or pay walled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their proct free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around500 to $5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these "article preparation costs" had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.26. Scientific publishing is seen as "a licence to print money" partly because [A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.[C] its payment for peer review is reced.[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.!27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have [A] thrived mainly on university libraries.[B] gone through an existential crisis.[C] revived the publishing instry.[D] financed researchers generously.28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub? [A] Relieved.[B] Puzzled.[C] Concerned.[D] Encouraged.29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms [A] allow publishers some room to make money.[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.[C] rece the cost of publication substantially.[D] free universities from financial burdens.30. Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?[A] Trial subscription is offered.[B] Labour triumphs over status.[C]Costs are well controlled.[D] The few feed on the many.答案（26-30）26.D its content acquisition costs nothing.27.A thrived mainly on university libraries.28.D Encouraged.29.A allow publishers some room to make money.30.D The few feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government board are lessthan40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a "golden skirt "phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity,remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feelgood but do little to help average women.31.The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will [A] help little to rece gender bias.[B] pose a threat to the state government.[C] raise women's position in politics.[D] greatly broaden career options.32. Which of the following is true of the Califormia measure?[A] It has irritated private business owners.[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.[C] It may go against the Constitution.[D] It will settle the prior controversies.33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate [A] the harm from arbitrary board decision. [B]the importance of constitutional guarantees.[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.[D] the needlessness of government interventions.34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to [A] the underestimation of elite women's role[B] the objection to female participation on boards.[C]the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.[D] the growing tension between labor and management.35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?[A] Women's need in employment should be considered.[B] Feasibility, should be a prime concern in policy making.[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.答案（31-35）31.A help little to rece gender bias.32.C It may go against the Constitution.33.D the needlessness of government interventions.34.C the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.35.B Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.Text4 :Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a"GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google,Apple, Facebook and Amazon-in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks.But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead,the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax).Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance, law), and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union. Spain,Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax,even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach aconsensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization's work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.France's planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.36.The French Senate has passed a bill to [A] regulate digital services platforms.[B] protect French companies interests.[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.[D] curb the influence of advertising.37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax [A] may trigger countermeasures against France.[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.[C] aims to ease international trade tensions.[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that [A] redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading.[C] tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.39. It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO's current work [A] is being resisted by US companies.[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.[D] needs to in involve more countries.40. Which of the following might be the best title for this text?[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax[C] France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy答案（36-40）36.C impose alevy on tech multinationals.37.A may trigger countermeasures against France.38.B the current international tax system needs upgrading39.C is faced with uncertain prospects.40.B France leads the charge on Digital TaxPart B Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Eye fix actions are brief[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated [F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way, But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor ring a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility.Here's what hard science reveals about eye contact: We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In althood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room, "Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.42. Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer ring a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond ring direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.43. With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages,depending on the situation. While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations. "Whether you' re a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you' re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.44. When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image. are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.45. In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance,according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues "Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ." A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.答案（41-45）41. C Eye contact can be a friendly social signal42.E Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated43.G Eye contact can also be aggressive44.A Eye fixactions are brief45.D Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contactPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)Following the explosion of creativity in Florence ring the 14h century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17h century,with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. (46) with the Church's teachings and ways of thinking eclipsed by the Renaissance,the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged leading to new and unexplored itellectual territories.During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. (47) Before each of their revelations many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking.including the geo-centric view that the Earth was a the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory ring a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death.(48) Despite attempts by the Church to suppress. this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.The Church's long- standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe ring most of 17h century. (49) As many took on the ty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.The 17h and I8h centuries were times of radical change and curiosity, Scientific method,rectionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. (50) Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase' sapere aude' or dare to know',after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay" An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?".It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.答案（46-50）46.随着教会的教义和思维方式在文艺复兴时期黯然失色，中世纪与现代之间的鸿沟得以弥合，从而出现了新的及尚未开发的知识领域。47.在每个真理揭示之前，当时的许多思想家都采用了更古老的思维方式，仍旧沿用以前的思维模式，其中包括认为地球是宇宙中心的地球中心说。48.尽管教会试图镇压这-代逻辑学家和理性主义者，但人们对宇宙如何运转的解释却越来越多，并且以-种不容忽视的速度在增加。49.当许多人承担起将理性科学的哲学融入世界的责任时，文艺复兴时代已经结束，并且开启了一个新的时代。50.此类寻求知识和了解已知信息的行为被拉丁语概括为：“sapere aude"即"敢于求知”作文Section ll WritingPart A51. Directions:The students union of your university has assigned you to inform the international students about an upcoming singing contest. White a notice in about 100 words.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the notice. (10 points)小作文：通知留学生唱歌比赛 【参考范文】NoticeDec.21, 2019In order to enrich the campus life and provide the colorful life for you, the Students' Union is preparing the upcoming singing contest, which will be held in the auditorium in our university on the evening of December 31, 2019. Now, the Union is recruiting contestants for this competition.Anyone who are fond of signing or interested in the competition, please send his or her application to students’union@sohu.com before next Wednesday. Besides, there are generous awards in gratitude for this activity. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any queries concerning the singing contest. Meanwhile, volunteers for this activity are badly needed to assist us in organizing the relevant affairs.We are looking forward to your participation.The Students' UnionPart B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the pictures below, In your essay, you should1) Describe the picture briefly,2) Interpret the implied meaning, and3) Give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)大作文：习惯良好的时间管理习惯 【参考范文】Portrayed distinctively by the two cartoons above is an impressive scene: a girl in the left picture is doing homework and saying that early completion is better. Nevertheless, the boy in the right picture is sitting in front of the desk and saying that he will not finish the homework until the last minute.Undoubtedly, the symbolic implication of the pictures is to show us that importance should be attached to the formation of good habits, especially the good habit of time management. On the one hand, efficient time management is critical to personal development. As the old saying goes,“Time is money," and in the fast-paced modern life, it seems that we always have a lot of things to do and we are very busy. In the face of such a situation, we have to realize that efficiency holdsthe key to saving time and time management skills hold the key to personal success. On the other hand, good time management habits play a vital role in the development of the whole society. There is no doubt that, to a large extent, social progress is closely related to the efforts of each indivial. If we can develop the good habit of time management, we are much more likely to improve efficiency and have a better performance in the learning and working process, which is anintegral part of social advances and prosperity.From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that the sense of efficient time management skills is of equal importance in personal and social progress.Therefore,we ought to take advantage of the phenomenon to enlighten the public and the press is expected to take a lead in advertising the value of developing good time management habits. Only in this way can we have a bright future.以上便是整理的2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及答案，2021考研的小伙伴可以参考真题，准备明年12月的考研初试。下面分享一份公共课书单，希望对大家有用：【英语书单】单词：闪过英语《考研词汇闪过》按重要程度划分了频考词、基础词、偶考词、超纲词，划重点，后期冲刺只背高频词和基础词，省时间。真题：《考研真相》（英语二：考研圣经）：一词一句讲解真题，重点词汇和每个句子都有详细讲解，不怕你看不懂，还有排除干扰项的方法，帮助提高答对率，适合基础弱的人。作文：英语一《写作160篇》/英语二《写作宝中宝》：通过词句段篇先教你学会写作文，再用三步作文法帮你拔高，专门针对基础薄弱的。【数学书单】《张宇真题大全解》：从94年到现在的真题都包括了，讲解很好，帮助研究数学题型。李永乐王式安660题：用这本书练习做题，都是经典题型！同济六版/七版《高等数学》上、下同济五版/六版《线性代数》课本：《线性代数》、《概率论》、《数理统计》【政治书单】官方红宝书（政治大纲解析）；风中劲草（三本书）、肖秀荣系列：精讲精练、1000题、讲真题、形势与政策、冲刺八套卷、最后四套卷；蒋中挺冲刺5套卷；启航20天20题

图片来源网络适用专业不同英语一，即原入学考试统考英语。适用于所有学硕研究生（十三大门类，110个一级学科）以及部分专硕研究生（法律硕士包含非法学专业与法学专业、临床医学硕士、口腔医学硕士、建筑学硕士、护理硕士、汉语国际教育硕士、公共卫生硕士、城市规划硕士8类）。英语二，主要是为高等院校和科研院所招收不考英语（一）的专业学位硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的统考科目。考试题型分值不同英语一：完形填空 10分，阅读理解40分，翻译10分，新题型10分，小作文10分，大作文20分英语二：完形填空 10分，阅读理解40分，翻译10分，新题型15分，小作文10分，大作文15分要求不同英语一：基本的语法知识，词汇5500全部，其中有3%超纲词汇。英语二：八个语法考点，词汇5500的相关常用词汇和词组，完型240-280词量。难度不同总的来说考研英语一难度比英语二难。图片来源网络英语一的词汇难度、超纲词和长难句都比英语二要多要大。阅读理解的词汇难度、长难句难度英语一比英语二高；翻译英语二主要是简单句，难度较英语一低。一般来说，英语一相当于六级难度，英语二相当于四级难度。近年来，专业硕士热度居高不下，英语二难度有增加趋势。在复习过程中，一定要看清自己报考专业考察英语一还是英语二。充分重视每一科目，根据大纲进行科学合理复习。英语重在积累，要规划好学习时间，多做真题，掌握答题技巧。图片来源网络

英语是考研最难的科目，很多人没有考上研究生的主要原因就是英语成绩不合格，没有达到国家录取线。英语作为很多人从小学就开始学习的科目之一，一直以来都是我们考试路上的拦路虎，在考研英语中更是如此。考研英语有英语一和英语二两个不同的考试科目，虽然都是英语，但是英语一和英语二还是有很大的区别。考研英语一和英语二的区别是什么？小编认为这两者的主要区别有以下几个方面。一、考试难度不一样考研英语一的考试难度大，考研英语二的考试难度相对较小。因为考研英语一是学术学位研究生的考试科目，考研英语二是专业学位研究生的考试科目。前者侧重于学术研究和基础理论研究，更需要较高的英语水平，而后者主要侧重于专业实践研究，对英语的要求较小，因此在难度上，英语一的考试难度要比英语二的考试难大很多。在实际考试中，英语一的词汇量要比英语二更多，而且经常出现超纲的词汇，导致很多人考研败在英语一上面。二、考试内容不一样考研英语一的翻译题是断句翻译，考研英语二的翻译题是整段翻译；考研英语一的作文一般是应用型短文和漫画作文，考研英语二的作文是应用文和图表文章。正是因为两者所面向的考试群体不一样，因此在题型和考试内容上，英语一和英语二有显著的区别，这也是考研英语一的考试难度大，考研英语二的考试难度相对较小的主要原因。三、适用范围不一样考研英语一的适用范围大，考研英语二的适用范围小。考研英语一的适用范围包括13个学科大类，100多个具体学科方向的学术学位研究生，而考研英语二的适用范围仅囊括了专业学位研究生可以报考的专业学科方向。学术学位研究生可以报考的专业更多，更全面，而专业学位研究生的可以报考的专业少，也不太全面，因此英语一的适用范围要显著大于英语二的适用范围。不管英语一和英语二有什么区别，但其复习方法和考试逻辑基本上都是一致的，因此想要准备考研的同学要抓紧时间打好英语基础，争取一次成功，别再参加考研“二战”了。

导语：2019年英语一、二考研作文真题和完整版答案，赶快来对答案喽！2019考研英语(一)图画作文是让考生写出坚持的重要性，题目描述的是两个人在爬山，一个人太累想停下来，另外一个人给他递了一瓶水，告诉他要坚持下去。针对本题，文都考研教学研究院提供2019考研英语(一)真题答案大作文参考范文一篇如下：【题目】52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-180 words based on the following picture.In your essay, you should1) describe the picture briefly.2) interpret its intended meaning, and3) give your comments.【参考范文】The cartoon provides us with a thought-provoking scene: two men are climbing a hill, but one of them desires to give up e to tiredness, while the other one encourages him to keep going.Undoubtedly, the cartoonist aims at reminding us of the significance of persistence. At the top of the list, we should attach importance to perseverance mainly e to that it can enable us to ameliorate ourselves so we can be qualified for future career promotion, and be ready for meeting the forthcoming challenges.What’s more, we ought to place a high value on the role played by persistence in personal growth. Put it another way, in this ever-changing world, perseverance is to personal growth what water is to fish. To sum up, if persistence misses our attention in any possible way, we will suffer a great loss beyond imagination.Hence, it is vital for us to derive positive implications from the above cartoon. For one thing, we should frequently use it to enlighten the young. For another, we should cultivate the awareness of teenagers that it is very vital to keep going toward our goals. Only by doing so, can we become winner in the face of difficulties.【参考范文译文】这个漫画给我们呈现了一个发人深思的情景：两人正在爬山，但是其中一个人因为疲劳想要放弃，而另一个人鼓励他继续下去。毫无疑问，图画的作者旨在提醒我们坚持重要性。首先，我们应该重视坚持，主要是因为坚持可以让我们完善自身，这样我们未来才有资格得到职业生涯的进步，才能做好准备迎接以后的挑战。另外，我们也应该重视坚持在个人成长方面的作用。在这个多变的时代，坚持对于个人成长就像水对于鱼一样重要。 换言之，如果我们以任何可能的形式忽视坚持，我们将遭受非常巨大的损失。因此，从以上图画中得出积极的含义非常重要。一方面，我们应该经常用它来启迪年轻人。另外一方面，我们应该培养青少年重视坚持的意识。只有这样，我们才能成为困难面前的赢家。各位考研学子，明天继续加油，祝考出好成绩！考研必胜！