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推荐适合你的在职研究生专业及院校

英语写作行动研究每一轮的时间可以不一样吗?

卡伊
救生员
英语写作研究每一轮的时间可能会有所不同,可能为了提高学生的应变能力吧。

有关于“水”的研究的一篇英语作文 要求60个词 谢谢

瓣坛枫
高压电
Water is a common chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of life. In typical usage, water refers only to its liquid form or state, but the substance also has a solid state, ice, and a gaseous state, water vapor or steam. About 1.460 petatonnes (Pt) (1021kilograms) of water covers 71% of the Earth's surface, mostly in oceans and other large water bodies, with 1.6% of water below ground in aquifers and 0.001% in the air as vapor, clouds (formed of solid and liquid water particles suspended in air), and precipitation.[1] Saltwater oceans hold 97% of surface water, glaciers and polar ice caps 2.4%, and other land surface water such as rivers, lakes and ponds 0.6%. Some of the Earth's water is contained within water towers, biological bodies, manufactured procts, and food stores. Other water is trapped in ice caps, glaciers, aquifers, or in lakes, sometimes providing fresh water for life on land.

如何提高中学生的英语写作能力国内外研究现状描述

风云岛
桦树林
学习地道的表达方式,多互动交流。可以在网上的邻国学院试试,效果不错。

硕士备考英语作文应该怎么准备?

慧思
玲音
一、在职研究生考生在进行英语写作时一定要用语准确地道一篇优秀的考研英语作文是决不能有过多的语法以及词汇错误的,因此在职研究生考生在平时的复习备考中,一定要加强语法以及词汇的复习,充分利用一切零碎的时间记忆单词,熟悉英语语法。二、在职研究生考生在进行英语写作时一定保证英语作文的整体结构分明考研英语作文一般会是论述文,所以在职研究生考生在写作过程中一定要突出自己的论点和论据。然而,论点和论据不可以放在同一段落,所以在职研究生考生最好采用“总-分”或“总-分-总”的行为结构。三、在职研究生考生在进行英语写作时一定要保持句子结构灵活多变

如何培养小学生英语写作能力方法之探究

坏东西
仙流
小学英语课程标准指出:小学阶段的英语教学要使学生掌握一定的英语基础知识和听、说、读、写技能,形成一定的语言综合运用能力。并指明小学六年级结束时要达到二级要求。在听、说、读、写四个方面的语言技能中,写作看起来更是“深不可测,高不可攀”。怎样才能有效地培养小学生英语写作能力呢?本人在教学实践中,从小学生的角度出发,从简单入手,以兴趣为切入点,找到适合小学生写作的方法,寻找出培养小学英语写作能力的一些有效途径,为小学生英语写作奠定一个良好的基础。一、写作从说句子开始----“你能讲出来,就能写出来!” “老师,我不会写。” 小学生容易对英语写作望而生畏,无从下笔,即使下了笔,也是用中文进行思维,再翻译成英语;文章表达欠缺英语思维,因此经常出现中文式的英语,语法不通,言不成句,欲说无词,非常痛苦;久而久之,学生对英语写作丧失了信心,对英语学习失去了兴趣,怎么办?首先是要消除他们的畏难情绪,不要太早、太快抛出写的要求。如果连说都不会,怎样写呢?很多父母认为孩子开始学说话,说得不好是正常现象,大人会有意识地用照顾性的语言同孩子交流,孩子只要开口说话,怎么说都是对的,都是值得大加表扬的,从来没有人去批评孩子的发音和语法上的错误。我们对待小学生写英语作文,也应该采取宽容的态度,要他们先会说,才到写。我经常对他们说这么一句话“What can you say, what can you write!”因此每次写作前,我都先进行大量的听说训练,反复地鼓励他们,让他们敢说,想说、乐于说,你来说,她来说,全班说、小组说、变着法儿让这个话题人人都能说。在这基础上,我才鼓励学生动笔,确保每个同学都能写出完整通顺的句子。平时我一方面引导学生用学过的词写简单的句子,另一方面以丰富多彩的生活为内容进行一日一句的“写话”训练。开始要求不高,只要学生能动笔写,遵循“起点低、坡度小、写生活”的原则,重表扬,不批评。等到学生能写一句完整的话后,进而提出适当的要求。如给学生几个词,让他们组合成一句完整、通顺的话,先练习说,在会说的基础上,鼓励他们大胆地写下来。这样,通过多种形式的练习,不仅可以从说完整的句子过渡到写下完整的句子,在实践中初步形成句子的概念,而且也有利于巩固单词,提高学生语言认识和表达能力。例如:在Summer vacation.这个课例中,我围绕写作主题需要,进行多种说的训练:用句型I’m going to _________.( American\ Hong Kong\ Beijing …)说出去的不同地方:,用同样的方法引导学生说出各种交通工具:I’m going to get there by______.( bus \ train \ plane …又根据写作的需要,引导学生说出各种活动I’m going to _______:watch TV \ go to shanghai \listen to music \ make models\ take some photos \ plant trees …这样通过大量的造句,由句成段,学生感觉非常容易。“What can you say, what can you write!”你能讲出来,就能写出来,在进行了大量说的基础上,写,不是顺理成章的事么? 二、写作从说图入门---“你观察到什么,就说什么!”看图说话和看图写话,是引导学生从观察具体的形象入手,提高口头和书面表达能力的重要方法。它不仅对培养学生具有健康的思想感情和高尚道德品质有一定影响,而且对训练用词造句、布局谋篇的能力,培养观察事物、分析表达事物的能力,都有很大的作用,它是作文教学极为重要的一项基础训练。看图说话和写话,可以是一幅图说一句、写一句,或说几句、写几句;也可以是几幅图写一篇或一幅图写一篇。不管是一幅图或几幅图,还是写一句、几句或一篇,都可以分:看、说、写三个阶段。看清楚才能说清楚,说清楚才能写清楚,看得好才能说得好,说得好才能写得好。在指导学生看图的过程中,为了引导他们仔细观察,大胆地练说,我时常鼓励他们,对他们说:“what can you see, what can you say!”尽量创造一种轻松、和谐的氛围,让学生们说出自己观察到的事物和自己的感受,即使是简单的一句话或三言两语,我也会说出自己发自内心的激励语言:“Very good!”“It’s right.”激发学生们想说、愿说、敢说的欲望,然后,让他们把自己所说的内容写下来。虽然,小学生英语思维能力不够,还不能有条理地连贯地写几句话,经常出现语法错误,颠三倒四和错用词语,这还需要教师启发、引导学生把混乱的话,按照事物的一定顺序(空间、时间)和几件事物之间的关系,重新安排前后顺序,使之条理化。教师经常进行这样的训练,学生就会逐步具有围绕一个中心说几句话或写一段连贯话的能力,以写A Nice Day这话题为例. 为了写好这个题目的作文,我围绕这个主题,提供相关的图片,引导学生仔细观察、思考并回答相关的问题:(1)What’s the weather like? (cool、 hot、sunny、warm、rainy...)2)Where are they?They are in _____ .( in the park、 at school、at home、in the zoo、on a farm.)(3)What are they doing?They are _______. ( playing basketball \ reading \ dancing \ riding the bike…(4) How are they ?tired, excited, happy...,引导学生说出有关短语和句子,加上一个开头和结尾,就是一个完整有趣的一天了。能说形象直观的图、写作的思路就被启发打开啦。现在,我班的学生对看图写话已经产生了一定的兴趣,有了写作的欲望,有时写的小短文还真难以相信是他们小学生呢!三、写作从读短文入手---“看的书多了,你也会模仿了!”语言学家Ellis的“输入与互动假设”理论提示我们,英语课堂至少应包括吸收外界知识阶段和利用所吸收的外界知识与外界进行互动习得阶段,也就是说,要有语言的吸收才有语言的输出,语言的输出必须建立在丰富的语言输入的基础上。而通过英语写作课堂的实施,创造机会让学生接触地道的、纯正的语言材料,通过拓展阅读途径,帮助他们积累词汇和英语的习惯表达方式,加强语言输入的训练,充分发挥小学生形象思维的优势,提高英语写作能力。要想写好文章,它的前提首先是有丰富的阅读量、积累丰富的词汇、模拟情境等。新课程标准下的小学英语教材在很大程度上与以往的教材有所改变,他特别强调的是学生的综合能力。几学年下来,学生按照规定要求已经能认识1000个词左右,为他们提早阅读打下了较扎实的基础。为了有重点地训练学生的写作能力,写作水平得以提高,我在平时注意为学生搜集适合他们阅读的儿歌、童话、故事等,把这些文章装订成册,发给学生,让他们去阅读,去理解,去体会,并尝试他们的写作方法,去写一写。“学一学”也可说是模仿,它的特点在于针对性强,有法可循,既降低了学习的难度,又收到了明显的效果。对于初学写作的学生来讲,我们应积极提倡模仿和借鉴范文,培养好文风。即使刚模仿时比较机械,也应加以肯定在英语课上,对学生进行写作方面的引导,关键是要给学生足够量的语言信息输入,给学生进行有效的语言铺垫、准备,让学生通过整理信息,储存语言,激发小学生形象思维,从而打开他们的写作思路。如给学生输入图片、单词、短语等信息,或类似的题材文章。我在学到We are moving a new apartment这课时,就找了一些类似的文章Our school, Our classroom, My house, My dream house, My new bedroom 等等, 让他们去读,去体会,去讨论, 然后结合自己的想象或实践,画出图画,并写出文章。由于事先有了打量的接触,写起来自然就更得心应手,而不会无从下手了。吴增祺说:“文章之体,往往古有是作,而后人则仿而为之,虽通人不以为病。”我们英语写作不也是如此么?四、写作从课内课外学习中积累---生活处处有英语,点点是文章!英语写作不经历持续、有效的训练是很难达到一定水平的。英语写作教学对教师提出了更高的要求,在英语教学新信息不断涌现的今天,教师必须更新教学理论与方法,提高自己的英语写作知识与能力,才能真正提高英语写作教学水平。课程标准在阅读目标中十分强调语言和积累,“没有积累,谈不上培养良好的语感,也决不可能有真正的听说读写能力,当然也学不好英语。”写作的基础正是阅读和积累,即不但要广泛阅读,还要懂得积累。课上,我引导学生在学习交流中积累单词,短语、句子和习惯用语,为写作打下基础。课余,我鼓励学生坚持课外阅读,注意英语国家的历史地理、风土人情、传统习俗、文学艺术、行为准则、价值观念等,多接触和了解英语国家文化有益于对英语的理解和使用。把英语溶进日常生活的点点滴滴,激发孩子们阅读和积累的兴趣,为写作奠定基础。写作是厚积而薄发的创造性活动,积累的东西多了,写起来就得心应手。例如: It’s cold in winter.这个课例中,我由winter 引发出spring、 summer、fall等写作题材,比如说,引导学生写spring 的时候,让学生根据常识提供一些描写春天的句子: We wear… We can play… The trees are… We can’t go …. It’s warm and rainy. Flowers are beautiful等等句子.让学生们自己输入相关主题的信息,然后根据写作顺序重新整理句子顺序,让学生逐步形成围绕主题写出有效的句子,把句子整理成段,有了生活、阅读的积累,写这样的文章还觉得难吗?五、写作从老师伙伴中得方法---- 这句话怎样说? 这句话我这样说!对于作文,学生向来头疼,刚开始我讲尽技巧,他们总说我逼他们做无米之炊,我说作文很容易,学生说我是老师,不知咬笔杆之苦。于是我和他们一起写作文。我写开头,讲开头的方法,学生练开头,我写结尾,讲结尾的技巧,他们就练结尾。我写好开头、结尾,学生补出故事情节。或者我写短文,要他们补充结局,或者大家一起来,你一言我一句,大家一起把文章写出来。在合作中,学生知道作文怎么写,我也知道怎样教作文才能让学生更易于理解。后来,我发现同伴之间合作,学生更喜欢。合作学习是以小组活动为主体进行的一种教学活动,是一种同伴之间面对面的交际活动。它使学生能够充分表达自己的观点,通过组内的交流,探讨,使学生不断完善自己的观点,不断产生新的想法。于是我将全班以优、良、中、差分成四人小组,并将活动内容布置给学生让他们讨论,讨论内容多种多样,讨论完后,可以小组合作,也可以个人完成写作。例如,上完We are going to Hai Nang时,我让学生以小组为单位为“五一黄金周”设计旅游活动,此活动旨在激发学生的参与热情,设计更完整的计划。各小组立刻热火朝天地讨论起来,好的同学多说,差一点的同学也不示弱,积极参与,遇到不太明白的地方,即时就问:这句话怎样说?旁边立即有同学教他。愉快平等的学习是学生最喜欢的,因此,这篇文章学生写得最轻松。六、写作从评价中提高——“进步真大啊!再接再厉,更上一层楼!”好的批语,对激发学生的写作兴趣有很大的鼓励作用。在批改学生作文时,我直接指出优点或不足,以便继续发扬或及时改正。批改时,我划出学生用得好的词语、写得好的句子,旁批:“good excellent!You got good job!”对于写得不够理想作文,就采用“面批”的方式。评作文时,我用阶梯式的评级方法,随着学生写作水平的不断提高而不断升级,给学生重重惊喜,让学生在一次又一次成功的喜悦中受到鼓舞,写作兴趣越来越浓。兴趣是最好的老师,写作更是如此,因为只有自己想写,才会去留心观察、仔细体会,才能写出好文章。为了让孩子们喜欢写、乐于写,只要愿意写,不管质量如何,我都给予表扬。 “好文章是改出来的”,即使大作家写作,也不是一次完成的,而是反复修改,不断完善,何况写英语作文。我鼓励学生每写一篇文章都要反复阅读,反复推敲、反复修改,不断提高,争取进步,特别注意语法、习惯用语、英汉文化的差异。这样一来,即使较差点的同学也有几篇好文章呢。 在写作教学过程中,我利用早读课、活动课开展优秀作品朗诵会、评选出“朗读能手”“最佳作品”。我在教室的后墙上开设“Little Writer Garden”,将孩子们反复修改后的优秀作文张贴出来,为他们提供展示和学习的机会,激发写作兴趣,提高写作能力。另外,我们每个学生都有一本自己的作文集,把平时经过老师和同学的修改后的好文章写下来,或是自己阅读的好文章,再配上可爱的图画。我们每个月评奖一次,学生可高兴了:瞧,这就是我的作品!  虽然我的小学英语写作教学的探索才刚刚起步,但因为把握好小学生心理特点,从简单入手,注重口语训练、注重积累输入,鼓励交流习作、并给予积极性的评价,因此收到了良好的效果,学生对英语写作产生了浓厚的兴趣,学生们用英语写作已经在校园内蔚然成风,学校将学生们的优秀习作结集成册。

如何提高学生英语写作能力 完成课题的可行性分析

世俗之人
天趣
一.课题界定及理论依据(一).英语写作:学生在教师指导下用英语的表达方式进行不尽相同的遣词造句。有语篇结构的词汇量和英语惯用法。是用笔将英语词汇、语法、主题及其写作手法等互相依赖、互相作用的诸要素组成的有机整体。是对所学语言知识的综合运用,是一种综合能力的训练。(二).初中生英语写作能力:是初中英语新课标语言技能目标的重要组成部分。新课标要求初中生能根据写作要求,能正确分析材料、审好题,能运用英语思维和所学词汇简单描述人物或事件,能根据所给图示或表格写出简单的段落或操作说明、能简单的用英语正确表达自己的观点和看法。它也是学生综合运用语言能力的体现,不仅包括词汇、语法、习惯用语等语言知识,还包括学生对文章的构思、组织、表达以及传递信息和解决实际问题的语言交际能力,它能准确、全面反应学生的实际语言水平。(三).提高初中生英语写作能力的策略:根据英语课程标准,培养学生在口头上和书面上初步运用英语的听、说、读、写能力是初中英语的教学目标之一。然而在当前英语课堂改革的教学实际中,教师往往注重引导学生的口语训练,忽视对学生英语写作方法的指导,学生写作能力远没有达到新课标要求。在近几年的初中英语教学中,我在指导学生规范写作的方法、怎样利用已知背景和结合学生自己的思想运用英语思维来表达等提高英语写作的策略方面做了初步探索。二.理论依据:1、新课程理念:英语新课程标准要求:破除以教师讲解、分析、说明为主的知识灌输,积极倡导自主——合作——探究的学习方式,在教学中尤其要重视培养学生良好的语感和把握文章的篇章结构的能力,要重视潜移默化的作用。英语阅读与写作教学必须集中力量搞好听、说、读、写的训练,才能真正全面培养学生的写作素质,从而提高学生的写作技能。2、主体教育理论所谓学生的主体性,是指在教育活动中,作为主体的学生在教师的指导下处理同外部世界关系时所表现出来的功能特征。在老师的写作方法的指导下,只有充分发挥学生的选择性、自主性、能动性和创造性,充分尊重学生自己对问题的看法,通过日记、简报等形式把时间和空间留给学生,英语写作的培养才有可能真正落到实处。3建构主义理论建构主义理论的核心是:以学生为中心,强调学生对知识的主动探索、主动发现和对所学知识意义的主动建构。建构主义认为,知识不是通过教师传授得到,而是学习者在一定的情境即社会文化背景下,借助学习是获取知识的过程其他人(包括教师和学习伙伴)的帮助,利用必要的学习资料,通过意义建构的方式而获得。学生根据自己所学知识和自己的阅历拟定自己的写作计划。三.选题背景及研究意义:1.背景:目前,我国正在全面推进素质教育,改革传统英语课堂教学,采用科学、有效的教学方法,激发学生学习英语的主动性和自觉性,提高综合运用语言的能力,已成为每一位英语教师面临的重要课题。由于传统的英语教学只重视语言知识的单纯传授,教师对学生处于“我教你学,我讲你听”的地位,忽略了学生个性化的体验,忽略了培养写作思维。往往许多学生背诵了许多语法规则,而没有在大量的语言实践中形成良好的语感,还是写不好作文。这违背学习和运用英语规律的表现,不符合新课程的改革目标,也不利于学生全面和谐的发展。同时学生由于受母语的影响,所写句子往往汉化,支离破碎,语法错误较多,缺乏连贯性,不能正确的言表意达,从而畏惧写作。而教师在课堂上对学生听、说能力训练较多,指导学生写作时间较少,对学生写作中存在的问题感到头疼。究其原因,除了学生对书面表达不够重视外。教师也确实缺少对学生写作的有效指导。学生缺乏再学习的能力,缺乏鲜明的个性,更缺乏创新精神和实际能力。2.意义:新课标指出:英语听、说、读、写四种技能,其中听、读是信息输入能力,说、写是信息输出能力,四种技能相辅相成,相互促进的,通过写作可以训练学生的口头表达能力和逻辑思维能力,写一篇作文,不论长短,都需要妥善地组织材料,突出重点,条理清楚。这样,在锻炼写作能力的同时,也锻炼了学生逻辑思维能力及分析问题的能力。英语写作水平能真正反映出学生的语言综合表达能力,体现学生的英语综合素质和运用英语的水平。学生英语写作能力差将直接影响学生综合运用语言的能力。提高初中学生写作能力,对于学生今后的英语学习具有很大的铺垫作用。因此,提高学生英语写作能力的策略显得尤为必要。四.课题研究过程及方法(一).过程:1、准备阶段(2010年9月-2010年10月)①确定课题,调查分析,进行理论学习。②结合我班学生实际,分析学生现有英语写作水平。2、实施阶段(2010年11月-2011年5月)①根据学生英语写作现状分析,拟定提高英语写作能力的策略,并在实际教学中实施。②对我所带班级进行跟踪研究,并对相关研究情况进行不断反思和完善。3、总结阶段(2011年6月)撰写结题报告,结题鉴定。(二).方法:1.调查法:有目的、有计划的通过调查表、谈话和问卷等形式接触和了解教育对象,搜集相关资料进行初中生英语写作自主学习培养途径的分析研究。 2、行动研究法:在行动研究中不断地探索、在实践中进行不断的反思,通过计划,实践,观察,反思有计划、有目的地观察我班学生在写作方面能力的变化,做出详尽记录,然后进行分析处理,寻找得失原因,制定出对策,改进和解决学生英语写作的实际问题。3.个案研究法:通过英语写作能力培养途径的教学案例,在较长时间里对我班学生连续进行跟踪调查,发现每个学生英语写作方面存在的普遍和个别问题,从中总结出规律性的东西,在实际课堂教学过程中即时作出调整,边研究边反思,形成具体的操作,以培养学生准确的写作,从而研究出提高写作能力的策略。五.课题研究条件及保障:(1)研究者是一直奋战在一线的英语老师兼班主任,几乎每时每刻和学生在一起,有着足够的时间和空间观察学生,与学生交流,深入实施课题研究。(2)研究者教育教学改革的意识比较强,经常尝试进行教育教学改革实践,有相当的实践经验,并经常反思,受到领导和教师的好评。六.课题研究的预期成果:(1)撰写课题研究报告.(2)写教育随笔。(3)上教学公开课。

对人体遗传学的研究英语作文

参军
江湖
Today the way we consider human psychology and mental development is heavily determined by the genetic sciences.We now understand the importance of inherited characteristics more than ever before.Yet we are still unable to decide whether an indivial's personality and development are more influenced by genetic factors (nature) or by the environment (nurture).Research,relating to identical twins,has highlighted how significant inherited characteristics can be for an indivial's life.But whether these characteristics are able to develop within the personality of an indivial surely depends on whether the circumstances allow such a development.It seems that the experiences we have in life are so unpredictable and so powerful,that they can boost or over-ride other influences,and there seems to be plenty of research findings to confirm this.My own view is that there is no one major influence in a person's life.Instead,the traits we inherit from our parents and the situation and experiences that we encounter in life are constantly interacting.It is the interaction of the two that shapes a person's personality and dictates how that personality develops.If this were not true,we would be able to predict the behavior and character of a person from the moment they were born.In conclusion,I do not think that either nature or nurture is the major influence on a person,but that

英语作文 我的研究生规划

遥惠
冥王星
y graate life planning Einstein said: "love is the best teacher." As has been the professional very interested, whichgave me a great driving force, in order to meet the strong desire for knowledge and better study, I chose to read a graate student. In the graate student stage I will work hard, study of heart, to read more literature, to lay the foundation for a phd. "The ideal is the beacon, without ideal,there is no secure direction, without direction, there is no life."Three - year graate study time has a great influence on thedevelopment of human life. " for this reason I made apreliminary plan, what are the shortcomings, hope the teacherto give advice.The profound understanding to graate students anniversity is different, both in life and learning will be of greatchanges and discomfort. In order to better and faster to adapt to life as a graate student, devoted to scientific research andstudy, I will as soon as possible to adjust, arrange their ownlearning and living habits. By accepting the knowledge tocreate new knowledge, is being a graate student the biggest characteristic. The times of college students is to try to create their own to accept anything but at the masters and doctoral students are no longer for a variety of novel class accept according to the order, but to pay attention to the problems oforientation arrangement, focus all your energy, all courses andread the book should be a concern, must there is a problem oriented learning, and have their own point of view. As soon as possible from the passive recipients into an active explorer,and learn to swim in the academic field. The graate three years life quickly, the key is my life. More important to improve our ability (1) to improve the capability of programming,application software 2 learning ability to analyze and solve problems with 3 people, skills, contacts circle the first semester: understand the subject, course of study first, postgraatecourses study earnestly, must each door to achieve excellent,and timely review more doctrine thinking training; by searching the literature, written literature review and reading reports, in order to further improve the inction, analysis, comprehensive ability, to understand the development of dynamic task and actively to the teachers and students to ask, have a preliminary idea on the study of their future, with a faster access to scientific research activities; at the same time, efforts to improve the foreign language, the computer knowledge, with period with the social requirements of compound talentsconsistent. Second semester: access to research, to determine the appropriate topic, familiar with the experiment, learningcourses have a profound understanding of the research topic,and then determine the research topic. Some preliminary experiments, a preliminary understanding about theexperiment, from the whole of his experimental difficulties have experience. Then is formulated in accordance with thecomprehensive plan to start research. Third semester: began to study thoroughly familiar with in the research stage,personally think that we must develop a good habit, every dayto summarizes the experimental condition, and preliminaryanalysis; design and processing experiment is correct, if you want to use a short time to do experiments or more experiments to do a good job, we must use the method of experiment designokay, so before the experiment design of multiple options,select the best. A preliminary to write a paper, write the paperas a goal, continue to improve, continue to progress,constantly improve. Fourth semester: the beginning ofpublished papers, the main experiment preliminary began towrite a paper, write the paper as a goal, continue to improve,continue to progress, constantly improve; supplementary documents in time, the world is changing every day, to continue to add new document, difference of the experiment is likely andimagine himself great, therefore we need to refer to some literature to study, sometimes to make great changes to his plan! Pay attention to the exchange of ideas, usually more and students, teachers, teacher exchanges, learn from each have the advantage of people. Fifth semester: the final experimentsupplement, published research papers by the two semester ofin-depth study and exploration of the subject, has been very familiar with understanding, then a comprehensive inspection,on the experimental analysis, and further improve, targetedresearch; know well to the research field of books, the formation of the tree of the knowledge of their own;interdisciplinary learning, learn to other areas of uptake ofsome concepts, proce a different kind of inspiration for itselfconcerns, expand their knowledge, their thinking is more active,write papers more sensation; the sixth semester: write a thesis defense began to write research papers, one must first understand the format according to the test requirements, draw up an outline, and then step by stepTo draft, note paper creatively, stay time, delicate thoughts!Thesis writing and knowledge deposition process, the respondent and the explanation of knowledge, declarative,本回答被网友采纳

英语写作在英语学习中的重要性

明何由出
常棣
别急 会把英语写作能力提高的谈谈如何提高英语写作能力 关键词:英语写作能力 原则 方法 引言:英语写作能力是英语听、说、读、写四种基本能力之一,英语写作能有效地促进语言知识的内化。Swain(1985)提出“可理解输出”假设,认为包括写在内的语言产生性运用有助于学习者检验目的语句法结构和词语的使用,促进语言运用的自动化,有效地达到了语言习得的目的。通过写作,英语知识不断得到巩固并内在化,有利于英语技能的全面发展。但是,英语写作又是广大英语学习者最感头痛的问题之一,且容易被教师忽视,笔者以为如何提高英语写作能力值得我们认真研究。本文就此谈谈初浅的看法。 一、提高英语写作能力的原则 (一)渐进性原则。要坚持“句—段—篇”的训练程序,由易到难,循序渐进。在英语写作的初始阶段,要始终注意培养学生良好的写作习惯,狠抓基本功训练。在学生掌握了基本句型并能写出简单句子后,再要求学生根据一些体例写出小段的文章。在段落写作中要引导学生分析段落的结构、段落的中心句、句与句之间的逻辑关系、写作手法等,这样有利于下一步一篇文章的写作。在文章写作中要教会学生如何构思文章、如何运用正确的写作技巧等。 (二)多样性原则。要坚持训练形式的多样化及写作文体的多样性。从形式上而言,可以用回答提问的口头作文,也可以用续写故事;可以改写课文,也可以仿写课文;可以写提纲训练谋篇布局,也可以写拓展段训练发散思维……。从文体上而言,可以写说明文、议论文、记叙文,也可以写书信、便条、通知等实用文体。 (三)结合性原则。要坚持听说读训练和写训练相结合。根据语言习得理论,学习者在学习时常先通过听和读吸取语言知识,从而了解别人的思想,再通过说和写来表达自己的思想,让别人了解自己。大量的听说训练能促进读写能力的提高。因此,写与听说读紧密结合,进行多元化的能力训练,可使学生的各项能力互相影响、互相渗透、互相促进。 (四)控制性原则。要坚持写作前的指导,控制学生的汉语语言思维,发展英语语言思维。语言学习在很大程度上主要是模仿,而非随心所欲地自由表达。教师要加强写作前的指导,可给出范文让学生模仿,以熟悉其语篇结构。同时要控制其汉语语言思维,尽可能让学生习惯英语语言思维,以便于学生学习和掌握地道、正确的英语。 (五)持久性原则。要坚持长期、正确的写作训练。英语写作能力的提高并非一朝一夕之事,而是一个长期的、艰巨的、渐进的过程。这就要求教师、学生都要有充分的思想准备,要有坚韧不拔的意志和必胜的信心。 二、提高英语写作能力的方法。 (一)通过积累词汇量,提高英语写作能力。犹如土木砖石是建筑的材料一样,词汇是说话写作的必需材料,也是制约写作能力提高的瓶颈。可以想象,如果要写一个句子,10个单词有8个单词拼写错误或拼写不出,有2 个单词用法不当,又怎么能清楚地表达自己的思想呢?因此,在平时的教学中要强调学生记忆单词,记住单词的拼读、用法、意思等。记忆单词的方法有很多,各人有各人的记忆方法和习惯,可因人而异。教师可通过要求学生朗读单词、听写单词、默写单词、遣词造句、词汇竞赛等多种方法促进学生记单词。记忆单词是一个长期的反复的过程,要长期地坚持下去,才能不断积累大量的词汇,为英语写作打下坚实的基础。 (二)通过扩大阅读量,提高英语写作能力。古人云“熟读唐诗三百首,不会作诗也会吟”,这是汉语的一种学习方法,同样可借鉴于英语写作。多阅读是学生增加接触英语语言材料、接受信息、活跃思维、增长智力的一种途径,同时也是培养学生英语思维能力、提高理解力、增强语感、巩固和扩大词汇量的一种好方法,有利于促进英语写作能力的提高。在阅读训练中,教师要注意以下问题:一是指导阅读方法,分析文章结构、中心思想、段落中心句、写作方法等,帮助学生掌握各类文章的结构及写作方法。二要精读与泛读相结合,通过推敲优秀的文章来学会写作方法和选词用词;通过大量的泛读来吸取信息量,扩大词汇量。三要扩大阅读量。提供阅读的材料涉及面要广,才能不断扩大学生的知识面,使学生适应各种题材的写作。 (三)通过提高听说能力,提高英语写作能力。英语听说读写四种能力是相互影响、相互促进的,提高听说能力必定会促进写作能力的提高。要提高听说能力关键在于创设一个良好的英语环境。教师要尽可能地用英语授课,多开展专门的听说训练,同时开展丰富多彩的课外英语活动,让学生沉浸在英语海洋中去领略、去体会、去使用英语,久而久之,学生自然能使用正确的、地道的英语进行交谈与写作。 (四)通过重视写作过程,提高英语写作能力。长期以来,英语写作成果教学法(THE PRODUCT APPROACH)在我国居于主导地位,教师根据写作的终成品来判断写作的成败,重视写作的技术性细节(如格式、拼写、语法等),忽视写作过程的指导。根据D.Rumechart和J.McClelland提出的连通论(Connectionism)理论,写作包括写前阶段、具体写作、文章修改三个基本过程,这三个过程并非是线性排列,而是循环往复,穿插进行的。教师只有重视加强对写作三个过程的指导,才能更好地提高英语写作能力。在写作前阶段,教师重在指导学生如何挖掘题材,训练发散性思维,以及如何选择材料、谋篇布局等。在具体写作中,教师重在指导学生如何紧扣主题、运用正确的写作方法等。在文章修改中,教师重在指导学生如何修改语法及用词的错误。 (五)通过多写英语摘要,提高英语写作能力。英语摘要是把一篇文章的要点摘录出来,用自己的语言使之独立成一篇短文,这不是简单的摘录,而是忠于原文意思的再创作。写英语摘要有利于学生了解原文的文化背景、理解原文的中心意思、弄清原文的篇章结构,从而提高学生的逻辑思维能力和谋篇布局能力。 (六)通过发展英语语言思维能力,提高英语写作能力。英语写作是运用已掌握的内在化语言知识和表达方法,通过思维进行外在化输出的创作,因此英语语言思维能力在英语写作中作用非凡。对于我国学生而言,在英语写作中易受汉语语言思维的影响,难以直接用英语语言进行思维,不利于英语写作能力的提高,因此发展其英语语言思维能力尤为重要。教师要注意对学生的英语语言思维进行多方位、多角度的训练:要采取各种方法训练学生英语语言思维的广阔性、深刻性、发散性和创造性;要教会学生用英语思考问题、回答问题;要从训练形象思维开始,逐步过渡到抽象思维训练;在课文讲解中要尽可能不用汉语翻译而用英语解释,消除汉语思维的影响;要努力创设良好的英语环境,在英语交际中发展英语思维能力。 写好英语段落的三个标准 首先,一个段落必须有一个中心即主题思想,该中心由主题句特别是其中的题旨来表达。整个段落必须紧扣这个主题(stick or hold to the topic),这就是段落的统一性(unity)。其次,一个段落必须有若干推展句,使主题思想得到充分展开,从而给读者一个完整的感觉,这就是完整性(completeness or adequateness)。再者,一个段落不是杂乱无章的,而是有机的组合,句子的排列顺序必须合乎逻辑,从一个句子到另一个句子的过渡必须流畅(smooth),这就是连贯性(coherence)。下面我们就对这三个标准分别加以说明。 1、统一性 一个段落内的各个句子必须从属于一个中心,任何游离于中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。请看下例: Joe and I decided to take the long trip we'd always wanted across the country. We were like young kids buying our camper and stocking it with all the necessities of life. Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie. We started out in early spring from Minneapolis and headed west across the northern part of the country. We both enjoyed those people we met at the trailer park. Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner. To our surprise, we found that we liked the warm southern regions very much, and so we decided to stay here in New Mexico. 本段的主题句是段首句,controlling idea(中心思想)是take the long trip across the country.文中出现两个irrelevant sentences,一个是Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie,这一段是讲的是Joe and I ,中间出现一个Bella是不合适的。还有,Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner这一句更是与主题句不相关。考生在四级统考的作文卷上常常因为造出irrelevant sentences(不相关语句)而丢分,值得引起注意。再看一个例子: My name is Roseanna, and I like to keep physically fit. I used to weigh two hundred pounds, but I joined the YMCA for an exercise class and diet program. In one year I lost eighty pounds. I feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my five-feet frame again. I bought two new suitcases last week. Everyday I practice jogging three miles, swimming fifteen laps, lifting twenty-pound weights and playing tennis for one hour. My mother was a premature baby. 本段的controlling idea 是like to deep physically fit,但段中有两个irrelevant sentences,一个是I bought two new suitcases last week,另一个是My mother was a premature baby. 从上面两个例子可以看出,native speakers同样会造出来irrelevant sentences.卷面上如果这种句子多了,造成偏题或离题,那问题就更严重了。 2、完整性 正象我们前面说得那样,一个段落的主题思想靠推展句来实现,如果只有主题句而没有推展句来进一步交待和充实,就不能构成一个完整的段落。同样,虽然有推展句,但主题思想没有得到相对圆满的交待,给读者一种意犹未尽的感觉。这样的段落也不能完成其交际功能。例如: Physical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil. Work concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task. Besides, it is more useful to work —— you proce something rather than more anxiety or depression. 本段的主题句是段首句。本段的两个推展句均不能回答主题句中提出的问题。什么是“a mind in turmoil”(心境不平静)Physical work又如何能改变这种情况?为什么它能起therapy的作用?读者得不到明确的答案。由于四级统考的作文部分只要求写一篇100~120个词的三段式短文,每一段只有大约40个词左右,因此,要达到完整就必须尽可能地简明。例如: It is not always true that a good picture is worth a thousand words. Often writing is much clearer than a picture. It is sometimes difficult to figure out what a picture means, but a careful writer can almost always explain it. 段首句所表达的主题思想是一种看法,必须有具体事例加以验证。上述两个推展句只是在文字上对主题作些解释,整个段落内容空洞,简而不明。如果用一两个具体的例子的话,就可以把主题解释清楚了。比如下段: It is not always true that a picture is worth a thousand words. Sometimes, pictures are pretty useless things. If you can't swim and fall in the river and start gulping water, will you be better off to hold up a picture of yourself drowning, or start screaming “Help”? 3、连贯性(coherence) 连贯性包括意连和形连两个方面,前者指的是内在的逻辑性,后者指的是使用转换词语。当然这两者常常是不可分割的。只有形连而没有意连,句子之间就没有内在的有机的联系;反之,只有意连而没有形连,有时行文就不够流畅。 1)、意连 段落中句子的排列应遵循一定的次序,不能想到什么就写什么。如果在下笔之前没有构思,边写边想,写写停停,那就写不出一气呵成的好文章来。下面介绍几种常见的排列方式。 A.按时间先后排列(chronological arrangement) We had a number of close calls that day. When we rose, it was obviously late and we had to hurry so as not to miss breakfast; we knew the dining room staff was strict about closing at nine o'clock. Then, when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours —— it must have been close to noon —— the heat nearly hid us in; the radiator boiled over and we had to use most of our drinking water to cool it down. By the time we reached the mountain, it was our o'clock and we were exhausted. Here, judgement ran out of us and we started the tough climb to the summit, not realizing that darkness came suddenly in the desert. Sure enough, by six we were struggling and Andrew very nearly went down a steep cliff, dragging Mohammed and me along with him. By nine, when the wind howled across the flat ledge of the summit, we knew as we shivered together for warmth that it had not been our lucky day. 本段从“rose”(起床)写起,然后是吃早餐(“not to miss breakfast”, “closing at nine o'clock”),然后是“close to noon”,一直写到这一天结束(“By nine——”)。 B. 按位置远近排列(spatial arrangement)。例如: From a distance, it looked like a skinny tube, but as we got closer, we could see it flesh out before our eyes. It was tubular, all right, but fatter than we could see from far away. Furthermore, we were also astonished to notice that the building was really in two parts: a pagoda sitting on top of a tubular one-story structure. Standing ten feet away, we could marvel at how much of the pagoda was made up of glass windows. Almost everything under the wonderful Chinese roof was made of glass, unlike the tube that it was sitting on, which only had four. Inside, the tube was gloomy, because of the lack of light. Then a steep, narrow staircase took us up inside the pagoda and the light changed dramatically. All those windows let in a flood of sunshine and we could see out for miles across the flat land. 本段的写法是由远及近,从远处(“from a distance”)写起,然后“get closer”,再到(“ten feet away”),最后是“inside the pagoda”……当然,按位置远近来写不等于都是由远及近。根据需要,也可以由近及远,由表及里等等。 C. 按逻辑关系排列(logical arrangement) a. 按重要性顺序排列(arrangement in order of importance) If you work as a soda jerker, you will, of course, not need much skill in expressing yourself to be effective. If you work on a machine, your ability to express yourself will be of little importance. But as soon as you move one step up from the bottom, your effectiveness depends on your ability to reach others through the spoken or the written word. And the further away your job is from manual work, the larger the organization of which you are an employee, the more important it will be that you know how to convey your thoughts in writing or speaking. In the very large business organization, whether it is the government, the large corporation, or the Army, this ability to express oneself is perhaps the most important of all the skills a man can possess. 这一段谈的是表达能力,它的重要性与职业,身份有关,从“not need much skill”或“of little importance”到“more important”,最后是“most important”。 b.由一般到特殊排列(general-to-specific arrangement) If a reader is lost, it is generally because the writer has not been careful enough to keep him on the path. This carelessness can take any number of forms. Perhaps a sentence is so excessively cluttered that the reader, hacking his way through the verbiage, simply doesn't know what it means. Perhaps a sentence has been so shoddily constructed that the reader could read it in any of several ways. Perhaps the writer has switched tenses, or has switched pronouns in mid-sentence, so the reader loses track of when the action took place or who is talking. Perhaps sentence B is not logical sequel to sentence A —— the writer, in whose head the connection is clear, has not bothered to provide the missing link. Perhaps the writer has used an important word incorrectly by not taking the trouble to look it up. He may think that “sanguine” and “sanguinary” mean the same thing, but the difference is a bloody big one. The reader can only infer what the writer is trying to imply. 这一段谈的是a writer's carelessness,先给出一个general statement作为主题句,然后通过5个 ”perhaps”加以例证。 c. 由特殊到一般排列(specific-to-general arrangement) I do not understand why people confuse my Siamese cat, Prissy, with the one I had several years ago, Henry. The two cats are only alike in breed. Prissy, a quiet, feminine feline, loves me dearly but not possessively. She likes to keep her distance from people, exert her independence and is never so rude as to beg, lick, or sniff unceremoniously. Her usual posture is sitting upright, eyes closed, perfectly still. Prissy is a very proper cat. Henry, on the other hand, loved me dearly but possessively. He was my shadow from morning till night. He expected me to constantly entertain him. Henry never cared who saw him do anything, whether it was decorous or not, and he usually offended my friends in some way. The cat made himself quite comfortable, on the top of the television, across stranger's feet or laps, in beds, drawers, sacks, closets, or nooks. The difference between them is imperceptible to strangers. 本段的主题句是段首句,它仅提出一个问题:为什么两只猫会被搞混。然后对两者进行比较,末句才下结论。 2)、形连 行文的逻辑性常常要靠适当的转换词语及其他手段来实现。请读下面这一段文字并找出文中用以承上启下的词语: Walter's goal in life was to become a successful surgeon. First, though, he had to get through high school, so he concentrated all his efforts on his studies —— in particular, biology, chemistry, and math. Because he worked constantly on these subjects, Walter became proficient in them; however, Walter forgot that he needed to master other subjects besides those he had chosen. As a result, ring his junior year of high school, Walter failed both English and Latin. Consequently, he had to repeat these subjects and he was almost unable to graate on schele. Finally, on June 6, Walter achieved the first step toward realizing his goal. 本文中起承上启下的词语有两种,一种是转换词语(transitional words or phrases),另一种是起转换作用的其他连接手段(linking devices)。前者依次有:first, though, so, in particular, and, because, however, besides, as a result, both…and, consequently, and, finally.后者依次是:he, he, his, his, he, these, them, he, those, his, he, these, his. 本段中共有词汇105个,所使用的转换词语及其他连接用语共26个词,约占该段总词汇量的四分之一。由此可见,掌握好transitions不仅对行文的流(smoothness)有益,而且对于学生在半个小时内写足四级短文所要求的120个词也是不无好处的。 一个段落里如果没有transitions也就很难有coherence了。我们看下面一个例子:Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds. Writing uses written symbols. Speech developed about 500 000 years ago. Written language is a recent development. It was invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal. The word choice of writing is often relatively formal. Pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from. Pronunciation and accent are ignored in writing. A standard diction and spelling system prevails in the written language of most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and rise and fall of the voice. Writing lacks gesture, loudness and the rise and fall of the voice. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences. 本段中除了第6句开头出现一个起过渡作用的”it”之外,没有使用其他的过渡词语。这样,文中出现许多重复的词语,全段读起来也显得生硬而不自然。如果加上必要的过渡词语来修饰的话,这一段就成了下面一个流畅连贯的段落: Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds; writing, on the other hand, uses written symbols. Speech was developed about 500 000 years ago, but written language is a recent development, invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal, while the word choice of writing, by contrast, is often relatively formal. Although pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from, they are ignored in wiring because a standard diction and spelling system prevails in most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and the rise and fall of the voice, but writing lacks these features. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences. 4、有损连贯性的几种情况: 考生在写作中经常出现下面几种错误: 1、不必要的改变时态,比如: In the movie, Robert Redford was a spy. He goes to his office where he found everybody dead. Other spies wanted to kill him, so he takes refuge with Julie Christie. At her house, he had waited for the heat to die down, but they come after him anyway. 2、不必要的改变单复数,比如: Everybody looks for satisfaction in his life. They want to be happy. But if he seeks only pleasure in the short run, the person will soon run out of pleasure and life will catch up to him. They need to pursue the deeper pleasure of satisfaction in work and in relationships. 3、不必要的改变人称,比如: Now more than ever, parents need to be in touch with their children's activities because modern life has the tendency to cause cleavages in the family. You need to arrange family like it so that family members will do things together and know one another. You need to give up isolated pleasures of your own and realize that parents have a set of obligations to sponsor togetherness and therefore sponsor knowledge. 因此写作中,一定要注意时态,人称以及数的变化是否正确,要注意保持一致。