2017考研英语二大作文（王晟模板版）

WouldaWork-FreeWorldBeSoBad?Fearsofcivilization-wideidlenessarebasedtoomuchonthedownsidesofbeingunemployedinasocietypremisedontheconceptofemployment.A1567paintingbyPieterBruegeltheElderdepictsamythicallandofplenty,wherepeoplegrowidleintheabsenceofwork.Wikimedia"       IlanaE.Strauss"       Jun28,2016Peoplehavespeculatedforcenturiesaboutafuturewithoutwork,andtodayisnodifferent,withacademics,writers,andactivistsonceagainwarningthattechnologyisreplacinghumanworkers.Someimaginethatthecomingwork-freeworldwillbedefinedbyinequality:Afewwealthypeoplewillownallthecapital,andthemasseswillstruggleinanimpoverishedwasteland.Adifferent,lessparanoid,andnotmutuallyexclusivepredictionholdsthatthefuturewillbeawastelandofadifferentsort,onecharacterizedbypurposelessness:Withoutjobstogivetheirlivesmeaning,peoplewillsimplybecomelazyanddepressed.Indeed,today'sunemployeddon'tseemtobehavingagreattime.OneGalluppollfoundthat20percentofAmericanswhohavebeenunemployedforatleastayearreporthavingdepression,doubletherateforworkingAmericans.Also,someresearchsuggeststhattheexplanationforrisingratesofmortality,mental-healthproblems,andaddictionamongpoorly-ecated,middle-agedpeopleisashortageofwell-paidjobs.Anotherstudyshowsthatpeopleareoftenhappieratworkthanintheirfreetime.Perhapsthisiswhymanyworryabouttheagonizingllnessofajoblessfuture.Butitdoesn'tnecessarilyfollowfromfindingslikethesethataworldwithoutworkwouldbefilledwithmalaise.Suchvisionsarebasedonthedownsidesofbeingunemployedinasocietybuiltontheconceptofemployment.Intheabsenceofwork,asocietydesignedwithotherendsinmindcouldyieldstrikinglydifferentcircumstancesforthefutureoflaborandleisure.Today,thevirtueofworkmaybeabitoverblown."Manyjobsareboring,degrading,unhealthy,andasquanderingofhumanpotential,"saysJohnDanaher,alecturerattheNationalUniversityofIrelandinGalwaywhohaswrittenaboutaworldwithoutwork."Globalsurveysfindthatthevastmajorityofpeopleareunhappyatwork."Thesedays,becauseleisuretimeisrelativelyscarceformostworkers,peopleusetheirfreetimetocounterbalancetheintellectualandemotionaldemandsoftheirjobs."WhenIcomehomefromahardday'swork,Ioftenfeeltired,"Danahersays,adding,"InaworldinwhichIdon'thavetowork,Imightfeelratherdifferent"-perhapsdifferentenoughtothrowhimselfintoahobbyorapassionprojectwiththeintensityusuallyreservedforprofessionalmatters.Havingajobcanprovideameasureoffinancialstability,butinadditiontostressingoverhowtocoverlife'snecessities,today'sjoblessarefrequentlymadetofeellikesocialoutcasts."Peoplewhoavoidworkareviewedasparasitesandleeches,"Danahersays.Perhapsasaresultofthisculturalattitude,formostpeople,self-esteemandidentityaretiedupintricatelywiththeirjob,orlackofjob.Plus,inmanymodern-daysocieties,unemploymentcanalsobedownrightboring.Americantownsandcitiesaren'treallybuiltforlotsoffreetime:Publicspacestendtobesmallislandsinseasofprivateproperty,andtherearen'tmanyplaceswithoutentryfeeswherealtscanmeetnewpeopleorcomeupwithwaystoentertainoneanother.Therootsofthisboredommayrunevendeeper.PeterGray,aprofessorofpsychologyatBostonCollegewhostudiestheconceptofplay,thinksthatifworkdisappearedtomorrow,peoplemightbeatalossforthingstodo,growingboredanddepressedbecausetheyhaveforgottenhowtoplay."Weteachchildrenadistinctionbetweenplayandwork,"Grayexplains."Workissomethingthatyoudon'twanttodobutyouhavetodo."Hesaysthistraining,whichstartsinschool,eventually"drillstheplay"outofmanychildren,whogrowuptobealtswhoareaimlesswhenpresentedwithfreetime."Sometimespeopleretirefromtheirwork,andtheydon'tknowwhattodo,"Graysays."They'velosttheabilitytocreatetheirownactivities."It'saproblemthatneverseemstoplagueyoungchildren."Therearenothree-year-oldsthataregoingtobelazyanddepressedbecausetheydon'thaveastructuredactivity,"hesays.Butneeditbethisway?Work-freesocietiesaremorethanjustathoughtexperiment-they'veexistedthroughouthumanhistory.Considerhunter-gatherers,whohavenobosses,paychecks,oreight-hourworkdays.Tenthousandyearsago,allhumanswerehunter-gatherers,andsomestillare.DanielEverett,ananthropologistatBentleyUniversity,inMassachusetts,studiedagroupofhunter-gathersintheAmazoncalledthePirah?foryears.AccordingtoEverett,whilesomemightconsiderhuntingandgatheringwork,hunter-gatherersdon't."Theythinkofitasfun,"hesays."Theydon'thaveaconceptofworkthewaywedo.""It'saprettylaid-backlifemostofthetime,"Everettsays.HedescribedatypicaldayforthePirah?:Amanmightgetup,spendafewhourscanoeingandfishing,haveabarbecue,goforaswim,bringfishbacktohisfamily,andplayuntiltheevening.Suchsubsistencelivingissurelynotwithoutitsownsetofworries,buttheanthropologistMarshallSahlinsarguedina1968essaythathunter-gathersbelongedto"theoriginalaffluentsociety,"seeingastheyonly"worked"afewhoursaday;EverettestimatesthatPirah?altsonaverageworkabout20hoursaweek(nottomentionwithoutbossespeeringovertheirshoulders).Meanwhile,accordingtotheBureauofLaborStatistics,theaverageemployedAmericanwithchildrenworksaboutninehoursaday.Doesthisleisurelylifeleadtothedepressionandpurposelessnessseenamongsomanyoftoday'sunemployed?"I'veneverseenanythingremotelylikedepressionthere,exceptpeoplewhoarephysicallyill,"Everettsays."Theyhaveablast.Theyplayallthetime."Whilemanymayconsiderworkastapleofhumanlife,workasitexiststodayisarelativelynewinventioninthecourseofthousandsofyearsofhumanculture."Wethinkit'sbadtojustsitaroundwithnothingtodo,"saysEverett."ForthePirah?,it'squiteadesirablestate."Graylikenstheseaspectsofthehunter-gathererlifestyletothecarefreeadventuresofmanychildrenindevelopedcountries,whoatsomepointinlifeareexpectedtoputawaychildishthings.Butthathasn'talwaysbeenthecase.AccordingtoGaryCross's1990bookASocialHistoryofLeisureSince1600,freetimeintheU.S.lookedquitedifferentbeforethe18thand19thcenturies.Farmers-whichwasafairwaytodescribeahugenumberofAmericansatthattime-mixedworkandplayintheirdailylives.Therewerenomanagersoroverseers,sotheywouldswitchfluidlybetweenworking,takingbreaks,joininginneighborhoodgames,playingpranks,andspendingtimewithfamilyandfriends.Nottomentionfestivalsandothergatherings:France,forinstance,had84holidaysayearin1700,andweatherkeptthemfromfarminganother80orsodaysayear.Thisallchanged,writesCross,ringtheInstrialRevolution,whichreplacedfarmswithfactoriesandfarmerswithemployees.Factoryownerscreatedamorerigidlyscheledenvironmentthatclearlydividedworkfromplay.Meanwhile,clocks-whichwerebecomingwidespreadatthattime-begantogivelifeaquickerpace,andreligiousleaders,whotraditionallyendorsedmostfestivities,startedassociatingleisurewithsinandtriedtoreplacerowdyfestivalswithsermons.Asworkersstartedmovingintocities,familiesnolongerspenttheirdaystogetheronthefarm.Instead,menworkedinfactories,womenstayedhomeorworkedinfactories,andchildrenwenttoschool,stayedhome,orworkedinfactoriestoo.Duringtheworkday,familiesbecamephysicallyseparated,whichaffectedthewaypeopleentertainedthemselves:Altsstoppedplaying"childish"gamesandsports,andthestreetsweremostlywipedcleanoffun,asmiddle-andupper-classfamiliesfoundworking-classactivitieslikecockfightinganddicegamesdistasteful.Manysuchdiversionsweresoonoutlawed.Withworkers'oldoutletsforplayhavingdisappearedinahazeoffactorysmoke,manyofthemturnedtonew,moreurbanones.Barsbecamearefugewheretiredworkersdrankandwatchedliveshowswithsinginganddancing.IffreetimemeansbeerandTVtoalotofAmericans,thismightbewhy.Attimes,developedsocietieshave,foraprivilegedfew,procedlifestylesthatwerenearlyasplay-filledashunter-gatherers'.Throughouthistory,aristocratswhoearnedtheirincomesimplybyowninglandspentonlyatinyportionoftheirtimemindingfinancialexigencies.AccordingtoRandolphTrumbach,aprofessorofhistoryatBaruchCollege,18th-centuryEnglisharistocratsspenttheirdaysvisitingfriends,eatingelaboratemeals,hostingsalons,hunting,writingletters,fishing,andgoingtochurch.Theyalsospentagooddealoftimeparticipatinginpolitics,withoutpay.Theirchildrenwouldlearntodance,playinstruments,speakforeignlanguages,andreadLatin.Russiannoblesfrequentlybecameintellectuals,writers,andartists."Asa17th-centuryaristocratsaid,'Wesitdowntoeatandriseuptoplay,forwhatisagentlemanbuthispleasure?'"Trumbachsays.It'sunlikelythataworldwithoutworkwouldbeabundantenoughtoprovideeveryonewithsuchlavishlifestyles.ButGrayinsiststhatinjectinganyamountofadditionalplayintopeople'sliveswouldbeagoodthing,because,contrarytothat17th-centuryaristocrat,playisaboutmorethanpleasure.Throughplay,Graysays,children(aswellasalts)learnhowtostrategize,createnewmentalconnections,expresstheircreativity,cooperate,overcomenarcissism,andgetalongwithotherpeople."Malemammalstypicallyhavedifficultylivingincloseproximitytoeachother,"hesays,andplay'sharmony-promotingpropertiesmayexplainwhyitcametobesocentraltohunter-gatherersocieties.Whilemostoftoday'saltsmayhaveforgottenhowtoplay,Graydoesn'tbelieveit'sanunrecoverableskill:It'snotuncommon,hesays,forgrandparentstore-learntheconceptofplayafterspendingtimewiththeiryounggrandchildren.Whenpeopleponderthenatureofaworldwithoutwork,theyoftentransposepresent-dayassumptionsaboutlaborandleisureontoafuturewheretheymightnolongerapply;ifautomationdoesenduprenderingagoodportionofhumanlaborunnecessary,suchasocietymightexistoncompletelydifferenttermsthansocietiesdotoday.Sowhatmightawork-freeU.S.looklike?Grayhassomeideas.School,foronething,wouldbeverydifferent."Ithinkoursystemofschoolingwouldcompletelyfallbythewayside,"saysGray."Theprimarypurposeoftheecationalsystemistoteachpeopletowork.Idon'tthinkanybodywouldwanttoputourkidsthroughwhatweputourkidsthroughnow."Instead,Graysuggeststhatteacherscouldbuildlessonsaroundwhatstudentsaremostcuriousabout.Or,perhaps,formalschoolingwoulddisappearaltogether.Trumbach,meanwhile,wondersifschoolingwouldbecomemoreaboutteachingchildrentobeleaders,ratherthanworkers,throughsubjectslikephilosophyandrhetoric.Healsothinksthatpeoplemightparticipateinpoliticalandpubliclifemore,likearistocratsofyore."Ifgreaternumbersofpeoplewereusingtheirleisuretorunthecountry,thatwouldgivepeopleasenseofpurpose,"saysTrumbach.Sociallifemightlookalotdifferenttoo.SincetheInstrialRevolution,mothers,fathers,andchildrenhavespentmostoftheirwakinghoursapart.Inawork-freeworld,peopleofdifferentagesmightcometogetheragain."Wewouldbecomemuchlessisolatedfromeachother,"Grayimagines,perhapsalittleoptimistically."Whenamomishavingababy,everybodyintheneighborhoodwouldwanttohelpthatmom."Researchershavefoundthathavingcloserelationshipsisthenumber-onepredictorofhappiness,andthesocialconnectionsthatawork-freeworldmightenablecouldwelldisplacetheaimlessnessthatsomanyfuturistspredict.Ingeneral,withoutwork,Graythinkspeoplewouldbemorelikelytopursuetheirpassions,getinvolvedinthearts,andvisitfriends.Perhapsleisurewouldceasetobeaboutunwindingafteraperiodofhardwork,andwouldinsteadbecomeamorecolorful,variedthing."Wewouldn'thavetobeasself-orientedaswethinkwehavetobenow,"hesays."Ibelievewewouldbecomemorehuman."

AswildfireschallengeCalifornia,thecausesgobeyondclimateAshiftinthoughtWildfireseasonha

英语一的小作文，是对于旅游景点的推荐。从信函体裁角度来说，这是一篇推荐信，但是和通常的推荐信又有所差异。但是分析历年英语一的真题，在11年考过对于一部电影的推荐，在15年考过对于一个活动的推荐，所以

三、分析题：34～38小题，每小题10分，共50分。要求结合所学知识分析材料并回答问题。将答案写在答题纸指定位置上。34.(1)联系自身实际分析为什么"互联网是阿里巴巴的宝库，还是潘多拉的

多项选择题：17～33题，每小题2分，共34分。下列每题给出的四个选项中，至少有两个选项是符合题目要求的。请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。多选或少选均不得分。17.母质、气候、生物、地形、时间是土壤

一、单选题1.中国工程院院士袁隆平曾结合自己的科研经历，语重心长地对年轻人说："书本知识虽然重要，电脑技术也很重要，但是书本电脑里面种不出水稻来，只有在田里才能种出水稻来。"这表

材料1：2014年11月19日，首届世界互联网大会在浙江乌镇召开。习近平总书记在致大会的贺词中指出，互联网真正让世界完成了地球村，让国际社会越来越成为你中有我，我中有你的命运共同体。李克强总理20日

2015考研政治试题答案WORD版下载一、单选题：1、中国工程：B实践是人类。2、社会存在决定：B社会意识与社会存在发展。3、第二次世界大战：D获得更多。4、马克思主义政党：C根本前提。5、新中国的

相关推荐：>>>2017年考研现场确认时间及地点汇总>>>全国各地2017年考研报考点汇总>>>2017年考研时间、研究生考试时间安排&g