枣流

新东方在线推荐：2018年考研一次顺利提分课程！！一科不过，全科免费Traditionally,thestudyofhistoryhashadfixedboundariesandfocalpoints—periods,countries,dramaticevents,andgreatleaders.Italsohashadclearandfirmnotionsofscholarlyprocere:howoneinquiresintoahistoricalproblem,howonepresentsanddocumentsone’sfindings,whatconstitutesadmissibleandadequateproof.Anyonewhohasfollowedrecenthistoricalliteraturecantestifytotherevolutionthatistakingplaceinhistoricalstudies.Thecurrentlyfashionablesubjectscomedirectlyfromthesociologycatalog:childhood,work,leisure.Thenewsubjectsareaccompaniedbynewmethods.Wherehistoryoncewasprimarilynarrative,itisnowentirelyanalytic.Theoldquestions“Whathappened?”and“Howdidithappen?”havegivenwaytothequestion“Whydidithappen?”Prominentamongthemethodsusedtoanswerthequestion“Why”ispsychoanalysis,anditsusehasgivenrisetopsychohistory.Psychohistorydoesnotmerelyusepsychologicalexplanationsinhistoricalcontexts.Historianshavealwaysusedsuchexplanationswhentheywereappropriateandwhentherewassufficientevidenceforthem.Butthispragmaticuseofpsychologyisnotwhatpsychohistoriansintend.Theyarecommitted,notjusttopsychologyingeneral,buttoFreudianpsychoanalysis.Thiscommitmentprecludesacommitmenttohistoryashistorianshavealwaysunderstoodit.Psychohistoryderivesits“facts”notfromhistory,thedetailedrecordsofeventsandtheirconsequences,butfrompsychoanalysisoftheindivialswhomadehistory,anddecesitstheoriesnotfromthisorthatinstanceintheirlives,butfromaviewofhumannaturethattranscendshistory.Itdeniesthebasiccriterionofhistoricalevidence:thatevidencebepubliclyaccessibleto,andthereforeassessableby,allhistorians.Anditviolatesthebasictenetofhistoricalmethod:thathistoriansbealerttothenegativeinstancesthatwouldrefutetheirtheses.Psychohistorians,convincedoftheabsoluterightnessoftheirowntheories,arealsoconvincedthattheirsisthe“deepest”explanationofanyevent,thatotherexplanationsfallshortofthetruth.Psychohistoryisnotcontenttoviolatethedisciplineofhistory(inthesenseofthepropermodeofstudyingandwritingaboutthepast);italsoviolatesthepastitself.Itdeniestothepastanintegrityandwillofitsown,inwhichpeopleactedoutofavarietyofmotivesandinwhicheventshadamultiplicityofcausesandeffects.Itimposesuponthepastthesamedeterminismthatitimposesuponthepresent,thusrobbingpeopleandeventsoftheirindivialityandoftheircomplexity.Insteadofrespectingtheparticularityofthepast,itassimilatesallevents,pastandpresent,intoasingledeterministicschemathatispresumedtobetrueatalltimesandinallcircumstances.1.Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthemainpointofthetext?[A]Theapproachofpsychohistorianstohistoricalstudyiscurrentlyinvogueeventhoughitlackstherigorandverifiabilityoftraditionalhistoricalmethod.[B]Traditionalhistorianscanbenefitfromstudyingthetechniquesandfindingsofpsychohistorians.[C]Areasofsociologicalstudysuchaschildhoodandworkareoflittleinteresttotraditionalhistorians.[D]Thepsychologicalassessmentofanindivial’sbehaviorandattitudesismoreinformativethanthedetailsofhisorherdailylife.2.Theauthormentionswhichofthefollowingasacharacteristicofthepracticeofpsychohistorians?[A]Thelivesofhistoricalfiguresarepresentedinepisodicratherthannarrativeform.[B]Archivesusedbypsychohistorianstogathermaterialarenotaccessibletootherscholars.[C]Pastandcurrenteventsareallplacedwithinthesamedeterministicdiagram.[D]Eventsinthealtlifeofahistoricalfigureareseentobemoreconsequentialthanarethoseinthechildhoodofthefigure.3.Theauthorofthetextsuggeststhatpsychohistoriansviewhistoryprimarilyas[A]areportofevents,causes,andeffectsthatisgenerallyacceptedbyhistoriansbutwhichis,forthemostpart,unverifiable.[B]anepisodicaccountthatlackscohesionbecauserecordsoftheroleofchildhood,work,andleisureinthelivesofhistoricalfiguresarerare.[C]anunchartedseaofseeminglyunexplainableeventsthathavemeaningonlywhenexaminedasdiscreteunits.[D]arecordthewayinwhichaclosedsetofimmutablepsychologicallawsseemstohaveshapedevents.4.Theauthorofthetextputstheword“deepest”(line14,paragraph3)inquotationmarksmostprobablyinorderto[A]signalherreservationsabouttheaccuracyofpsychohistorians’claimsfortheirwork.[B]drawattentiontoacontradictioninthepsychohistorians’method.[C]emphasizethemajordifferencebetweenthetraditionalhistorians’methodandthatofpsychohistorians.[D]disassociateheropinionofthepsychohistorians’claimsfromheropinionoftheirmethod.5.Inpresentingheranalysis,theauthordoesallofthefollowingEXCEPT.[A]Makegeneralstatementswithoutreferencetospecificexamples.[B]Describesomeofthecriteriaemployedbytraditionalhistorians.[C]Questiontheadequacyofthepsychohistorians’interpretationofevents.[D]Pointoutinconsistenciesinthepsychohistorians’applicationoftheirmethods. 更多

考研网快讯，据华中农业大学研究生院消息，2013年华中农业大学0828Z1现代农业装备工程考研报录比已发布，详情如下：专业代码专业名称2013年报名数录取数推免数0828Z1现代农业装备工程16143 更多

考研网快讯，据电子科技大学研究生院消息，2014年电子科技大学机械工程考研报录比还未公布。为方便网友及时了解电子科技大学机械工程的报录比信息，故开启了关于电子科技大学机械工程考研报录比的帖子，网友可以进入原帖参与讨论。        同时也可以收藏2014年各院校考研报录比统计，考研网会第一时间及时发布关于电子科技大学报录比的信息。      更多