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1993年考研英语阅读第三篇全文翻译和解析—本文介绍专利权的期限独木舟

1993年考研英语阅读第三篇全文翻译和解析—本文介绍专利权的期限

When an invention is made, the inventor has three possible courses of action open to him: he can give the invention to the world by publishing it, keep the idea secret, or patent it.当发明家创造了一件发明,他可能做三件事情:他可能将这件发明公诸于世,也可能保守秘密,或者也可能为这件发明申请专利权。A granted patent is the result of a bargain struck between an inventor and the state, by which the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly (垄断) and publishes full details of his invention to the public after that period terminates.批准了的专利是发明家和国家讨价还价的结果,发明家享受一段时间的垄断权,在这段时间之后,他必须公布其发明的所有细节。Only in the most exceptional circumstances is the lifespan of a patent extended to alter this normal process of events.只有在极特殊的情况下专利的期限才可能被延长以改变事件的正常过程。The longest extension ever granted was to Georges Valensi; his 1939 patent for color TV receiver circuitry was extended until 1971 because for most of the patent’s normal life there was no colour TV to receive and thus no hope of reward for the invention.迄令为止批准的最长的延期授予了乔治瓦伦西,他1939年的彩色电视接收机电路系统的专利被延长至1971年,因为在该专利的大部分有效期里根本没有彩色电视节目,因此该发明没有获利的希望。Because a patent remains permanently public after it has terminated, the shelves of the library attached to the patent office contain details of literally millions of ideas that are free for anyone to use and, if older than half a century, sometimes even re-patent.由于一项专利在其有效期终止后将永远公之于众,因此附属于专利机构的图书馆的书架上收藏有至少上百万种发明想法供任何人免费使用,如果它们已经存在半个多世纪,有时候甚至被人们用于重新申请专利。Indeed, patent experts often advise anyone wishing to avoid the high cost of concting a search through live patents that the one sure way of avoiding violation of any other inventor’s right is to plagiarize a dead patent.事实上,专利专家经常向希望避开使用有效专利的高昂代价的人们建议,避免侵犯任何其他发明者权利的一个万无一失的办法就是剽窃一个已经失效的专利。Likewise, because publication of an idea in any other form permanently invalidates further patents on that idea, it is traditionally safe to take ideas from other areas of print. Much modern technological advance is based on these presumptions of legal security.同样,由于已经以任何其他形式发表的想法不能再用于申请专利,因此保守的做法是从其他公开的相关领域获得灵感。许多现代技术的突破就是基于这样的法律保障前提。Anyone closely involved in patents and inventions soon learns that most “new” ideas are, in fact, as old as the hills.任何密切参与专利和发明工作的人都很快了解到大部分“新”思想实际上都很陈旧。It is their rection to commercial practice, either through necessity or dedication, or through the availability of new technology, that makes news and money.正是出于需要或奉献,或由于得到新技术而使构想转换为商业行为,它们创造了新闻和经济效益。The basic patent for the theory of magnetic recording dates back to 1886. Many of the original ideas behind television originate from the late 19th and early 20th century. Even the Volkswagen rear engine car was anticipated by a 1904 patent for a cart with the horse at the rear.磁记录理论的基本专利要追溯到1886年。许多关于电视机的最初想法都来自于19世纪末20世纪初。甚至1904年一项马在后面的马车专利就预示了大众后置发动机汽车的诞生。 26.[答案]D[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:文章主旨文章先在第二、三段介绍了专利的一些特点,又在第四段说明特殊情况下专利期限的延长,然后用大量篇幅说明怎样利用一些他人已有的但不再受保护的想法来进行新的发明创造,并进而取得专利或专利权,也就是谈论如何接近并有效利用专利。[D]选项是对文章主旨的概括,是正确答案。[A]、[B]选项不是文章主要论述的话题。[C]选项中use不如access to 精确。access to 意为“接近(进入,取得)……的机会或权利”,use只有“使用”之意。27.[答案] C[解析]本题考核的知识点是:细节是非判断。对于是非题,可采取排除法。[A]选项中if necessary与第五段第一句话指出的重新申请专利的条件if older than half a century不符。[B]选项与首段所指的当发明问世时,发明者可以有三种选择相悖。[C]选项与第二段中the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly and publishes all the details of his invention to the public after that period terminates内容一致,为正确答案。[D]选项错在patented invention,第五段第一句话中a patent remains permanently public after it has terminated强调只有专利权失效后才会公之于众。28.[答案] B[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:文章细节文章第三段指出在特殊情况下可延长专利期限。然后在第四段作者以乔治瓦伦西为例,对“极其特殊”这个条件进行解释。他的专利获得延期的原因是:because for most of the patents’ normal life there was no color TV to receive and thus no hope of reward for the invention,也就是说在他的发明专利的大部分有效期内,该专利没有得到应用。[B]选项与原文相符,为正确答案。[A]选项虽然出现了原文中的词语reward,但原文指的是“不能获利”,而该项指的是“别人购买他的专利”。[C]选项将原文中的“根本没有彩色电视节目”偷换成“很少有电视台提供彩色节目”。[D]选项时间错误,乔治瓦伦西在1939年就获得了彩电接收器的专利权。29.[答案] A[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:词语释义 第五段第二句指出与使用有效专利(live patent)相比,失效的专利(dead patent)可以节省高额费用,还不会带来侵权的麻烦。[A]选项为正确答案。plagiarize是“剽窃,抄袭”的意思,与选项中的steal是近义词。其他选项都没有体现plagiarize的含义。30.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申本题可通过排除法解题。[A]选项与第六段第二句It is their rection to commercial practice… that makes news and money内容一致,是正确选项。[B]选项中的“产品”与“发明”之间的关系文中没有涉及。[C]选项中对不同专利购买费用的比较在文章中没有涉及。[D]选项与文章第五段第二句…patent experts often advise anyone …不符,从该句可知,对过期专利进行研究的人是听取专家意见的人,而不是专家本人,[D]选项搞错了动作的施动者,故不正确。

风不止

试题研究:2020考研英语一翻译真题解析

长难句是考研英语中一大拦路虎,因此学会如何运用语法知识破解长难句也是同学们在基础语法学习的过程中的终极目标。本文以2020年英语一翻译真题为例讲解长难句破解,快来一起看看吧,希望能够帮助2021考研同学哦~一、With (the gap between) the church's teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the Renaissance, the gap between the medieval and modern periods had been bridged, leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories.1、寻标志,断长句:断句标志“1)with(the gap between)...... by the renaissance,2)the gap between ......bridged,3)Leading to new......territories2、抓住干,识修饰主干:the gap had been bridged修饰:a. with ...... the Renaissance作伴随状语b. leading to new and ......territories作结果状语3、调语序,定句意1)译文:“随着教会的指导和思考方式的差异被文艺复兴变得黯然失色”解析:between...and “在...之间”,作后置定语修饰gap,翻译的时候翻译到gap前面,其余顺译2)译文:“中世纪和现代的差异被消除了”解析:整体主谓结构,between...and 在...之间,作后置定语修饰gap,翻译的时候翻译到gap前面,其余顺译3)译文:“导向崭新的和未经探索的知识领域”解析:lead to“导致”,顺译4、依逻辑,组整句:伴随状语顺译,结果状语顺译译文:随着教会的指导和思考方式的差异被文艺复兴变得黯然失色,中世纪和现代的差异被消除了,导向崭新的和未经探索的知识领域。二、Despite attempts by the Church to suppress this new generation of logicians and rationalists,more explorations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that people could no longer ignore.1、寻标志,断长句:断句标志1)despite attempts by the church to......rationalists2) more explorations for how the universe functioned were being made3) at a rate that people could no longer ignore2、抓住干,识修饰主干:more explorations were being made修饰:a. despite attempts......rationalists作让步状语b. at a rate ...... ignore作方式状语3、调语序,定句意1)译文:“尽管教堂做出许多尝试去压制新一代的逻辑学家和理性主义者”解析:by the church,介词短语作后置定语,翻译到名词前面; attempt to do sth.试图做某事,顺译2)译文:“但是更多对于宇宙是如何运作的探索正在进行”解析:整体主谓结构,顺译;for+how宾从,介词短语作后置定语修饰exploration,翻译到exploration前面3)译文:“以人们难以忽视的速度”解析:at a rate that 以......速度;that从句作定语从句修饰rate,翻译到rate前面4、依逻辑,组整句:让步状语顺译,方式状语翻译到所修饰的动作前面译文:尽管教堂做出许多尝试去压制新一代的逻辑学家和理性主义者,但是更多对于宇宙是如何运作的探索正在以人们难以忽视的速度进行着。

堕汝形骸

各科“给分标准”曝光!21考研英语翻译均分3分?

这个消息都听说了么?英语一翻译均分3分!不由心头一紧!虽然说没有官方消息佐证,而且判卷也没有完全结束,但是仓仓参考了往年教育部发的平均分发现,英语一的翻译真心要命。。。不过同学只说了3分,却没说小分,可能也在波动范围内:另外我们看到,阅读平均分约在20左右,英语二略高~今年的阅读会是什么“惨”状还是要等结果出来才能定(都说去年难,平均分也是中规中矩)!ps:如果平均分断崖式下降,保不齐单科线会降低~考完后啊,不少同学担心自己的卷子会不会得分低,对于判卷标准很是纠结,今天仓仓找到了一份网传“给分标准”,一起来看看吧:一、政治评分标准考研政治试卷中论述题的打分尺度灵活,甚至比高考作文的打分还要灵活。答案是“参考答案”,只要考生能够自圆其说,就不能判错,就可以给分。然而,“灵活性”往往意味着“模糊性”,也就意味着,只要阅卷老师打的分不是太离谱,就不能算批阅出错。网传政治评分标准:1、分段分要点写、字迹清晰、结合材料、字数足够多的一般给6至7分。2、答题基本答到要点、分段分要点写、字迹工整、结合材料、字数足够多一般评分在8至9分。据传2020考研政治7秒阅卷,最高8分,直接抄材料0分,答案中没有关联材料进行分析解答的最多得一半分数,所以,如果分析题最后拿到了35分,那就已经是高手了……二、英语评分标准英语客观题占总分值的60%,全部使用机读卡自动阅卷,主观题实行人工阅卷。作文评分标准表面上很细,包括主题、句式、语法、拼写、卷面等多项指标。但实际上,阅卷教师平均每天要判800多份考卷,因此只能浏览一下,看个大概,主要也是根据各段主题句来判断考生的真实写作水平。翻译评分标准1.只要有中文,基本不管文字质量如何,会给0.5分;2.句子比较通顺,基本表达原文的意思,可以给1分;3.若表达很流畅,基本无语言错误,给1.5分以上;4.但想得到满分很难,阅卷老师为了稳妥起见,不会给太多满分。小作文评分标准1.只要写了单词dear,就会给1分;2.主体部分,主要看是否涵盖题目要求,比如道歉信,说明原因,再约见面,如果包含这些点,作文得分在9分以上,漏掉一两点,作文得分在6-8分;3.落款格式错误会酌情扣1-2分。大作文评分标准1.是否有主旨句,是否表达了作者的观点。2.主体段落内是否出现关键词,如果有,大作文得分12分以上。3.论述清晰,语言准确,可以得到15-16分的高分。只要写的作文不是离题十万八千里就算合格,阅卷老师都会酌情给分的。毕竟考研英语大作文考察的还是语法和单词等英语作文基本功。三、数学评分标准一般实行“按步给分”,一些关键步骤的分值较高。对于字迹也有一定的要求,虽然不会过度要求赏心悦目,但也要让阅卷人一下找到你的得分点。其实数学的给分相对来说还是比较清晰的,错了就是错了,对了就是对了!这些评分的标准是根据往年的经验总结出来的,仓仓个人觉得变动应该不是很大,同学们也不要自己吓自己,这段时间还是要耐心的等待初试成绩,积极的准备复试或者是调剂!最后预祝大家都能学业有成,今年研一!本文来源:木仓学社

背靠背

1999年考研英语阅读理解第四篇答案和全文翻译

原文+译文:When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an alt sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. 三个月前,当一个苏格兰研究小组宣布他们克隆了一只成年绵羊时,世界为之震惊,克林顿总统迅速做出反应。Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment -- although no one had proposed to do so -- and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.他宣称反对利用这种非同寻常的畜牧业技术去克隆人,并下令禁止联邦资金用于此类实验——尽管还没有人提议要那样做——并要求一个由普林斯顿大学校长哈罗德·夏皮罗为首的独立专家小组,在九十天内拿出有关克隆人的国家政策的建议,向白宫汇报。That group -- the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) -- has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations.这个名为“全国生物伦理道德顾问委员会”(NBAC)的小组一直在非常积极地工作,集思广益,并诉诸笔端;在5月17日的一次会议上,委员们就接近定稿的意见书取得了一致意见。NBAC will ask that Clinton’s 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law.NBAC将要求克林顿总统禁止联邦资金用于克隆人的九十天禁令无限期地延长,并且还可能要求将之立法。But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells -- routine in molecular biology.但是,NBAC成员们正计划在建议的措辞上更为严谨,以避免给克隆人体DNA或细胞等研究带来更多的限制——(这属于)分子生物研究中的常规课题。The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.然而,该小组尚未在一个关键问题上达成一致,即是否建议立法机关将私人资金用于克隆人的行为法定为犯罪。In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be “morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by alt nuclear cloning.”在5月17日会议上讨论的建议序言草案中,夏皮罗表示,专家组已取得广泛的共识,认为“试图利用成人细胞核去克隆婴儿将是违背道德伦理的”。Shapiro explained ring the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.夏皮罗解释说在与会期间,道德上的怀疑主要源于对婴儿健康的担忧。随后,该小组非正式地接受了几项概括性的结论,尽管有些细节尚无定论。NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo’s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.NBAC计划呼吁继续禁止为任何企图利用人体细胞核去制造婴孩的做法提供联邦政府基金资助。因为现行的联邦法律已经禁止联邦基金用于制造研究用的胚胎(人类后代出生前的最早阶段)或有意识地危及胚胎的生命,所以NBAC在胚胎研究这一问题上将保持沉默。NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. NBAC的成员明确表示,他们将呼吁受私人基金资助的研究人员和诊所不要尝试通过人体细胞核转移来克隆人。But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was still “up in the air.”但他们在是否进一步要求联邦立法强令完全禁止克隆人这一问题上存在分歧。夏皮罗和大多数委员赞成将此立法,但在电话采访中,他透露这一议题仍“悬而未决”。试题:51. We can learn from the first paragraph that.[A] federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans[B] the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning[C] NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique[D] the White House has got the panel’s recommendations on cloning52. The panel agreed on all of the following except that.[A] the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law[B] the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control[C] it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning[D] it would be against ethical values to clone a human being53. NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because_.[A] embryo research is just a current development of cloning[B] the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research[C] an embryo’s life will not be endangered in embryo research[D] the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law54. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that.[A] some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely[B] a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time[C] privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC’s appeal[D] the issue of human cloning will soon be settled答案:B C D A

黄老

1991年考研英语翻译题型全文翻译和答案—本文介绍能源危机及后果

The fact is that the energy crisis, which has suddenly been officially announced, has been with us for a long time now, and will be with us for an even longer time. 事实是,虽然官方突然宣布能源危机的存在,然而长期以来我们一直面临着能源危机,而且这种情况今后将会持续更长的时间。Whether Arab oil flows freely or not, it is clear to everyone that world instry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base.不管阿拉伯的石油能否源源不断地流出,人人都清楚,再也不能让世界工业依赖于如此脆弱的能源基础了。The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in anycase, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.石油供应可能随时会被突然切断;不管怎样,以目前这种消费速度,只需30年左右,所有的油井都会枯竭。New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past.必须找到新的能源,这需要时间;而过去我们感觉到的那种能源廉价而充足的情况将不大可能再出现了。For an indefinite period from here on, mankind is going to advance cautiously, and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all.在今后的漫长的时间内,人类将谨慎前进,而且应该对自己能够继续前进感到非常幸运。To make the situation worse, there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world’s population is in sight. Although the birth-rate has dropped in some nations, including the United States, the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty-first century opens.使目前状况更糟的是,至今尚无迹象表明,世界人口的增长在近期内会减慢。虽然包括美国在内的一些国家的出生率已经下降,但是在21世纪初世界人口似乎肯定会超过60亿,或许甚至超过70亿。The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of procing and marketing food.食品供应的增加将远远赶不上人口的增长,这就意味着我们在粮食的生产和购销方面已陷入危机。Taking all this into account, what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year 2001?考虑到所有这些因素,我们可以适当地估计一下2001年的超级市场将会是什么样子呢?To begin with, the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years -- even here in the United States. By 2001, the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million, and the nation will find it difficult to expand food proction to fill the additional mouths.首先,今后的30年内,世界的食品供应日益紧张,甚至美国这里也不例外。到2001年美国人口将至少达到2亿5千万,也可能是2亿7千万。那时,美国将很难扩大食品生产来满足人口增长的需要。This willbe particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in thehigh-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.这种困境将是确定无疑的,因为能源的匮乏使农业无法以高能消费这种美国耕作方式继续下去了,而按照这种耕作方式可以投入少数农民就获得高产。It seems almost certain that by 2001 the United States will no longer be a great food-exporting nation and that, if necessity forces exports, it will be at the price of belt-tightening at home.几乎可以肯定,到2001年美国将不再是一个食品输出国;如果必须出口的话,那么其代价就是美国国内人民将勒紧裤带。In fact, as food items will tend to decline in quality and decrease in variety, there is very likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives.实际上,由于各种食品往往会质量下降、品种减少,这就非常有可能更多地使用调味添加物。Until such time as mankind hasthe sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable supportfor all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food”.除非人类终于意识到要把人口减少到这样的程度,使地球能为所有人提供足够的饮食,否则人们将不得不接受更多的“人造食品”。

干旄

1999年考研英语阅读理解第五篇答案和全文翻译

原文+译文:Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments.实际上,科学的进步依赖于做实验,但更依赖于实验的观察者(即做实验的人)有所准备的头脑。Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple.据说艾萨克·牛顿爵士是从苹果落地现象中发现了万有引力。Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets.多少个世纪以来,许多地方一直都有苹果落到地面,成千上万的人也都看过苹果落地。但多年来只有牛顿一直对月球和行星沿轨道运行的起因感到好奇。What kept them in place? Why didn’t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.是什么使它们保持在现在的位置?它们为什么不从天上掉下来?苹果向下落到地面而不向上飞到树上,这一事实回答了他长期以来一直对天空中更大的“果实”——月球和行星所存有的疑问。How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree?多少人会考虑过苹果向上飞到树上的可能性呢?Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research.牛顿这样做了,因为他不想对任何事情进行预测。他只是怀有好奇心。他的头脑在准备思考不可预测的事。不可预测性是科学研究的一个基本特征。If you don’t have unpredictable things, you don’t have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.如果没有不可预测现象的产生就无所谓科学研究了。科学家们在为学术刊物撰写呆板的例行报告时往往会忘记这一点,而历史上这样的例子却比比皆是。In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the “scientific method” a substitute for imaginative thought.在和一些科学家,特别是年轻科学家交谈时,你可能会有这样一种印象:他们认为“科学方法”可以代替创造性思维。I’ve attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment.我出席过一些科研会议,会上有人问一位科学家继续某项实验是否是明智之举。The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said “the data are still inconclusive.”那位科学家皱了皱眉,又看了看图表,然后说:“数据还是不够确定。”“We know that,” the men from the budget office have said, “but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?” The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate.预算部门的人说:“这点我们知道,但你的意见如何?你觉得值得做下去吗?你觉得我们可以期待什么呢?”这位科学家感到很震惊,他没有料到人们会让他做出预测。What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings.当然,这几乎等于说:这位科学家成了自己所写报告的受害者。He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced instrial and business management that they are true.他所提出的种种论断是如此不容置疑、如此一致,以至于不仅他自己相信了,而且也说服了工商界的管理者相信其正确性。If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to proce results measurable in dollars and cents.假如科学实验像科学杂志报告显示的那样完全按事先的计划去规划和实施,那么,对管理层来说,期待研究能够产生可用美元、美分衡量的结果是完全合理的。It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.审计人员也完全有理由相信,确切知道自己的目标并知道如何实现这一目标的科学家们根本没必要分心:用一只眼盯着现金计数器的同时,用另一只眼睛盯着显微镜。Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team.”如果像他们的论文所反映的那样,科学家渴望规律性和与某种标准模式的一致性,那么管理人员歧视研究人员中的“标新立异者”,而赞赏“善于合作”的具有传统思维模式的人,也就是无可指摘的。试题:51. The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that.[A] inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments[B] science advances when fruitful researches are concted[C] scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research[D] unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research52. The author asserts that scientists.[A] shouldn’t replace “scientific method” with imaginative thought[B] shouldn’t neglect to speculate on unpredictable things[C] should write more concise reports for technical journals[D] should be confident about their research findings53. It seems that some young scientists.[A] have a keen interest in prediction[B] often speculate on the future[C] think highly of creative thinking[D] stick to “scientific method”54. The author implies that the results of scientific research.[A] may not be as profitable as they are expected[B] can be measured in dollars and cents[C] rely on conformity to a standard pattern[D] are mostly underestimated by management答案:A B D A

同乎无欲

考研英语翻译练习3——2021考研人快看!

#考研英语#图片来源:网络考研英语翻译练习3:With the Church's teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the Renaissance, the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged, leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories.-随着文艺复兴时期基督教的教义和思考方式不再那么有重要性,中世纪和现代之间的隔阂被消除了,并引领走向了崭新的、未被探知的知识领域。-随着文艺复兴时期教会的教义和思维方式黯然失色,中世纪和现代之间的鸿沟得以弥合,从而带来了崭新的、未被探知的知识领域。图片来源:网络在翻译的时候,有几点要注意:被动句翻译时有两种处理方法:转换为主动语态和保持被动,常常用转换成主动语态,即 being eclipsed 这个地方翻译成主动语态。定语前置。即 between and 这里翻译时放在gap前面。图片来源:网络单词、短语:eclipse —— 遮住……的光;使失色;使丧失重要性;日食;月食;黯然失色Renaissance —— 文艺复兴(人们以古希腊罗马的思想文化来繁荣文学艺术)Medieval —— 中世纪的modern periods —— 现代;近代intellectual —— 知识分子;智力的;理智的territories —— 领土;地区;领域(科学知识、行动等的)bridge the gap (between A and B) —— 消除……隔阂/鸿沟/分歧[原创作品,欢迎分享,请勿转载]

乱国就之

1995年考研英语翻译题型全文翻译—批评标准化教育测验是错误的

The standardized ecational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in Congress. 广泛用来帮助选择、分类、指定或者激励学生、雇员和军队人员的标准化教育或心理测试是近来书刊、杂志、日报社甚至是国会攻击的目标。71) Thetarget is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lieswith ill-informed or incompetent users.把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的,因为在抨击这类测试时,批评者未注意到其弊病在于那些对测试不甚了解或使用不当的使用者。The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions.这些测试本身只是工具,其特点能够在特殊的条件下相当准确地被估量。Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.测试结果是否有价值、有意义,或者甚至误导人部分取决于工具本身,而大部分取决于使用者。All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research proctivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate.所有已知的对将来行为的预测都是基于对过去某些相关经验的了解的基础之上的:学校成绩、科研生产力、销售业绩,或诸如此类。72) How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends uponthe amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdomwith which it is interpreted.这些预测在多大程度上被后来的表现证实,这取决于被采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.任何仔细记分的人都知道可用的信息总是不完整的,预测总是容易出现错误。Standardized tests should be considered in this context.标准化测试应该考虑在这样的环境中使用。They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is.他们提供快捷、客观的方法以获取关于某个人学到了什么、他有哪些技能或者他属于哪种人的一些信息。The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information.如同其他种类的信息,如此得来的信息在质量方面也是兼有优缺点。73) Whether to use tests, otherkinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidencefrom experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.因此,究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息,或是在某一特定情况下两者同时使用,须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定,也取决于诸如费用和现有条件等因素。74) In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined.一般来说,当被测定的特征能够被很准确地界定时,测试最为有效;而当被测定或被预测的东西不能够被明确地界定时,测试的效果则最差。Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people.如果测试被恰当地使用,它们将提供一种快捷的方式来获取有关很多人的可比较的信息。Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do.有时,通过它们(测试)还可以发现那些高潜质以前没有被发掘的学生,但许多事情是测试做不到的。75) For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.例如,测试并不弥补明显的社会不公;因此,它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人,如果在较好的环境下成长,会有多大才干。试题分析1.[解析]本题考核的知识点:名词译为动词和介词语短的译法。这是一个主从复合句。主干为主系表结构带一个for引导的原因状语从句。主句翻译成“目标是错误的”含义不够清楚,根据上下文可知,the target应翻译成“把标准化测试作为抨击目标”。状语从句的主干是critics divert attention from…,直译为“批评家把注意力从弊病上移开”,意译为“批评家没有考虑其弊病”。The fault和其后的定语从句直译为“在于消息不灵通或不称职的使用者的错误”也不太符合中文的习惯,原因在于英文的名词使用频率比中文高,翻译时经常需要把名词转化为动词。users的动词是use,users前的形容词应相应地转为修饰动词的状语,可以译为“人们使用测试时对信息了解不够或使用不当”。In attacking the tests是介词短语做状语,译成状语从句时关键要看此介词短语在原句中起什么作用,然后再译成中文相应的状语从句。译文:把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的,因为在抨击这类测试时,批评者未考虑其弊病是来自人们对测试不甚了解或使用不当。2. [解析]本题考核的知识点:句子理解,代词指代。句子的主干是:How well…depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of… and (depends) on the skill and wisdom…。主语是how well开头的主语从句,其中使用了被动语态的将来时。“by+施动者”译成被动语态。depend后除了upon接了the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information做介词宾语之外,后头的the skill and wisdom with which 也是承接depend 而来,做on的介词宾语。with which引导的定语从句中it指代前文中的information,所以定语从句译成“解释这些信息的技能和才智”。词汇方面:validated的意思可以从形容词valid(有效的)推出,译为“证实”。译文:这些预测在多大程度上被后来的表现证实,这取决于被采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。3.[解析] 本题考核的知识点:抽象名词的意译和代词指代。这是一个简单句。Whether to use… situation做主语;whether… or 意为“是……还是”; depends是谓语;evidence from和such factors as…共同做介词on的宾语。主语中的both根据上文应该指tests, other kinds of information两者;the evidence后有from experience修饰,experience又由一现在分词短语修饰;the evidence… validity可以译作“有关相对效度的经验依据”。译文:因此,究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息,或是在某一特定情况下两者同时使用,须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定,也取决于诸如费用和现有条件等因素。4. [解析] 本题考核的知识点:状语从句的翻译和句子间的对比。该句由两个并列的主从复合句构成:the tests work most effectively when…and least effectively when…。两个分句由and 连接,and 之后的分句承前省略了主语和谓语the tests work。两个when都引导了时间状语从句,翻译时应置于主语之前。第二个状语从句中的主语是what 引导的名词性从句:what is to be measured or predicted,意为“被测定和被预测的东西”。词汇方面:work在这里意马心猿为“起作用”的意思;qualities是指被测人的素质;define意为“下定义,界定”。译文:一般地说,当被测定的特征能够被很准确的界定时,测试最为有效;而当被测定或被预测的东西不能够被明确地界定时,测试的效果则最差。5.[解析] 本题考核的知识点:虚拟语气,推测词义这是一个并列复合句。前一个分句的主语they指上文的the tests(本题所在段落中第二、三、四句的主语都承接第一句的主语tests,用they代替)。后一分句省略主语。由于两个分句成分相同时才会省略,因此这里省略的主语就是they(指测试)。Tell后的宾语从句用的是虚拟语气,表示对过去情况的虚拟;had he grown up 即if he had grown up。翻译时虚拟句中的条件从句应该放在其主句之前。词汇方面:gross在这里意为“明显的”;tell在此意为“判断、说明”;underprivileged 是一个需要用词汇学知识去推测词义的词,under(在……下)+privilege(特权),意为“在特权之下”,即物质条件不好,也可以结合条件句中的favorable circumstances(好的物质环境)的反义猜出词义;how able可以译作“有多能干,有多大的才干”。译文:例如,测试并不弥补明显的社会不公;因此,它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人,如果在较好的环境下成长,会有多大才干。

龙珠

1995年考研英语完形填空全文翻译和答案解析—本文介绍睡眠的作用

Sleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. 1 kind of sleep is at all well-understood, but REM sleep is 2 to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more 3 .The new experiments, such as these 4 for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations 5 of non-REM sleep.For example, it has long been known that total sleep6 is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, 7 _examinations of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A researcher has now 8 the mystery of why the animals die. The rats 9 bacterial infections of the blood, 10 their immune systems—the self-protecting mechanisrn against disease—had crashed.1. [A] Either [B] Neither [C] Each [D] Any2. [A] intended [B] required [C] assumed [D] inferred3. [A] subtle [B] obvious [C] mysterious [D] doubtful4. [A] maintained [B] described [C] settled [D] afforded5. [A] in the light [B] by virtue [C] with the exception [D] for the purpose6. [A] rection [B] destruction [C] deprivation [D] restriction7. [A] upon [B] by [C] through [D] with8. [A] paid attention to[B] caught sight of[C] laid emphasis on [D]cast light on9. [A] develop [B] proce [C] stimulate [D] ince10. [A] if [B] as if [C] only if [D] if only答案解析1.[答案] B[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:不定代词的用法。空格上文提到,睡眠分为浅睡阶段和深睡阶段。因此空格处____ kind of sleep指的就是这两种睡眠。四个备选项中,首先排除[D]项。any 指“任何一个”,如:You can buy sugar at any big store.你可以在任何一家大商店里买到糖。余下的选项中,each指两个或多个中的每一个,例如:Each of them thinks different thoughts.他们中的每一个人都有不同的想法。either表示两者之一,表示肯定,如:You can park on either side of the street. 在街道的哪边停车都可以。neither表否定含义,表示“两者都不”。如:Neither of us could understand German.我们两个谁也不懂德语。空格所在的分句里出现的关键词at all一般与否定词连用,即 not… at all,意为“一点也不,根本不”,因而这里应填表否定含义的词,[B]正确,意为“人们对两类睡眠都没有完全了解”。2. [答案] C[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:动词词义辨析。intend意为“想要,打算,企图”,intend to do sth. (=mean to do sth.)意为“打算做某事”,主语一般是有生命的事物。如:I hear they intend to marry. 我听说他们要结婚了。require意为“需要,要求,命令”,be required to do sth.意为“被要求/必须做某事”,如:All passengers are required to show their tickets.所有乘客都必须出示车票。显然不能说,“浅睡眠阶段被要求做某事”。assume意为“假定,设想”,be assumed to do sth.意为“被假定/认为做某事”,如:He is assumed to be a Belgian.(他被认为是个比利时人。)infer意为“推论,推断”,但它不用于infer sth. to do结构中,而用于infer sth. from sth.结构中,如:Much of the meaning must be inferred from the context.(大部分含意必须从上下文中推断。)因此,只有assume符合上下文的要求。另外,根据上文可知,人们对睡眠的两个阶段都不十分了解,因此有关浅睡眠的功能的论述只是一种推测,[C]为正确项。3. [答案] C[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:形容词词义辨析。subtle意为“微妙的,难以捉摸的”,如:He complained that these people were subtle. 他抱怨说这些人难以捉摸。obvious意为“明显的”;mysterious意为“难以解释或无法理解的”;doubtful意为“可疑的,值得怀疑的”,如He is a doubtful character. 他是个可疑的人物。前文提到人们对两种睡眠阶段都不是很了解时用了well-understood一词,从逻辑语意上可以推出人们对non-REM sleep也不很了解,因此,几个选项中mysterious最合适。4. [答案] B空格所在句子是一个长句,主干部分是The new experiments suggest fascinating explanations. such as引导的短语是对experiments的举例说明。these指的是the new experiments,空格处填入的过去分词表示被动含义,相当于一个后置定语从句,即these which are _____ for the first time…,用来修饰these。四个选项中,maintain意为“保持,维持”,与句中的for the first time相矛盾;settle意为“解决”,afford意为“支付得起”,与experiments不搭配。describe意为“描述”,用在文中表示“(会议上)描述的一些新实验”,符合文意。5. [答案] D[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:短语语意辨析。四个选项都可与介词of连用。in the light of (= in light of/according to)意为“按照,根据,考虑到”,如:He rewrote the book in the light of further research.(他根据进一步的研究重写了那部书。)by virtue of意为“依靠,由于”,如:She got the job by virtue of her greater experience.(她由于经验较为丰富而得到了那份工作。)with the exception of(= except)意为“除了……之外”,如:All his novels are set in Italy with the exception of his last.(他的小说除最后一部外全是以意大利为背景。)显然,这三个含义代入文中都不符合文意。for the purpose of可以看作是一个固定短语,意为“为了……的目的”,如:The three groups have been combined for the purpose of this study.(为了这项研究工作,三个小组业已合并。)但本文中却不是把它作为一个固定短语使用,而且分成了两个部分,explanations常与for搭配,表示“解释……的原因”, the purpose of non-REM sleep在上文中出现过,表示“深睡眠的作用”,正确答案是[D]。6. [答案] C[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:名词词义辨析。for example一词提示空格所在部分是衔接上文,解释深睡眠的作用的举例。rection意为“减少”;deprivation意为“剥夺”;restriction意为“限制”。destruction意为“破坏,毁灭”,通常指具体事物,如:The fire caused the destruction of my books.这场大火使我的藏书被毁坏。“对老鼠产生致命影响”的应是“睡眠的剥夺”,所以[C]符合题意。7. [答案] A[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:介词的用法。upon+名词/动名词=when引导的从句,其中upon相当于when/directly after,表示“当……时……”。如:Upon entering the room(=When I entered the room), I found him lying on the floor.用在文中表示“当检查死亡老鼠的尸体时”,因此[A]为正确答案。through意为“凭借,用……的方法”; by意为“凭借,靠,通过”,主要表示方法、手段;with意为“用,使用;以”。本文如果使用这些介词,首先需要在名词examination前加上定冠词the;其次其逻辑主语就是句子的主语the animals,这样含义就成了“动物通过检查动物尸体”,不符合逻辑。8. [答案] D[解析] 本题考核的知识点:短语语意辨析。pay attention to 意为“注意”,如:pay attention to state affairs关心国大事;catch sight of (=see)意义“看到,发现”,如:She caught sight of a car in the distance.她一眼瞥见了远处的汽车;lay emphasis on (=emphasize)意为“重视”,如:He laid a strong emphasis on the study of foreign languages.他把重点放在学习外训上;cast/throw/shed light on意为“使(问题等)较容易理解”,如:Recent research has shed new light on the causes of the disease.最近的研究结果可以使人进一步了解导致这种疾病的原因。根据句意,应选[D],表示“一位研究人员使人们进一步了解动物死亡的奥秘”。9. [答案] Adevelop意为“(逐渐)显现出,(开始)患(病)”,如:She developed measles. 她得了麻疹。proce意为“制造,产生”,如:Hard work often proces good results.努力工作经常会有好结果。stimulate意为“促进,刺激”,如:Exercise stimulates the flow of blood.体操促进血液流动。ince意为“引诱,诱使”。如:Too much food inces sleepiness.吃得过饱会产生睡意。本题的关键词bacterial infections of blood (血液细菌感染)是一种病,根据习惯搭配,应该用develop。10. [答案] B[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:逻辑关系。本句是一个复合句。主句The rats develop bacterial infections of the blood用的是一般现在时,根据时态一致的原则,从句也应该用现在时。但在本题中,从句用的是过去完成时。很显然,主从句的时态不一致。时态不一致一般是由两个原因引起的:一,时间状语,如:I’m doing my homework, while I was watching TV this time yesterday.二,虚拟语气的使用,如:If I were you, I would go there. 如果我是你,我就去那儿。此题并没有涉及时间状语因此导致时态不一致的原因是虚拟语气的使用。If意为“如果”,跟虚拟语气时,主句应相应地使用虚似语气,如:The conference wouldn’t been so successful, if we hadn’t made adequate preparations.如果我们不做充分的准备,会议是不会开得这么成功的。as if 意为“好像”,可以接虚拟语气,如:He behaved as if nothing had happened.(他表现得若无其事。)only if 意为“只有”,接条件从句,一般引起主句的倒装现象,如:Only if the red light comes on is there any danger to employees.只有红灯闪亮时才有危及职工的险情。if only意为“要是……就好了”,接虚拟语气,一般用来引导感叹句,如:If only she had known where to find you.由于文中只有从句使用了虚拟语气,因此应选[B],意为“似乎它们的免疫系统已经崩溃”。全文翻译睡眠分为浅睡阶段(REM)和较长时间的深睡阶段(non-REM)。浅睡阶段伴有快速的眼睛运动和做梦的特征。人们对两个阶段的睡眠都不太了解,不过人们推测,浅睡眠具有一些大脑修复功能。而深睡眠的作用则更更加令人费解。在明尼阿波利斯举行的由睡眠研究协会组织的近期会议上首次描述了一些新实验,类似这样的实验对深睡眠的作用进行了吸引人的阐释。例如,人们早有所知,完全剥夺睡眠会100%使老鼠致命,然而,在检查死亡鼠类的尸体之后,发现这些动物看起来却非常正常。现在,一位研究人员已揭开了这些动物死亡的奥秘。老鼠患了血液细菌感染,就好像它们的免疫系统——抵御疾病原体的自我保护机制——已崩溃。

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考研英语翻译的原则、策略和技巧及翻译示例解析

翻译题对于考研英语考生来说是难度很高的项目,其难度不仅在于很难获得高分,还在于考生是否能够在规定的时间内完成翻译拿到基本分。如果考生能够掌握好翻译原则、策略和技巧,再加以充分有效的训练,使翻译成为一项获得高效高分的项目是完全有可能的,对于考研英语整体成绩的提高无疑会是一个有力的保障。一、翻译原则作为考研英语考生首先应该了解究竟什么是翻译,或者说翻译的实质是什么?其实,这个问题既简单又复杂。简单地说,翻译就是把一种语言所表达的意义用另一种语言表达出来。复杂地说,翻译不仅仅是一种语言转换,还涉及相关语言的历史文化乃至政治经济等。然后,考生还应该了解翻译的原则是什么?因为翻译的原则是关于翻译是否成立的基础性要求,是体现对于源语的正确理解和目的语的恰当表达的规则和标准。从翻译理论上看,关于翻译原则有很多不同的说法,例如,大家比较熟知的信达雅,忠实通顺,意译直译等说法,还有大家可能不太熟悉的来自西方翻译理论的说法,例如,等值或等效翻译等。作为考生可以不必纠结这些理论,但对于其中涉及的基本翻译原则应该有基本的认知和大致的掌握。首先,我们需要解决的一个比较根本性的原则问题就是在翻译时究竟是应该意译还是直译?所谓意译就是在翻译时保持源语本身的内容和意义不变,但翻译成目的语后可能在结构形式上与源语有差别,甚至完全不同。所谓直译,就是保持源语的语言结构形式,同时保持源语本身的内容和意义不变,但其实很难做到保持源语的内容和形式完全不变。不过,这两种翻译原则没有什么优劣之分,也不能截然分开,具体翻译则要看具体的内容和要求,更多情况下应该是加以综合应用会更好些。一般说来,翻译科技法律文本多采用直译,翻译社会生活方面的文本如故事和小说等采用意译更便于表现源语和目的语所包含的文化意义。然后,我们要解决的现实问题是如何应对应试翻译,即考研英语的翻译题。其实,这主要的是由考试的目的和要求来决定的。根据考研英语考试大纲关于翻译题的要求,考生应该准确理解概念或结构较复杂的英语文字材料。也就是说,考研英语翻译题是要看考生所做的翻译是否能够让人看得出来考生对一定语境中的复杂的词语和句型是否能够真正理解。从这个意义上来讲,采用意译的原则或许更好些,但也绝不应该在语言结构上与原文有太大的差别。所以,对于考研英语翻译题,应该是以体现准确理解为主,呈现原文语言结构形式为辅,但又应该尽量保持原有形式,以展示考生在语言的意义和形式上的良好的掌控能力。有鉴于此,我们可以把考研英语翻译的基本原则归结为,在一定的语境中首先保证英语原文内容和意义的准确,做到信或忠实,然后在保持原有语言结构形式的基础上力争按照中文的语言规范进行翻译,做到达或通顺,从而达到内容和形式的统一,圆满完成翻译任务。二、翻译策略1. 充分利用上下文考研英语翻译的特别之处在于要求考生把所读的英语文章中的划线的句子翻译成中文,说明了语境对于所要翻译的句子的重要关联作用。因此,考生对于划线的要翻译的句子正确和准确理解一定不能脱离这个语境,尤其是,每个句子的上下文都很重要,只关注句子本身是不够的。2. 充分展现两种语言的相同点和差异中英文的表达方式和句型结构有很多相同之处,如语序都是主谓宾顺序排列,也有明显的不同点,如英语的定语如果是短语或从句形式通常都后置,而汉语的定语无论多长都前置。那么,对于相同点可以进行直译,而对于差异之处应该给予特别注意,应该直译和意译相结合。例如,如果英语的后置定语很长,那就不必非得直译成汉语的定语,而是可以进行拆分,如另起一句以补充说明的方式进行翻译。3. 关注学术性语言,适当关注文化意义用于考研英语翻译题的阅读文章大都是关于社会、文化、政治、经济和科技的报道和评述,其词语、表达方式和句型结构具有学术性特征,能够体现概念和结构的复杂性,因此,相关的理解和表达暨翻译都应该展现书面语言的特征,即词语和表达方式的正式性和专业性以及句型的复杂多样化。所以在展现学术性这方面,中文应该力争与原文保持同一性。然而,有些情况下,有些词语或表达方式除了本身的意义之外还可能有特定的文化含义,如果与中文对应不上,可以考虑从文化方面寻求适当的词语或表达方式,如众所周知的It rains cats and dogs和倾盆大雨的突显文化差异的翻译。所以注意体现翻译的文化内涵也是必要的,虽然,这样的情况在考研英语翻译题中的比例并不高。三、翻译技巧1. 调整语序英语是形式化的语言,汉语是意会性语言,翻译时,在明确英语的主谓结构之后,在保持原文意义不变的前提,可以不受英语的语法结构的限制,将介词短语、非谓语动词和从句等复杂成分按照相应的汉语的语序进行调整,使翻译过来的句子具有典型的汉语形式,避免翻译腔。2. 变换词性英语的词性及其变化是显性的,汉语的词性是隐性的,很大程度上赋予汉语更大的词性转换自由,因此,考生在翻译时不必拘泥于词性的同一性,而是应该在保持原文词义不变的前提下展示汉语的丰富多变的词汇表现手段,从而准确、灵活、自然和流畅地传递信息表达意义。3. 增减词语由于所要翻译的划定的句子是作为整体阅读材料的一部分,有些信息在单句中可能是不完全的,甚至是缺失的,但却可以从上下文获得补充。同时,由于同样的原因,有些词语承接上文可能是重复的,甚至是冗余的。鉴于以上情况,翻译时考生应该考虑使用增加或删减词语的技巧,以达到即使作为翻译过来的汉语的句子单独呈现也能保持原文的意义,避免信息传递缺失,当然在形式上也应避免结构松散或突兀。四、翻译示例下面以2019年考研英语翻译题第一句作为示例说明如何运用翻译原则、策略和技巧进行英汉翻译。例句:It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end that I realized just how bad much of the medical literature frequency was. I came to recognize various sins of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia. (46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generate both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.解析:1. 根据前述关于考研英语翻译的原则,我们应该首先注意保持英语例句的原意不变,同时尽量保持汉语和英语在句子结构上的同一性,即采用意译为主,直译为辅,综合运用的原则。例句的主要意义是,有些医学期刊,包括广播电台和大众媒体,传播大量关于健康膳食的不实讯息,造成关于健康的恐慌和关于膳食的短暂的热情。例句的句子结构是,存现句包含定语从句和插入成分,其中定语从句和插入成分比较难处理。2. 根据前述关于考研英语翻译的策略,鉴于这篇阅读材料是有关对于医学期刊刊载不适宜的健康饮食文章的批评,具有较强的学术性和一定的专业性,我们应该多采用书面语言,例如,nonsense——无稽之谈,taken up——继续传播。关于对于例句的理解,由于所要翻译的句子是阅读材料的第一段的最后一句,含有比较明显的结论性意义,上文所述都是比较具体的内容,为充分利用语境理解划线的句子提供了便利条件。至于表达方式和句型结构的相同和差异,应该特别关注定语从句如何翻译,需要找出既能保持原句的意义,句子结构也比较相当的表达方式。3. 根据前述关于考研英语翻译的技巧,因应根据关于考研英语翻译的原则和策略,关于这个划线句子的翻译语序需要调整,词性需要变换,词汇需要增删。4. 例句翻译与说明译文:这些医学期刊大量刊载诸如此类的无稽之谈,再经过广播电台和大众媒体加以继续传播,就会引发健康恐慌,同时也会产生短暂的膳食调整的激情。以上译文是根据如上所说的翻译原则、策略和技巧所做的翻译尝试。这样的翻译应该说是完整准确地保持了原文的内容和意义,但从表达方式和句子结构看,译文与原文有较大的差异,原句的主从复合句译成了汉语的小句,英语的定语从句被转换成汉语的递进关系,虽然语序大致是相同的,但英汉语的语法关系是不同的,基本体现了汉语的意会特征。当然不同的人出于不同的考虑还可以有其它的译法,下面将例句的各个部分可以选择的相对应的符合汉语表达规范和习惯的词汇、表达方式和句子结构等列举如下,供考生参考:There is a great deal of … in the medical journals这些医学期刊有/刊载/充斥大量的这些医学期刊大量刊载/充斥this kind of nonsense这类废话/传言/不实之言/胡言乱语/无稽之谈诸如此类的废话/传言/不实之言/胡言乱语/无稽之谈when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press(当)(被)广播电台和大众媒体接着/继续报道/传播的时候generate both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms(同时)产生健康恐惧/恐慌和短暂的膳食/饮食热情/激情以上从四个方面说明了考研英语考生做翻译题时应该遵循和采取的英汉翻译的原则、策略和技巧,其中心思想是在准确理解原文的基础上,以符合汉语规范的表达方式和句型结构把英语译成汉语。如果考生能够以此为基础,同时再加以相应的适当的练习和训练,在考研英语翻译题上取得高效高分的好成绩是完全可行的。