2021考研英语一真题及答案

考试采取“一题多卷”模式，试题答案顺序不统一，请依据试题进行核对。SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Fluidintelligenceisthetypeofintelligencethathastodowithshort-termmemoryandtheabilitytothinkquickly,logically,andabstractlyinordertosolvenewproblems.It_____(1)inyoungalthood,levelsoutforaperiodoftime,andthen_____(2)startstoslowlydeclineasweage.But_____(3)agingisinevitable,scientistsarefindingthatcertainchangesinbrainfunctionmaynotbe.Onestudyfoundthatmusclelossandthe_____(4)ofbodyfataroundtheabdomenareassociatedwithadeclineinfluidintelligence.Thissuggeststhe_____(5)thatlifestylefactorsmighthelppreventor_____(6)thistypeofdecline.Theresearcherslookedatdatathat_____(7)measurementsofleanmuscleandabdominalfatfrommorethan4,000middle-to-older-agedmenandwomenand_____(8)thatdatatoreportedchangesinfluidintelligenceoverasix-yearperiod.Theyfoundthatmiddle-agedpeople_____(9)highermeasuresofabdominalfat_____(10)worseonmeasuresoffluidintelligenceastheyears_____(11).Forwomen,theassociationmaybe_____(12)tochangesinimmunitythatresultedfromexcessabdominalfat;inmen,theimmunesystemdidnotappeartobe_____(13)Itishopedthatfuturestudiescould_____(14)thesedifferencesandperhapsleadtodifferent_____(15)formenandwomen._____(16)therearestepsyoucan_____(17)tohelpreceabdominalfatandmaintainleanmusclemassasyouageinordertoprotectbothyourphysicalandmental_____(18).Thetwohighlyrecommendedlifestyleapproachesaremaintainingorincreasingyour_____(19)ofaerobicexerciseandfollowingMediterranean-style_____(20)thatishighinfiberandeliminateshighlyprocessedfoods.1.【题干】1._____【选项】A.pausesB.returnC.peaksD.fades【答案】C2.【题干】2._____【选项】A.alternativelyB.formallyC.accidentallyD.generally【答案】D3.【题干】3._____【选项】A.whileB.sinceC.onceD.until【答案】A4.【题干】4._____【选项】A.detectionB.accumulationC.consumptionD.separation【答案】B5.【题干】5._____【选项】A.possibilityB.decisionC.goalD.requirement【答案】A6.【题干】6._____【选项】A.delayB.ensureC.seekD.utilize【答案】A7.【题干】7._____【选项】A.modifyB.supportedC.includedD.predicted【答案】C8.【题干】8._____【选项】A.devotedB.comparedC.convertedD.applied【答案】B9.【题干】9._____【选项】A.withB.aboveC.byD.against【答案】A10.【题干】10._____【选项】A.aboveB.managedC.scoredD.played【答案】C11.【题干】11._____【选项】A.ranoutB.setoffC.drewinD.wentby【答案】D12.【题干】12._____【选项】A.superiorB.attributableC.parallelD.resistant【答案】B13.【题干】13._____【选项】A.restoredB.isolatedC.involvedD.controlled【答案】C14.【题干】14._____【选项】A.alterB.spreadC.removeD.explain【答案】D15.【题干】15._____【选项】A.compensationsB.symptomsC.demandsD.treatments【答案】D16.【题干】16._____【选项】A.LikewiseB.MeanwhileC.ThereforeD.Instead【答案】B17.【题干】17._____【选项】A.changeB.watchC.countD.take【答案】D18.【题干】18._____【选项】A.well-beingB.processC.formationD.coordination【答案】A19.【题干】19._____【选项】A.levelB.loveC.knowledgeD.space【答案】A20.【题干】20._____【选项】A.designB.routineC.dietD.prescription【答案】CSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Howcanthetrainoperatorspossiblyjustifyyetanotherincreasetorailpassengerfares?Ithasbecomeagrimlyreliableannualritual:everyJanuarythecostoftravellingbytrainrises,imposingasignificantextraburdenonthosewhohavenooptionbuttousetherailnetworktogettoworkorotherwise.Thisyear'srise,anaverageof2.7percent,maybeafractionlowerthanlastyear's,butitisstillwellabovetheofficialConsumerPriceIndex(CPI)measureofinflation.Successivegovernmentshavepermittedsuchincreasesonthegroundsthatthecostofinvestinginandrunningtherailnetworkshouldbebornebythosewhouseit,ratherthanthegeneraltaxpayer.Why,theargumentgoes,shouldacar-drivingpensionerfromLincolnshirehavetosubsidisethedailycommuteofastockbrokerfromSurrey?EquallythereisasensethatthetravailsofcommutersintheSouthEast,manyofwhomwillfaceamongthebiggestrises,havereceivedtoomuchattentioncomparedtothosewhomustenretherelativelypoorinfrastructureoftheMidlandsandtheNorth.However,overthepast12months,thosecommutershavealsoexperiencedsomeoftheworstrailstrikesinyears.Itisallverywelltrainoperatorstrumpetingtheimprovementstheyaremakingtothenetwork,butpassengersshouldbeabletoexpectabasiclevelofserviceforthesubstantialsumstheyarenowpayingtotravel.Theresponsibilityforthelatestwaveofstrikesrestsontheunions.However,thereisastrongcasethatthosewhohavebeenworstaffectedbyinstrialactionshouldreceivecompensationforthedisruptiontheyhavesuffered.TheGovernmenthaspledgedtochangethelawtointroceaminimumservicerequirementsothat,evenwhenstrikesoccur,servicescancontinuetooperate.Thisshouldformpartofawiderpackageofmeasurestoaddressthelong-runningproblemsonBritain'srailways.Yes,moreinvestmentisneeded,butpassengerswillnotbewillingtopaymoreindefinitelyiftheymustalsoenrecramped,unreliableservices,punctuatedbyregularchaoswhentimetablesarechanged,orplannedmaintenanceismanagedincompetently.Thethreatofnationalisationmayhavebeenseenofffornow,butitwillreturnwithavengeanceifthejustifiedangerofpassengersisnotaddressedinshortorder.21.【题干】Theauthorholdsthatthisyear'sincreaseinrailpassengersfares_____.【选项】A.willeasetrainoperation's'burden.B.haskeptpacewithinflation.C.isabigsurprisetocommuters.D.remainsanunreasonablemeasure.【答案】D22.【题干】Thestockbrokerin2isusedtostandfor_____.【选项】A.cardriversB.railtravellersC.localinvestorsD.ordinarytaxpayers【答案】B23.【题干】Itisindicatedin3thattrainoperators_____.【选项】A.areofferingcompensationstocommuters.B.aretryingtorepairrelationswiththeunions.C.havefailedtoprovideanadequateservice.D.havesufferedhugelossesowingtothestrikes.【答案】C24.【题干】Ifunabletocalmdownpassengers,therailwaysmayhavetoface_____.【选项】A.thelossofinvestment.B.thecollapseofoperations.C.arectionofrevenueD.achangeofownership.【答案】D25.【题干】Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?【选项】A.WhoAretoBlamefortheStrikes?B.ConstantComplainingDoesn'tWorkC.CanNationalizationBringHope?D.Ever-risingFaresAren'tSustainable【答案】DLastyearmarkedthethirdyearinarowofthatIndonesia’sbleakrateofdeforestationhasslowedinpace.Onereasonfortheturnaroundmaybethecountry'santipovertyprogram.In2007,Indonesiastartedphasinginprogramthatgivesmoneytoitspoorestresidentsundercertainconditions,suchasrequiringpeopletokeepkidsinschoolorgetregularmedicalcare.CalledconditionalcashtransfersorCCTs,thesesocialassistanceprogramsaredesignedtoreceinequalityandbreakthecycleofpoverty.They'realreadyusedindozensofcountriesworldwide.InIndonesia,theprogramhasprovidedenoughfoodandmedicinetosubstantiallyreceseveregrowthproblemsamongchildren.ButCCTprogramsdon'tgenerallyconsidereffectsontheenvironment.Infact,povertyalleviationandenvironmentalprotectionareoftenviewedasconflictinggoals,saysPaulFerraro,aneconomistatJohnsHopkinsUniversity.That'sbecauseeconomicgrowthcanbecorrelatedwithenvironmentaldegradation,whileprotectingtheenvironmentissometimescorrelatedwithgreaterpoverty.However,thosecorrelationsdon'tprovecauseandeffect.Theonlypreviousstudyanalyzingcausality,basedonanareainMexicothathadinstitutedCCTs,supportedthetraditionalview.There,aspeoplegotmoremoney,someofthemmayhavemoreclearedlandforcattletoraiseformeat,Ferrarosays.Suchprogramsdonothavetonegativelyaffecttheenvironment,though.FerrarowantedtoseeifIndonesia'spoverty-alleviationprogramwasaffectingdeforestation.Indonesiahasthethird-largestareaoftropicalforestintheworldandoneofthehighestdeforestationrates.Ferraroanalyzedsatellitedatashowingannualforestlossfrom2008to2012-includingringIndonesia'sphase-inoftheantipovertyprogram-in7,468forestedvillagesacross15provincesandmultipleislands.TheoseparatedtheeffectsoftheCCTprogramonforestlossfromotherfactors,likeweatherandmacroeconomicchanges,whichwerealsoaffectingforestloss.Withthat,"weseethattheprogramisassociatedwitha30percentrectionindeforestation,"Ferrarosays.That'slikelybecausetheruralpoorareusingthemoneyasmakeshiftinsurancepoliciesagainstinclementweather,Ferrarosays.Typically,ifrainsaredelayed,peoplemayclearlandtoplantmorericetosupplementtheirharvests.WiththeCCTs,indivialsinsteadcanusethemoneytosupplementtheirharvests.Whetherthisresearchtranslateselsewhereisanybody'sguess.Ferrarosuggeststheimportanceofgrowingriceandmarketaccess.Andregardlessoftransferability,thestudyshowsthatwhat'sgoodforpeoplemayalsobegoodforthevalueoftheavoideddeforestationjustforcarbondioxideemissionsaloneismorethantheprogramcosts.26.【题干】Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,CCTprogramsaimto_____.【选项】A.facilitatehealthcarereform.B.helppoorfamiliesgetbetteroff.C.improvelocalecationsystems.D.lowerdeforestationrates.【答案】B27.【题干】ThestudybasedonanareainMexicoiscitedtoshowthat_____.【选项】A.cattlerearinghasbeenamajormeansoflivelihoodforthepoor.B.CCTprogramshavehehelpedpreservetraditionallifestyles.C.antipovertyeffortsrequiretheparticipationoflocalfarmers.D.economicgrowthtendstocauseenvironmentaldegradation.【答案】D28.【题干】InhisstudyaboutIndonesia,Ferrarointendstofindout_____.【选项】A.itsacceptancelevelofCCTs.B.itsannualrateofpovertyalleviation.C.therelationofcctstoitsforestloss.D.theroleofitsforestsinclimatechange.【答案】C29.【题干】AccordingtoFerraro,theCCTprograminIndonesiaismostvaluableinthat_____.【选项】A.itwillbenefitotherAsiancountries.B.itwillreceregionalinequality.C.itcanprotecttheenvironment.D.itcanboostgrainproction.【答案】C30.【题干】Whatisthetextcenteredon?【选项】A.Theeffectsofaprogram.B.Thedebatesoveraprogram.C.Theprocessofastudy.D.Thetransferabilityofastudy.【答案】AAsahistorianwho'salwayssearchingforthetextortheimagethatmakesusre-evaluatethepast,I'vebecomepreoccupiedwithlookingforphotographsthatshowourVictorianancestorssmiling(whatbetterwaytoshattertheimageof19th-centuryprudery?).I'vefoundquiteafew,and-sinceIstartedpostingthemonTwitter-theyhavebeencausingquitestir.PeoplehavebeensurprisedtoseeevidencethatVictorianshadfunandcould,anddid,laugh.TheyarenotingthattheVictorianssuddenlyseemtobecomemorehumanasthehundred-or-soyearsthatseparateusfadeawaythroughourcommonexperienceoflaughter.Ofcourse,Ineedtoconcedethatmycollectionof'SmilingVictorians'makesuponlyatinypercentageofthevastcatalogueofphotographicportraiturecreatedbetween1840and1900,themajorityofwhichshowsittersposingmiserablyandstifflyinfrontofpaintedbackdrops,orstaringabsentlyintothemiddledistance.Howdoweexplainthistrend?Duringthe1840sand1850s,intheearlydaysofphotography,exposuretimeswerenotoriouslylong:thedaguerreotypephotographicmethod(procinganimageonasilveredcopperplate)couldtakeseveralminutestocomplete,resultinginblurredimagesassittersshiftedpositionoradjustedtheirlimbs.Thethoughtofholdingafixedgrinasthecameraperformeditsmagicaltieswastoomuchtocontemplate,andsoanon-committalblankstarebecamethenorm.Butexposuretimesweremuchquickerbythe1880s,andtheintroctionoftheBoxBrownieandotherportablecamerasmeantthat,thoughslowbytoday'sdigitalstandards,theexposurewasalmostinstantaneous.Spontaneoussmileswererelativelyeasytocapturebythe1890s,sowemustlookelsewhereforanexplanationofwhyVictoriansstillhesitatedtosmile.Oneexplanationmightbethelossofdignitydisplayedthroughacheesygrin.“Naturegaveuslipstoconcealourteeth,”ranonepopularVictorianmaxim,alludingtothefactthatbeforethebirthofproperdentistry,mouthswereofteninashockingstateofhygiene.Aflashingsetofhealthyandclean,regularpearlywhites'raresightinVictoriansociety,thepreserveofthesuper-rich(andeventhen,dentalhygienewasnotguaranteed).Atoothygrin(especiallywhenthereweregapsorblackenedteeth)lackedclass:drunks,tramps,prostitutesandbuffoonishmusichallperformersmightgurnandgrinwithasmileaswideasLewisCarroll'sgum-exposingCheshireCat,butitwasnotabecominglookforproperlybredpersons.EvenMarkTwain,amanwhoenjoyedaheartylaugh,saidthatwhenitcametophotographicportraitstherecouldbe"nothingmoredamningthanasilly,foolishsmilefixedforever".31.【题干】AccordingtoParagraph1,theauthor'spostsonTwitter._____【选项】A.changedpeople'simpressionoftheVictorians.B.highlightedsocialmedia'sroleinVictorianstudies.C.re-evaluatedtheVictorians'notionofpublicimage.D.illustratedthedevelopmentofVictorianphotography.【答案】A32.【题干】WhatdoesauthorsayabouttheVictorianportraitshehascollected?_____【选项】A.Theyareinpopularuseamonghistorians.B.Theyarerareamongphotographsofthatage.C.Theymirror19th-centurysocialconventions.D.Theyshoweffectsofdifferentexposuretimes.【答案】B33.【题干】WhatmighthavekepttheVictoriansfromsmilingforpicturesinthe1890s?_____【选项】A.Theirinherentsocialsensitiveness.B.Theirtensionbeforethecamera.C.Theirdistrustofnewinventions.D.Theirunhealthydentalcondition.【答案】D34.【题干】MarkTwainisquotedtoshowthatthedisapprovalofsmilesinpictureswas_____.【选项】A.adeep-rootbelief.B.amisguidedattitude.C.acontroversialview.D.athought-provokingidea.【答案】A35.【题干】Whichofthefollowingquestionsdoesthetextanswer?_____【选项】A.WhydidmostVictorianslooksterninphotographs?B.WhydidtheVictoriansstartviewphotographs?C.WhatmadephotographydevelopslowlyintheVictorianperiod?D.Howdidsmilinginphotographsbecomeapost-Victoriannorm?【答案】AFromtheearlydaysofbroadband,advocatesforconsumersandweb-basedcompaniesworriedthatthecableandphonecompaniessellingbroadbandconnectionshadthepowerandincentivetofavoraffiliatedwebsitesovertheirrivals.That'swhytherehasbeensuchastrongdemandforrulesthatwouldpreventbroadbandprovidersfrompickingwinnersandlosersonline,preservingthefreedomandinnovationthathavebeenthelifebloodoftheinternet.Yetthatdemandhasbeenalmostimpossibletofill-inpartbecauseofpushbackfrombroadbandproviders,anti-regulatoryconservativesandthecourts.AfederalappealscourtweighedinagainTuesday,butinsteadofprovidingbadlyneededresolution,itonlyprolongedthefight.AtissuebeforetheU.S.CourtofAppealsfortheDistrictofColumbiaCircuitwasthelatesttakeoftheFederalCommunicationsCommission(FCC)onnetneutrality,adoptedonaparty-linevotein2017.TheRepublican-pennedordernotonlyeliminatedthestrictnetneutralityrulestheFCChadadoptedwhenithadaDemocraticmajorityin2015,butrejectedthecommission'sauthoritytorequirebroadbandproviderstodomuchofanything.Theorderalsodeclaredthatstateandlocalgovernmentscouldn'tregulatebroadbandproviderseither.Thecommissionarguedthatotheragencieswouldprotectagainstanti-competitivebehavior,suchasabroadband-providingconglomeratelikeAT&Tfavoringitsownvideo-streamingserviceattheexpenseofNetflixandAppleTV.YettheFCCalsoendedtheinvestigationsofbroadbandprovidersthatimposeddatacapsontheirrivals'streamingservicesbutnottheirown.OnTuesday,theappealscourtunanimouslyupheldthe2017orderderegulatingbroadbandproviders,citingaSupremeCourtrulingfrom2005thatupheldasimilarlyderegulatorymove.ButJudgePatriciaMillettrightlyarguedinaconcurringopinionthat“theresultisunhingedfromtherealitiesofmodernbroadbandservice,”andsaidCongressortheSupremeCourtcouldinterveneto"avoidtrappingInternetregulationintechnologicalanachronism."Inthemeantime,thecourtthrewouttheFCC'sattempttoblockallstaterulesonnetneutrality,whilepreservingthecommission'spowertopreemptindivialstatelawsthatundermineitsorder.ThatmeansmorebattlesliketheonenowgoingonbetweentheJusticeDepartmentandCalifornia,whichenactedatoughnetneutralitylawinthewakeoftheFCC'sabdication.Theendlesslegalbattlesandback-and-forattheFCCcryoutforCongresstoact.Itneedstogivethecommissionexplicitauthorityonceandforalltobarbroadbandprovidersfrommeddlinginthetrafficontheirnetworkandtocreateclearrulesprotectingopennessandinnovationonline.36.【题干】Therehaslongbeenconcernthatbroadbandprovideswould_____.【选项】A.bringweb-basedfirmsundercontrol.B.slowdownthetrafficontheirnetwork.C.showpartialityintreatingclients.D.intensifycompetitionwiththeirrivals.【答案】C37.【题干】Facedwiththedemandfornetneutralityrules,theFcc_____.【选项】A.Stickstoanout-of-dateorder.B.Takesananti-regulatorystance.C.Hasissuedaspecialresolution.D.Hasallowedthestatestointervene.【答案】B38.【题干】WhatcanbelearnedaboutAT&TfromParagraph3?【选项】A.Itprotectsagainstunfaircompetition.B.Itengagesinanti-competitivepractices.C.ItisundertheFCC'sinvestigation.D.Itisinpursuitofqualityservice.【答案】B39.【题干】JudgePatriciaMillettarguesthattheappealscourt'sdecision_____.【选项】A.focusesontrivialities.B.conveysanambiguousmessage.C.isatoddswithitsearlierrulings.D.isoutoftouchwithreality.【答案】D40.【题干】Whatdoestheauthorargueinthelastparagraph?【选项】A.Congressneedstotakeactiontoensurenetneutrality.B.TheFCCshouldbeputunderstrictsupervision.C.Rulesneedtobesettodiversifyonlineservices.D.Broadbandproviders'rightsshouldbeprotected.【答案】ASectionIIReadingComprehensionPartBThefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Gandfillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsCandFhavebeencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)Inthemoviesandontelevision,artificialintelligenceistypicallydepictedassomethingsinisterthatwillupendourwayoflife.WhenitcomestoAIinbusiness,weoftenhearaboutitinrelationtoautomationandtheimpendinglossofjobs,butinwhatwaysisAIchangingcompaniesandthelargereconomythatdon’tinvolvedoom-and-massunemploymentpredictions?ArecentsurveyofmanufacturingandserviceinstriesfromTataConsultancyServicesfoundthatcompaniescurrentlyuseAlmoreoftenincomputer-to-computeractivitiesthaninautomatinghumanactivities.Onecommonapplication?Preventingelectronicsecuritybreaches,which,ratherthaneliminatingITjobs,actuallymakesthosepersonnelmorevaluabletoemployers,becausetheyhelpfirmspreventhackingattempts.HereareafewotherwaysAIisaidingcompanieswithoutreplacingemployees:BetterhiringpracticesCompaniesareusingartificialintelligencetoremovesomeoftheunconsciousbiasfromhiringdecisions."Thereareexperimentsthatshowthat,naturally,theresultsofinterviewsaremuchmorebiasedthanwhatAIdoes,"saysPedroDomingos,authorofTheMasterAlgorithm:HowtheQuestfortheUltimateLearningMachineWillRemakeOurWorldandacomputerscience_____(41)Onecompanythat’sdoingthisiscalledBlendoor.Itusesanalyticstohelpidentifywheretheremaybebiasinthehiringprocess.MoreeffectivemarketingSomeAIsoftwarecananalyzeandoptimizemarketingemailsubjectlinestoincreaseopenrates.OnecompanyintheUK,Phrasee,claimstheirsoftwarecanoutperformhumansbyupto10percentwhenitcomestoemailopenrates.Thiscanmeanmillionsmoreinrevenue._____(42)Thereare“toolsthathelppeopleusedata,notareplacementforpeople,”saysPatrickH.Winston,aprofessorofartificialintelligenceandcomputerscienceatMIT.SavingcustomersmoneyEnergycompaniescanuseAItohelpcustomersrecetheirelectricitybillssavingthemmoneywhilehelpingtheenvironment.Companiescanalsooptimizetheirownenergyuseandcutdownonthecostofelectricity.Insurancecompaniesmeanwhile,canbasetheirpremiumsonAImodelsthatmoreaccuratelyaccessrisk."Before,theymightnotinsuretheoneswhofeltlikeahighriskorchargethemtoomuch,"saysDomingos,_____(43)ImprovedaccuracyMachinelearningoftenprovidesamorereliableformofstatistics,whichmakesdatamorevaluable,"saysWinston.It"helpspeoplemakesmarterdecisions."_____(44)ProtectingandmaintaininginfrastructureAnumberofcompanies,particularlyinenergyandtransportation,useAIimageprocessingtechnologytoinspectinfrastructureandpreventequipmentfailureorleaksbeforetheyhappen."Iftheyfailfirstandthenyoufixthem,it'sveryexpensive,"saysDomingos._____(45)[A]Ireplacestheboringpartsofyourjob.Ifyou'redoingresearch,youcanhaveAIgooutandlookforrelevantsourcesandinformationthatotherwiseyoujustwouldn'thavetimefor.[B]Oneaccountingfirm,EY,usesanAIsystemthathelpsreviewcontractsringanaudit.Thisprocess,alongwithemployeesreviewingthecontracts,isfasterandmoreaccurate.[C]TherearealsocompanieslikeAcquisio,whichanalyzesadvertisingperformanceacrossmultiplechannelslikeAdwords,Bingandsocialmediaandmakesadjustmentsorsuggestionsaboutwhereadvertisingfundswillyieldbestresults.[D]Youwanttopredictifsomethingneedsattentionnowandpointtowhereit'susefulforemployeestogoto.[E]Before,theymightnotinsuretheoneswhofeltlikeahighriskorchargethemtoomuch,ortheywouldchargethemtoolittleandthenitwouldcost[thecompany]money.[F]We'realsogivingourcustomersbetterchannelsversuspickingupthephonetoaccomplishsomethingbeyondhumanscale.[G]AIlooksatresumesingreaternumbersthanhumanswouldbeableto,andselectsthemorepromisingcandidates.41.【题干】41._____.【选项】A.AB.BC.CD.DE.EF.FG.G【答案】G42.【题干】42._____.【选项】A.AB.BC.CD.DE.EF.FG.G【答案】C43.【题干】43._____.【选项】A.AB.BC.CD.DE.EF.FG.G【答案】E44.【题干】44._____.【选项】A.AB.BC.CD.DE.EF.FG.G【答案】B45.【题干】45._____.【选项】A.AB.BC.CD.DE.EF.FG.G【答案】DSectionIIITranslationDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)WorldwarwasthewatershedeventforhigherecationinmodernWesternsocieties(46)Thosesocietiescameoutofthewarwithlevelsofenrollmentthathadbeenroughlyconstantat3-5%oftherelevantagegroupsringthedecadesbeforethewar.Butafterthewar,greatsocialandpoliticalchangesarisingoutofthesuccessfulwaragainstFascismcreatedagrowingdemandinEuropeanandAmericaneconomiesforincreasingnumbersofgraateswithmorethanasecondaryschoolecation.(47)Andthedemandthatroseinthosesocietiesforentrytohigherecationextendedtogroupsandsocialclassesthathadnotthoughtofattendingauniversitybeforethewar.Thesedemandsresultedinaveryrapidexpansionofthesystemsofhigherecation,beginninginthe1960sanddevelopingveryrapidly(thoughunevenly)ringthe1970sand1980s.Thegrowthofhigherecationmanifestsitselfinatleastthreequitedifferentways,andtheseinturnhavegivenrisetodifferentsetsofproblems.Therewasfirsttherateofgrowth:(48)inmanycountiesofWesternEurope,thenumbersofstudentsinhigherecationdoubledwithinfive-yearperiodsringthe1960sanddoubledagaininseven,eightor10yearsbythemiddleofthe1970s.Secondgrowthobviouslyaffectedtheabsolutesizebothofsystemsandindivialinstitutions.Andthirdgrowthwasreflectedinchangesintheproportionoftherelevantagegroupenrolledininstitutionsofhigherecation.Eachofthesemanifestationsofgrowthcarrieditsownpeculiarproblemsinitswake/Forexample,ahighgrowthrateplacedgreatstrainsontheexistingstructuresofgovernance,ofadministration,andaboveallofsocialization.Whenafacultyordepartmentgrowsfrom,say,fiveto20memberswithinthreeorfouryears,(49)andwhenthenewstaffpredominantlyyoungmenandwomenfreshfrompostgraatestudy,theylargelydefinethenormsofacademiclifeinthatfaculty.Andifthepostgraatestudentpopulationalsogrowsrapidlyandthereislossofacloseapprenticeshiprelationshipbetweenfacultymembersandstudents,thestudentculturebecomesthechiefsocializingforcefornewpostgraatestudents,withconsequencesfortheintellectualandacademiclifeoftheinstitution-thiswasseeninAmericaaswellasinFrance,Italy,WestGermany,andJapan.(50)Highgrowthratesincreasedthechancesforacademicinnovation,theyalsoweakenedtheformsandprocessesbywhichteachersandstudentsareadmittedintoacommunityofscholarsringperiodsofstabilityorslowgrowth.Inthe1960sand1970s,Europeanuniversitiessawmarkedchangesintheirgovernancearrangements,withempowermentofjuniorfacultyandtosomedegreeofstudentsaswell.46.【题干】Thosesocietiescameoutofthewarwithlevelsofenrollmentthathadbeenroughlyconstantat3-5%oftherelevantagegroupsringthedecadesbeforethewar.【答案】战争结束后，一些社会随之出现了。这些社会的入学率在战前的几十年里一直保持在相关年龄段的3%-5%。【解析】comeoutof…由……产生，从……出来;enrollment入学，登记;decades数十年。47.【题干】Andthedemandthatroseinthosesocietiesforentrytohigherecationextendedtogroupsandsocialclassesthathadnotthoughtofattendingauniversitybeforethewar.【答案】在那些社会中，人们渴望接受到更高等的教育。这个需求延伸到了战前那些没有想过上大学的群体和社会阶层中。【解析】rose：rise的过去式“上升”;attend上大学。48.【题干】inmanycountiesofWesternEurope,thenumbersofstudentsinhigherecationdoubledwithinfive-yearperiodsringthe1960sanddoubledagaininseven,eightor10yearsbythemiddleofthe1970s.【答案】在西欧的许多国家，20世纪60年代，接受高等教育的学生人数在五年内翻了一番，到70年代中期，在七年，八年或十年里又翻了一番。【解析】double作动词，“翻倍”。49.【题干】andwhenthenewstaffpredominantlyyoungmenandwomenfreshfrompostgraatestudy,theylargelydefinethenormsofacademiclifeinthatfaculty.【答案】当新员工主要是刚毕业的年轻男女时，他们很大程度上定义了该学院学术生活的规范。【解析】predominantly主要地，以……为主;fresh新进的;norms标准，规范;faculty学院，系。50.【题干】Highgrowthratesincreasedthechancesforacademicinnovation,theyalsoweakenedtheformsandprocessesbywhichteachersandstudentsareadmittedintoacommunityofscholarsringperiodsofstabilityorslowgrowth.【答案】高增长率增加了学术创新的机会,同时也削弱了教师和学生在稳定或缓慢的成长过程中,被认可为学者这群体的形式和过程。【解析】academicinnovation学术创新;weakened削弱，减少;admit承认，认可。SectionIVWritingPartA(10points)【题干】Directions:AforeignfriendofyourshasrecentlygraatedfromcollegeandintendstofindajobinChina.Writehim/heranemailtomakesomesuggestions.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheend.Use"LiMingOpen"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.【答案】Dearfriend,HopethisletterfindsyouwellIamgladtohearyouintendtofindajobinChina,soIwouldliketoextendmywarmestwelcomeaswellasprovideyouwithafewsuggestionsonjob-hunting.First,youcanstartfromlisting3to5citieswhichyouwouldliketoworkorliveinTobemorespecific,ratethembylocation,workingopportunitiesandprospectsand,ofcoursethecity'shappinesslevel.What'smore,bepreparedforthecultureshock.Thereisasharpcontrastinhoweasternpeopleandwesternpeoplework.Theformerprefersworkingindiviallywhilethelatterispronetoteamwork.Thereisonemorepointthat,IsupposeIhavetotouchon:makegooduseofonlinejob-huntingapplications,suchasBOSSand51Job.Ihopeyouwillfindmyhumblesuggestionsbeofhelp.Iamlookingforwardtoyourreply.Bestwishes.Yours,LiMingPartB(15points)【题干】Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)giveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.【答案】Whatisgraphicallyandexplicitlydepictedinthesimpleyeteye-catchingdrawingisthatonthegroundstandsafather,whoishavingatalkwithhisson.Impressively,atsecondglance,itisnotdifficulttoobservethattheboy,dressedinatraditionalChinesecostume,expresseshisconcernaboutstudyingdrama,whilehisfatheroffersomewordsofencouragement.Withoutadoubt,noboywhowasbornandraisedinChinacouldbeignorantthatChinaisanancientnationwithalonghistoryandsplendidtraditionalculture.Traditionaldramas,likePekingopera,arethenationalessenceofourculture,whicharenotonlypartofthenationalheritage,butalsopartofalivingandcontinuingculture.However,traditionalculturehasbeensubjecttotheimpactanddamagecausedbynetworkculture.Itisanotuncommonoccurrencethatquiteafewpeopleshowtoolittleenthusiasmfortraditionaldramas.Instead,theyaremorethanwillingtofollowthepopularculture.Whilepopularcultureiscompletelytransformingpeople'sthoughtsandwaysofthinking,wearesupposedtocherishtherootsofnationalcultureandbuildculturalconfidence.Accordingly,itismyviewthatnationalcultureshouldbepreservedandcherishedaspricelessspiritualtreasure.