2018年考研英语（二）真题：新题型真题及答案（文字版）

OriginallybuiltfortheState,WarandNavyDepartmentsbetween1871and1888,theEisenhowerExecutiveOfficeBuildingnowhousesamajorityofofficesforWhiteHousestaff.TheEisenhowerExecutiveOfficeBuildingislocatednexttotheWestWing,andhousesamajorityofofficesforWhiteHousestaff.OriginallybuiltfortheState,WarandNavyDepartmentsbetween1871and1888,theEEOBisanimpressivebuildingthatcommandsauniquepositioninbothournationalhistoryandarchitecturalheritage.DesignedbySupervisingArchitectoftheTreasuryAlfredMullett,thegranite,slateandcastironexteriormakestheEEOBoneofAmerica’sbestexamplesoftheFrenchSecondEmpirestyleofarchitecture.Ittook17yearsforMullett’smasterpiecetofinallybecompleted.TakeatouroftheEEOBhere.HistoryNextdoortotheWhiteHouse,theEisenhowerExecutiveOfficeBuilding(EEOB)commandsauniquepositioninbothournationalhistoryandarchitecturalheritage.DesignedbySupervisingArchitectoftheTreasury,AlfredB.Mullett,itwasbuiltfrom1871to1888tohousethegrowingstaffsoftheState,War,andNavyDepartments,andisconsideredoneofthebestexamplesofFrenchSecondEmpirearchitectureinthecountry.InboldcontrasttomanyofthesomberclassicalrevivalbuildingsinWashington,theEEOB’sflamboyantstyleepitomizestheoptimismandexuberanceofthepost-CivilWarperiod.TheState,War,andNavyBuilding,asitwasoriginallyknown,housedthethreeExecutiveBranchDepartmentsmostintimatelyassociatedwithformulatingandconctingthenation’sforeignpolicyinthelastquarterofthenineteenthcenturyandthefirstquarterofthetwentiethcentury—theperiodwhentheUnitedStatesemergedasaninternationalpower.Thebuildinghashousedsomeofthenation’smostsignificantdiplomatsandpoliticiansandhasbeenthesceneofmanyhistoricevents.ThehistoryoftheEEOBbeganlongbeforeitsfoundationswerelaid.ThefirstexecutiveofficeswereconstructedonsitesflankingtheWhiteHousebetween1799and1820.Aseriesoffires(includingthosesetbytheBritishin1814)andovercrowdedconditionsledtotheconstructionoftheexistingTreasuryBuilding.In1866,theconstructionoftheNorthWingoftheTreasuryBuildingnecessitatedthedemolitionoftheStateDepartmentbuildingtothenortheastoftheWhiteHouse.TheStateDepartmentthenmovedtotheD.C.OrphanAsylumBuildingwhiletheWarandNavyDepartmentscontinuedtomakedowiththeircrampedquarterstothewestoftheWhiteHouse.InDecemberof1869,CongressappointedacommissiontoselectasiteandprepareplansandcostestimatesforanewStateDepartmentBuilding.ThecommissionwasalsotoconsiderpossiblearrangementsfortheWarandNavyDepartments.TothehorrorofsomewhoexpectedaGreekRevivaltwinoftheTreasuryBuildingtobeerectedontheothersideoftheWhiteHouse,theelaborateFrenchSecondEmpirestyledesignbyAlfredMullettwasselected,andconstructionofabuildingtohouseallthreedepartmentsbeganinJuneof1871.Constructiontook17yearsasthebuildingslowlyrosewingbywing.WhentheEEOBwasfinishedin1888,itwasthelargestofficebuildinginWashington,withnearly2milesofblackandwhitetiledcorridors.Almostalloftheinteriordetailisofcastironorplaster;theuseofwoodwasminimizedtoinsurefiresafety.Eightmonumentalcurvingstaircasesofgranitewithover4,000indiviallycastbronzebalustersarecappedbyfourskylightdomesandtwostainedglassrotundas.Completedin1875,theStateDepartment’ssouthwingwasthefirsttobeoccupied,withitselegantfour-storylibrary(completedin1876),DiplomaticReceptionRoom,andSecretary’sofficedecoratedwithcarvedwood,Orientalrugs,andstenciledwallpatterns.TheNavyDepartmentmovedintotheeastwingin1879,whereelaboratewallandceilingstencilingandmarqetryfloorsdecoratedtheofficeoftheSecretary.TheIndianTreatyRoom,originallytheNavy’slibraryandreceptionroom,costmorepersquarefootthananyotherroominthebuildingbecauseofitsrichmarblewallpanels,tiledfloors,800-poundbronzesconces,andgoldleafornamentation.ThisroomhasbeenthesceneofmanyPresidentialnewsconferencesandcontinuestobeusedforconferencesandreceptionsattendedbythePresident.Theremainingnorth,west,andcenterwingswereconstructedfortheWarDepartmentandtookanadditional10yearstobuild.Notableinteriorsincludeanornatecast-ironlibrary,theSecretary’ssuite,andthestainedglassskylightoverthewestwing’sdoublestaircase.ManyofourmostcelebratednationalfigureshaveparticipatedinhistoricaleventsthathavetakenplacewithintheEEOB’sgranitewalls.TheodoreandFranklinD.Roosevelt,WilliamHowardTaft,DwightD.Eisenhower,LyndonB.Johnson,GeraldFord,andGeorgeH.W.BushallhadofficesinthisbuildingbeforebecomingPresident.Ithashoused16SecretariesoftheNavy,21SecretariesofWar,and24SecretariesofState.WinstonChurchilloncewalkeditscorridorsandJapaneseemissariesmetherewithSecretaryofStateCordellHullafterthebombingofPearlHarbor.PresidentHerbertHooveroccupiedtheSecretaryofNavy’sofficeforafewmonthsfollowingafireintheOvalOfficeonChristmasEve1929.Inrecenthistory,PresidentRichardNixonhadaprivateofficehere.VicePresidentLyndonB.JohnsonwasthefirstinasuccessionofVicePresidentstothepresentdaythathavehadofficesinthebuilding.Graally,theoriginaltenantsoftheEEOBvacatedthebuilding–theNavyDepartmentleftin1918(exceptfortheSecretarywhostayeduntil1921),followedbytheWarDepartmentin1938,andfinallybytheStateDepartmentin1947.TheWhiteHousebegantomovesomeofitsofficesacrossWestExecutiveAvenuein1939,andin1949thebuildingwasturnedovertotheExecutiveOfficeofthePresidentandrenamedtheExecutiveOfficeBuilding.ThebuildingcontinuestohousevariousagenciesthatcomprisetheExecutiveOfficeofthePresident,suchastheWhiteHouseOffice,theOfficeoftheVicePresident,theOfficeofManagementandBudget,andtheNationalSecurityCouncil.TheFrenchSecondEmpirestyleoriginatedinEurope,whereitfirstappearedringtherebuildingofParisinthe1850sand60s.BaseduponFrenchRenaissanceprototypes,suchastheLouvrePalace,theSecondEmpirestyleischaracterizedbytheuseofasteepmansardroof,centralandendpavilions,andanelaboratelysculpturedfacade.Itssophisticationappealedtovisitingforeigners,especiallyinEnglandandAmerica,whereasearlyasthelate1850s,architectsbeganadoptingisolatedfeaturesand,eventually,thestyleasacoherentwhole.AlfredMullett’sinterpretationoftheFrenchSecondEmpirestylewas,however,particularlyAmericanizedinitslackofanornatesculpturalprogramanditsbold,lineardetails.Whileitwasonlyaprojectonthedraftingtable,thedesignoftheEEOBwassubjecttocontroversy.Whenitwascompletedin1888,theSecondEmpirestylehadfallenfromfavor,andMullett’smasterpiecewasperceivedbycapriciousVictoriansasonlyanembarrassingreminderofpastwhimsinarchitecturalpreference.ThiswasespeciallythecasewiththeEEOB,sincepreviousplansforabuildingonthesamesitehadbeenintheGreekRevivialstyleoftheTreasuryBuilding.In1917,theCommissionofFineArtsrequestedJohnRussellPopetopreparesketchesoftheState,War,andNavybuildingthatincorporatedClassicalfacades.Duringthesameyear,WashingtonarchitectWaddyB.WoodcompletedadrawingdepictingthebuildingremodeledtoresembletheTreasuryBuilding.Thisprojectwasrevivedin1930whenCongressappropriated$3millionforitsconstruction.Woodworkedfor3yearsonthedesigntoremovethegranitewallsandreplacethemwithmarble,buttheprojectwasshelvedetofinancialburdensimposedbytheGreatDepression.In1957,PresidentEisenhower‘sAdvisoryCommitteeonPresidentialOfficeSpacerecommendeddemolitionoftheExecutiveOfficeBuildingandconstructionofamodernofficefacility.However,thepublicoutcry,andtheoverwhelmingexpensesassociatedwiththedemolition,savedthebuilding.Thebuildinghasnotbeenwithoutdetractors.IthasbeenreferredtoasMullett’s“architecturalinfantasylum”bywriterHenryAdams.PresidentHarryS.Trumancametothedefenseofthebuildingwhenitwasthreatenedbydemolitionin1958.Hesaiditwas“thegreatestmonstrosityinAmerica”.NotedarchitecturalhistorianHenry-RussellHitchcock,howeverdescribeditas“perhapsthebestextantexampleinAmericaofthesecondempire.”ThebuildingwasdesignatedaNationalHistoricLandmarkin1969.In1972,itwaslistedontheNationalRegisterofHistoricPlacesandtheDistrictofColumbiaInventoryofHistoricSites.Since1981,theOfficeofAdministrationoftheExecutiveOfficeofthePresidenthasactivelypursuedarigorousprogramofrehabilitationoftheEEOB.TheentirestructurehasbenefitedfromanupgradedmaintenanceprogramthathasalsoincludedrestorationofsomeoftheEEOB’smostspectacularhistoricinteriors.In1988,CongressenactedlegislationtoallowtheOfficeofAdministrationtoacceptgiftsandloansfromthepubliconbehalfoftheEEOBtobeusedforpreservationandrestorationpurposes.PersonsinterestedinfindingoutmoreaboutthepreservationprogramorinmakingacontributionshouldcontactthePreservationOffice.FactsArchitecturalStyle:FrenchSecondEmpireConstructionDates:1871–1888(17yearstotal)SupervisingArchitects:AlfredMullett(1869-1874),WilliamPotter(1875-1875),OrvilleBabcock(1875-1877),ThomasLincolnCasey(1877-1888)ChiefDesigner:RichardEzdorfTotalCost:$10,038,482.42TotalBuildingArea:662,598GSF(15.21acresor111/2footballfields)NumberofLevels:Basement,Ground,Floors1through5OriginalNumberofRooms:553ExteriorColumns:900OriginalInteriorDoors:1,314OriginalExteriorWindows:1,572BronzeStairBalusters:4,004NumberofSteps:1,784(76lessthantheEmpireStateBuildingwith1,860steps)NumberofStairs:65TotalCorridorLength:9,160′-1″or1.73miles(2.793kilometers)NumberofOriginalFireplaces:151(83remain)WhiteHouseLogo正确答案顺序是：DEGBA简要解析如下：D选项放在41题：众多选项都出现了EEOB这个简称，不论中文还是英文，都必须先有全称，再给简称。只有D选项出现了全称接下来，首句信息出现时间关系的有四个选项：B: Completedin1875...E: ThehistoryoftheEEOB...F: Constructiontook17years...G: InDecemberof1869四个选项中，E选项显然是一个总起，阐述接下来所有的时间结构，然后顺序应该是G-F-B。结合F选项的位置，可以判断42-44的选项是EGBA选项没有任何时间关系，结合前面的信息，只能放在最后

接下来讲一下材料题。37题。这道题我讲课的时候说过题面是工匠精神，讲课的时候并没有直接用这个材料。直接预测材料，材料只是一个引子，并不重要，要读材料找考点。问法是材料里拿出两句话，工匠精神实质是什么

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